Scandinavism

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A 19th-century poster image of (from left to right) Norwegian, Danish and Swedish soldiers joining hands. The Norwegian and Swedish flags have the union mark. Skandinavism.jpg
A 19th-century poster image of (from left to right) Norwegian, Danish and Swedish soldiers joining hands. The Norwegian and Swedish flags have the union mark.
An 1856 meeting of Scandinavian students in Uppsala, Sweden, with a parade marching next to Svandammen Nordiska studentmotet 1856.jpg
An 1856 meeting of Scandinavian students in Uppsala, Sweden, with a parade marching next to Svandammen

Scandinavism (Danish : skandinavisme; Norwegian : skandinavisme; Swedish : skandinavism), also called Scandinavianism [1] or pan-Scandinavianism, [2] is an ideology that supports various degrees of cooperation among the Scandinavian countries. [3] Scandinavism comprises the literary, linguistic and cultural movement that focuses on promoting a shared Scandinavian past, a shared cultural heritage, a common Scandinavian mythology and a common language or dialect continuum (from the common ancestor language of Old Norse) and which led to the formation of joint periodicals and societies in support of Scandinavian literature and languages. [4] The movement was most popular among Danes and Swedes. [3] Nordism expands the scope to include Iceland and Finland. [5]

Contents

History

According to historian Sverre Bagge, prior to the formation of state-like kingdoms in Scandinavia, [6]

Scandinavia was culturally and linguistically homogeneous. Even in the thirteenth century the term ‘Danish tongue’ was used for the language throughout the area. There were different dialects, but the lines of division between them did not correspond to the later national borders. Religion and customs were also similar, during the pagan as well as the Christian periods. Thus, no cultural or linguistic distinctions prevented unification of each country. Nor, on the other hand, did such distinctions give rise to natural borders between the kingdoms that eventually emerged.

Pan-Scandinavianism as a modern movement originated in the 19th century, [1] but the movement had already begun spreading a century earlier in circles of literature and science. [7] The Pan-Scandinavian movement paralleled the unification movements of Germany and Italy. [8] As opposed to the German and Italian counterparts, the Scandinavian state-building project was not successful and is no longer pursued. [2] [8] It was at its height in the mid-19th century and supported the idea of Scandinavian unity. [9] [1]

The movement was initiated by Danish and Swedish university students in the 1840s, with a base in Scania. [10] In the beginning, the political establishments in the two countries, including the absolute monarch Christian VIII and Charles XIV with his "one man government", were suspicious of the movement. [10] The movement was a significant force from 1846 to 1864, however the movement eventually dwindled and only had strong support among the Swedish-speaking population of Finland. [1] [11]

The collapse of Pan-Scandinavianism came in 1864 when the Second Schleswig-Holstein War broke out. King Karl XV of Sweden (who was also King Karl IV of Norway), who reigned from 1859 until his death in 1872, in spite of championing Pan-Scandinivianism, failed to help Denmark in the war. [12]

Author Hans Christian Andersen became an adherent of Scandinavism after a visit to Sweden in 1837, and committed himself to writing a poem that would convey the relatedness of Swedes, Danes and Norwegians. [13] It was in July 1839, during a visit to the island of Funen in Denmark, that Andersen first wrote the text of his poem, Jeg er en Skandinav ("I am a Scandinavian"). [13] Andersen composed the poem to capture "the beauty of the Nordic spirit, the way the three sister nations have gradually grown together", as part of a Scandinavian national anthem. [13] Composer Otto Lindblad set the poem to music, and the composition was published in January 1840. Its popularity peaked in 1845, after which it was seldom sung. [13]

In literature

The Sherlock Holmes story "A Scandal in Bohemia" mentions a fictional King of Scandinavia whose daughter is about to marry the (also fictional) King of Bohemia, a major protagonist in the story.

See also

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Norwegian language</span> North Germanic language spoken in Norway

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nordic cross flag</span> Flag bearing the design of the Nordic or Scandinavian cross

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The American-Scandinavian Foundation (ASF) is an American non-profit foundation dedicated to promoting international understanding through educational and cultural exchange between the United States and Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. The Foundation's headquarters, Scandinavia House: The Nordic Center in America, is located at 58 Park Avenue, New York City.

Scandinavian literature or Nordic literature is the literature in the languages of the Nordic countries of Northern Europe. The Nordic countries include Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and Scandinavia's associated autonomous territories. The majority of these nations and regions use North Germanic languages. Although the majority of Finns speak a Uralic language, Finnish history and literature are clearly interrelated with those of both Sweden and Norway who have shared control of various areas and who have substantial Sami populations/influences.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nordic countries</span> Geographical and cultural region

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Swedes</span> Ethnic group native to Sweden

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ola Tunander</span> Scandinavian researcher

Ola Tunander is a research professor emeritus at the Peace Research Institute Oslo. He worked as a researcher at PRIO in the period 1987-2016. He is the son of Museum Director Ingemar Tunander and his first wife Gunvor. Tunander is married to the Chinese scholar Yao Xiaoling. He has written and edited 12 books and a number of articles on security politics, naval strategy, submarine operations, geopolitics, dual state, psychological operations (PSYOP) and Cold War history.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">North Germanic peoples</span> Linguistic group

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References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Pan-Scandinavianism". Encyclopedia Britannica . Archived from the original on 7 February 2018.
  2. 1 2 "Pan-Scandinavianism" Archived 29 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . (2007). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved April 29, 2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
  3. 1 2 "Skandinavism" [Scandinavism]. www.ne.se (in Swedish). Nationalencyklopedin . Retrieved 1 October 2022.
  4. ↑ The Literary Scandinavism Archived 23 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Øresundstid, 2003. Retrieved 6 May 2007.
  5. ↑ "Nordism". nordics.info. Aarhus University . Retrieved 31 August 2021.
  6. ↑ Bagge, Sverre (2009). Early state formation in Scandinavia. Vol. 16. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. p. 145. ISBN   978-3-7001-6604-7. JSTOR   j.ctt3fgk28.
  7. ↑ Nordisk familjebok (in Swedish). Stockholm: Nordisk familjeboks förlags aktiebolag. 1917. pp. 879–882. Retrieved 1 October 2022– via Project Runeberg.
  8. 1 2 Ola Tunander (1999). "Nordic cooperation", UDA085ENG. In Nytt fra Norge, ODIN – Information from the government and the ministries, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Norway. See also Tunander, Ola (1999). "Norway, Sweden and Nordic cooperation". In The European North – Hard, soft and civic security. Eds. Lassi Heininen and Gunnar Lassinantti. The Olof Palme International Center/Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, 1999. pp. 39–48. ISBN   951-634-690-1.
  9. ↑ J. P. T Bury (3 January 1960). The New Cambridge Modern History: Volume 10. CUP Archive. ISBN   9780521045483. Archived from the original on 14 April 2018.
  10. 1 2 The Students Archived 13 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Øresundstid, 2003. Retrieved 6 May 2007.
  11. ↑ "Charles XV". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017.
  12. ↑ "About Pan-Scandinavianism. Reference Points in the 19th Century (1815-1864)". academia.edu. Archived from the original on 17 March 2016.
  13. 1 2 3 4 "I am a Scandinavian". Hans Christian Andersen and Music. Archived from the original on 13 January 2009. Retrieved 12 January 2007.

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