Flag of Israel

Last updated

Contents

State of Israel
Flag of Israel.svg
Flag of Zion
Use National flag FIAV 111000.svg FIAV normal.svg IFIS Equal.svg
Proportion8:11
AdoptedAugust 1897;127 years ago (1897-08) (by the Zionist movement)
28 October 1948;76 years ago (1948-10-28) (State of Israel)
DesignA blue Star of David between two horizontal blue stripes on a white field.
Designed by Israel Belkind and Fanny Abramovitch
Civil Ensign of Israel.svg
Use Civil ensign FIAV 000100.svg FIAV normal.svg IFIS Mirror.svg
Proportion2:3
Adopted1948;77 years ago (1948)
DesignNavy blue flag with a white vertically elongated oval set near the hoist containing a vertically elongated blue Star of David.
Naval Ensign of Israel.svg
Use Naval ensign FIAV 000001.svg FIAV normal.svg IFIS Mirror.svg
Proportion2:3
Adopted1948;77 years ago (1948)
DesignNavy blue flag with a white triangle at hoist and blue Star of David in it.
Israel Air Force Flag.svg
Use Israeli Air Force flag FIAV normal.svg IFIS Equal.svg
Proportion2:3
DesignLight blue flag with thin white stripes with dark blue borders near the top and bottom, displaying an air force roundel in the center.

The flag of the State of Israel (Hebrew : דֶּגֶל יִשְׂרָאֵלdeḡel Jiśrāʾēl; Arabic : عَلَم إِسْرَائِيلʿalam ʾIsrāʾīl) was adopted on 28 October 1948, five months after the Israeli Declaration of Independence. It consists of a white background with a blue Star of David in the centre and two horizontal blue stripes at the top and bottom, recalling the design of the tallit (טַלִּית). The Israeli flag legislation states that the official measurements are 160 × 220 cm. Therefore, the official proportions are 8:11. Variants can be found at a wide range of proportions, with 2:3 being common.

The blue color is described as "dark sky-blue", [1] and varies from flag to flag, ranging from a hue of pure blue, sometimes shaded almost as dark as navy blue, to hues about 75% toward pure cyan and shades as light as very light blue. [2] An early version of the flag was displayed in 1885 at a procession marking the third anniversary of Rishon LeZion. A similar version was designed for the Zionist movement in 1891. The Star of David (Magen David, מָגֵן דָּוִד), a Jewish symbol dating from late medieval-era Prague, was adopted by the First Zionist Congress in 1897. [1]

Origin of the flag

In the Middle Ages, mystical powers were attributed to the pentagram and hexagram, which were used in talismans against evil spirits. Both were called the "Seal of Solomon", but eventually the name became exclusive to the pentagram, while the hexagram became known as a "Magen David", or "Shield of David". Later the star began to appear in Jewish art. In 1648, Ferdinand II permitted the Jews of Prague to fly a "Jewish flag" over their synagogue. This flag was red with a yellow Magen David in the middle. [3]

The idea that the blue and white colors were the national color of the Jewish people was voiced early on by Ludwig August von Frankl (1810–94), an Austrian Jewish poet. In his poem, "Judah's Colors", he writes:

In 1885, the agricultural village of Rishon LeZion used a blue and white flag incorporating a blue Star of David, designed by Israel Belkind and Fanny Abramovitch, in a procession marking its third anniversary. [5] In 1891, Michael Halperin, one of the founders of the agricultural village Nachalat Reuven flew a similar blue and white flag with a blue hexagram and the text "נס ציונה" ( Nes Ziona , "a banner for Zion": a reference to Jeremiah 4:6, later adopted as the modern name of the city). A blue and white flag, with a Star of David and the Hebrew word "Maccabee", was used in 1891 by the Bnai Zion Educational Society. Jacob Baruch Askowith (1844–1908) [6] and his son Charles Askowith designed the "flag of Judah", which was displayed on 24 July 1891, at the dedication of Zion Hall of the B'nai Zion Educational Society in Boston, Massachusetts. Based on the traditional tallit, or Jewish prayer shawl, that flag was white with narrow blue stripes near the edges and bore in the center the ancient six-pointed Shield of David with the word "Maccabee" painted in blue Hebrew letters. [7]

Herzl's proposed flag, as sketched in his diaries. Although he drew a Star of David, he did not describe it as such. Herzl sketch flag.jpg
Herzl's proposed flag, as sketched in his diaries. Although he drew a Star of David, he did not describe it as such.

In Theodor Herzl's 1896 Der Judenstaat , he stated: "We have no flag, and we need one. If we desire to lead many men, we must raise a symbol above their heads. I would suggest a white flag, with seven golden stars. The white field symbolizes our pure new life; the stars are the seven golden hours of our working-day. For we shall march into the Promised Land carrying the badge of honour." [8] Aware that the nascent Zionist movement had no official flag, David Wolffsohn (1856–1914), a prominent Zionist, felt that the design proposed by Herzl was not gaining significant support. Herzl's original proposal however was for a flag completely devoid of any traditional Jewish symbolism: seven golden stars was representing the 7-hour workday of the enlightened state-to-be, which would have advanced socialist legislations. [9] In preparing for the First Zionist Congress in Basel in 1897, Wolffsohn wrote: "What flag would we hang in the Congress Hall? Then an idea struck me. We have a flag—and it is blue and white. The talith (prayer shawl) with which we wrap ourselves when we pray: that is our symbol. Let us take this Talith from its bag and unroll it before the eyes of Israel and the eyes of all nations. So I ordered a blue and white flag with the Shield of David painted upon it. That is how the national flag, that flew over Congress Hall, came into being." [10] Morris Harris, a member of New York Hovevei Zion, used his awning shop to design a suitable banner and decorations for the reception, and his mother Lena Harris sewed the flag. The flag was made with two blue stripes and a large blue Star of David in the center, the colors blue and white chosen from the design of the tallit. The flag was ten feet by six feet—in the same proportions as the flag of the United States—and became known as the Flag of Zion. It was accepted as the official Zionist flag at the Second Zionist Congress held in Switzerland in 1898 [11] [ failed verification ] and was flown with those of other nationalities at the World's Fair hosting the 1904 Summer Olympics from one of the buildings at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition where large Zionist meetings were taking place. [12] [13] The racial Nuremberg Laws enacted by Nazi Germany in 1935 referenced the Zionist flag and stated that the Jews were forbidden to display the Reich and national flag or the German national colors but were permitted to display the "Jewish colors". [14] [15]

In May 1948, the Provisional State Council asked the Israeli public to submit proposals for a flag and they received 164 entries. Initially the council had wished to abandon the traditional design of the Zionist flag and create something completely different in order to prevent Jews around the world being charged with dual loyalty when displaying the Zionist flag, which could create the impression they are flying the flag of a foreign country. [16] On 14 October 1948, after Zionist representatives from around the world allayed the concerns of their Israeli colleagues, the flag of the Zionist Organization was adopted as the official flag of the State of Israel. [17]

Design

Modern photo showing the flag of Israel Flag-of-Israel-4-Zachi-Evenor.jpg
Modern photo showing the flag of Israel
Flag of Israel (construction sheet).svg
Technical drawing of the flag - note that the length of the triangles in the Hexagram is not defined by law, only the thickness of its stripe. This drawing assumes a diameter of 69, as in the most common usage.
Flag of Israel (construction sheet D66).svg
If the diameter is assumed to be 66 units, however, the Hexagram can be constructed off an isometric grid.

The Provisional Council of State Proclamation of the Flag of the State of Israel states: [1]

The flag is 220 cm. long and 160 cm. wide. The background is white and on it are two stripes of dark sky-blue, 25 cm. broad, over the whole length of the flag, at a distance of 15 cm. from the top and from the bottom of the flag. In the middle of the white background, between the two blue stripes and at equal distance from each stripe is a Star of David, composed of six dark sky-blue stripes, 5.5 cm. broad, which form two equilateral triangles, the bases of which are parallel to the two horizontal stripes.

Although the stripes are described as a "dark sky-blue" and the Shield of David as simply "sky-blue", the two elements of the flag are almost always the same shade.

Colors

In Hebrew, the blue is described as תְּכֵלֶת‎ tḵēleṯ , which traditionally refers to a dark sky-blue dye identical to indigo, so identical in fact that supposedly only God could distinguish between the two, [18] and which was extracted from a sea creature called a חִלָּזוֹן‎ḥillāzōn (almost certainly the banded dye-murex, from which a dye chemically identical to indigo can be extracted). [19] Regardless, flags with vastly differing shades of blue are commonplace, such that it's not uncommon for Israel's national colors to be referred to as כָּחֹל לָבָן‎kāḥol lāḇān (“(dark) blue (and) white”) instead of תְּכֵלֶת לָבָן‎tḵēleṯ lāḇān (“(sky) blue (and) white”).

In 1950 a decision was made to set the standard color for government-regulated Israeli flags as "Indanthren Calidon (GCDN)", [20] while Israeli product labels are told to use CMYK 100/70/0/28. [21]

Flag of Israel.svg
Color scheme		BlueWhite
Pantone 286 CWhite
RGB 0/56/184255/255/255
Hexadecimal #0038b8#FFFFFF
CMYK 100/70/0/280/0/0/0

Interpretation of colors

SchemeTextile color
WhiteḤeseḏ (Divine Benevolence) [22]
Blue It symbolizes God's Glory, purity and Gḇūrā (God's severity) [23] [24]
Jewish prayer shawl with blue stripes Western Wall - by Jacob Rask.jpg
Jewish prayer shawl with blue stripes

The blue stripes are intended to symbolize the stripes on a tallit , the traditional Jewish prayer shawl. The Star of David is a widely acknowledged symbol of the Jewish people and of Judaism. In Judaism, the color blue symbolises God's glory, purity and gevura (God's severity). [23] [24] The White field represents hesed (Divine Benevolence). [22]

In the Bible, the Israelites are commanded to have one of the threads of their tassels (tzitzit) dyed with tekhelet; "so that they may look upon it, and remember all the commandments of the LORD, and do them" (Num 15:39). Tekhelet corresponds to the color of the divine revelation (Midrash Numbers Rabbah xv.). Sometime near the end of the Talmudic era (500–600 CE) the industry that produced this dye collapsed. It became rarer; over time, the Jewish community lost the tradition of which species of shellfish produced this dye. Since Jews were then unable to fulfil this commandment, they have since left their tzitzit (tallit strings) white. However, in remembrance of the commandment to use the tekhelet dye, it became common for Jews to have blue or purple stripes woven into the cloth of their tallit. [25]

Criticism

Israeli Arab criticism has been raised by the High Follow-Up Committee for Arab Citizens of Israel, which claims that Israel's national symbols, including its flag, constitute an official bias towards the Jewish majority that reinforces the inequality between Arabs and Jews in Israel. [26]

Based on the boundaries of the Promised Land given in the Book of Genesis, [27] Palestinians including Yasser Arafat and Hamas have claimed that the two blue stripes on the Israeli flag represent the Nile and Euphrates rivers and allege that Israel desires to eventually seize all the land in between. [28] [29] [30] [31] The Hamas Covenant states "After Palestine, the Zionists aspire to expand from the Nile to the Euphrates," and in 2006, Hamas leader Mahmoud al-Zahar issued a demand for Israel to change its flag, citing the "Nile to Euphrates" issue. [32] Responding to these claims, Arab writer Saqr Abu Fakhr wrote that the "Nile to Euphrates" claim is a popular misconception about Jews that, despite being unfounded and having abundant evidence refuting them, continues to circulate in the Arab world. [33] Criticism from strictly Orthodox Jews stems back to their opposition of early Zionism when some went as far as banning the Star of David, originally a religious symbol, which had become "defiled" after being adopted by the World Zionist Organization. [34] In a similar vein, contemporary leaders such as Rabbi Moses Feinstein called the Israeli flag "a foolish and meaningless object" discouraging its display in synagogues, [35] while the Chazon Ish wrote that praying in a synagogue decorated with an Israeli flag should be avoided even if there was no other synagogue in the area. [36] The former Sephardic Chief Rabbi of Israel, Ovadia Yosef, also forbade the flying of the Israeli flag in synagogues, calling it "a reminder of the acts of the evil-doers" [37] and Rabbi Joel Teitelbaum referred to the flag as the "flag of heresy" and viewed it as an object of idol worship. [38] Despite the legal requirement (since 1997) for all government-funded schools to fly the Israeli flag, [39] Haredi Jews generally refrain from displaying the flag at all, [40] although in a rare symbolic gesture in gratitude to state funding, the Ponevezh Yeshiva raise the flag once a year on Independence Day. [41] [42] Some fringe groups who are theologically opposed to renewed Jewish sovereignty in the Holy Land resort to burning it on Independence Day. [43] In 2019, a kosher sandwich shop in Lakewood Township, New Jersey that hung an Israeli flag on Israel's Independence Day was threatened by its local kosher certification council with withdraw of certification. [44]

Notable flags

Released inmates of Buchenwald concentration camp flying a home-made flag on their way to Palestine Buchenwald-released-palestine-bound.gif
Released inmates of Buchenwald concentration camp flying a home-made flag on their way to Palestine

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zionism</span> Movement supporting a Jewish state in Palestine

Zionism is an ethnocultural nationalist movement that emerged in Europe in the late 19th century and aimed for the establishment of a national home for the Jewish people through the colonization of Palestine, an area roughly corresponding to the Land of Israel in Judaism, and of central importance in Jewish history. Zionists wanted to create a Jewish state in Palestine with as much land, as many Jews, and as few Palestinian Arabs as possible.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tallit</span> Jewish prayer shawl

A tallit is a fringed garment worn as a prayer shawl by religious Jews. The tallit has special twined and knotted fringes known as tzitzit attached to its four corners. The cloth part is known as the beged ("garment") and is usually made from wool or cotton, although silk is sometimes used for a tallit gadol.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Star of David</span> Jewish cultural and religious symbol

The Star of David is a generally recognized symbol of both Jewish identity and Judaism. Its shape is that of a hexagram: the compound of two equilateral triangles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Religious Zionism</span> Ideology that views Zionism as a fundamental component of Orthodox Judaism

Religious Zionism is a religious denomination that views Zionism as a fundamental component of Orthodox Judaism. Its adherents are also referred to as Dati Leumi, and in Israel, they are most commonly known by the plural form of the first part of that term: Datiim. The community is sometimes called 'Knitted kippah', the typical head covering worn by male adherents to Religious Zionism.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Greater Israel</span> Zionist ideologically irredentist term

Greater Israel is an expression with several different biblical and political meanings over time. It is often used, in an irredentist fashion, to refer to the historic or desired borders of Israel.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Max Bodenheimer</span> German zionist and lawyer

Max Isidor Bodenheimer was a lawyer and one of the main figures in German Zionism. An associate of Theodor Herzl, he was the first president of the Zionist Federation of Germany and one of the founders of the Jewish National Fund. After his flight in 1933 from Nazi Germany, and a short sojourn in Holland, he settled in Palestine in 1935.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">David Wolffsohn</span> Zionist activist

David Wolffsohn was a Lithuanian-Jewish businessman, prominent early Zionist and second president of the Zionist Organization (ZO).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haredim and Zionism</span> Overview of the relationship between Haredim and Zionism

From the founding of political Zionism in the 1890s, Haredi Jewish leaders voiced objections to its secular orientation, and before the establishment of the State of Israel, the vast majority of Haredi Jews were opposed to Zionism, like early Reform Judaism, but with distinct reasoning. This was chiefly due to the concern that secular nationalism would redefine the Jewish nation from a religious community based in their alliance to God for whom adherence to religious laws were "the essence of the nation's task, purpose, and right to exists," to an ethnic group like any other as well as the view that it was forbidden for the Jews to re-constitute Jewish rule in the Land of Israel before the arrival of the Messiah. Those rabbis who did support Jewish resettlement in Palestine in the late 19th century had no intention to conquer Palestine and declare its independence from the rule of the Ottoman Turks, and some preferred that only observant Jews be allowed to settle there.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Theodor Herzl</span> Father of modern political Zionism (1860–1904)

Theodor Herzl was an Austro-Hungarian Jewish journalist, lawyer, writer, playwright and political activist who was the father of modern political Zionism. Herzl formed the Zionist Organization and promoted Jewish immigration to Palestine in an effort to form a Jewish state. Due to his Zionist work, he is known in Hebrew as Chozeh HaMedinah, lit. 'Visionary of the State'. He is specifically mentioned in the Israeli Declaration of Independence and is officially referred to as "the spiritual father of the Jewish State".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">First Zionist Congress</span> 1897 event in Basel, Switzerland

The First Zionist Congress was the inaugural congress of the Zionist Organization (ZO) held in the Stadtcasino Basel in the city of Basel on August 29–31, 1897. Two hundred and eight delegates and 26 press correspondents attended the event. It was convened and chaired by Theodor Herzl, the founder of the modern Zionism movement. The Congress formulated a Zionist platform, known as the Basel program, and founded the Zionist Organization.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yisroel Dovid Weiss</span> Jewish anti-Zionist activist

Yisroel Dovid Weiss is an American Jewish anti-Zionist and spokesman for the worldwide religious group Neturei Karta. Residing in Monsey, New York, he believes that Jews should peacefully oppose the existence of the Israeli state: "It would be forbidden for us to have a State, even if it would be in a land that is desolate and uninhabited." He emphasized the need for a complete return of land to Palestinians, rejecting the '67 borders and advocating coexistence. He believes that the restoration of the Land of Israel to the Jews should only happen with the coming of the Messiah, and not by self-determination.

Non-Zionism is the political stance of Jews who are "willing to help support Jewish settlement in Palestine ... but will not come on aliyah."

As an organized nationalist movement, Zionism is generally considered to have been founded by Theodor Herzl in 1897. However, the history of Zionism began earlier and is intertwined with Jewish history and Judaism. The organizations of Hovevei Zion, held as the forerunners of modern Zionist ideals, were responsible for the creation of 20 Jewish towns in Palestine between 1870 and 1897.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Isaac Rülf</span> Jewish teacher and philosopher (1831–1902)

Isaac (Yitzhak) Rülf was a Jewish teacher, journalist and philosopher. He became widely known for his aid work and as a prominent early Zionist.

Secularism in Israel shows how matters of religion and how matters of state are related within Israel. Secularism is defined as an indifference to, rejection, or exclusion of religion and religious consideration. In Israel, this applies to the entirely secular community that identifies with no religion and the secular community within the Jewish community. When Israel was established as a new state in 1948, a new and different Jewish identity formed for the newly created Israeli population. This population was defined by the Israeli culture and Hebrew language, their experience with the Holocaust, and the need to band together against conflict with hostile neighbors in the Middle East.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Leopold Kessler (Zionist)</span> Engineer, newspaper publisher and Zionist (1864–1944)

Leopold Kessler was an engineer, newspaper publisher and Zionist. He was instrumental in building many of the institutions that supported the establishment of Israel as a Jewish state.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Second Zionist Congress</span> 2nd congress of the World Zionist Organization

The Second World Zionist Congress met in Basel, Switzerland on 28 August 1898. and was the second meeting of the Zionist Organisation. The World Zionist Congress brought together delegates from across the world to raise funds, lobby support and create the institutions that would one day form the modern day Jewish State known as Israel, which was established in 1948. The Congress met every year from 1897 to 1901. The main focus of the Second Congress, as set out by its chair, Theodor Herzl, was to engage with Jewish communities in the diaspora and encourage them to adopt Zionism.

Zionist antisemitism or antisemitic Zionism refers to a phenomenon in which antisemites express support for Zionism and the State of Israel. In some cases, this support may be promoted for explicitly antisemitic reasons. Historically, this type of antisemitism has been most notable among Christian Zionists, who may perpetrate religious antisemitism while being outspoken in their support for Jewish sovereignty in Israel due to their interpretation of Christian eschatology. Similarly, people who identify with the political far-right, particularly in Europe and the United States, may support the Zionist movement because they seek to expel Jews from their country and see Zionism as the least complicated method of achieving this goal and satisfying their racial antisemitism.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs publication The Flag and the Emblem Archived 2007-04-17 at the Wayback Machine by art historian Alec Mishory, wherein he quotes "The Provisional Council of State Proclamation of the Flag of the State of Israel" made on 28 October 1948 by Joseph Sprinzak, Speaker.
  2. ↑ Varied examples Archived 2006-07-09 at the Wayback Machine ; Flag ~75% toward cyan from pure blue full article: The Flag and the Emblem Retrieved 28 July 2006.
  3. ↑ How Israel Got Its Flag and What It Means, Haaretz
  4. ↑ Frankl, A. L. (1864). "Juda's Farben". Ahnenbilder (in German). Leipzig. pp. 127–8. ISBN   9783598507816.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  5. ↑ Bar-Am, Aviva (26 April 2002). "The first families". The Jerusalem Post . Archived from the original on 18 October 2016.
  6. ↑ Father of Dora Askowith. See Miller, Adinah S. "Dora Askowith". Shalvi/Hyman Encyclopedia of Jewish Women. 31 December 1999. Jewish Women's Archive. Retrieved 9 April 2023.
  7. ↑ Reznikoff, Charles (May 1953). "From the American Scene: Boston's Jewish Community: Earlier Days". Commentary . Retrieved 3 November 2017.
  8. ↑ Herzl, Theodor (1896). "Der Judenstaat. Versuch einer modernen Lösung der Judenfrage" (in German). Leipzig u. a. – via Deutsches Textarchiv.
  9. ↑ Sholem, Gershom (September 1949). "The Curious History of the Six Pointed Star; How the 'Magen David' Became the Jewish Symbol". Commentary . pp. 243–251. Retrieved 19 November 2013.
  10. ↑ Mazur, Edward (2021). "Flags of the forefathers and foremothers" (PDF). Chicago Jewish Historical Society. Retrieved 28 December 2023. Bein, who in 1955 was appointed by Prime Minister David Ben Gurion as the Keeper of the Israel National Archives, ... claimed that David Wolffsohn, Herzl's successor as president of the Zionist Congress, had been the first to come up with the idea of a blue-and white flag. "One of the many problems with which I had to deal," Wolffsohn wrote in his reminiscences, from which Bein would quote at length and from which Weissman Joselit recounted in her Forward article, "was that of deciding with which flag we should drape the hall. The question troubled me considerably. We would obviously have to create a flag, since we had none … Suddenly, I got a brainwave: We already had a flag—the blue and white of the tallith … We had but to unfurl it before the eyes of the Jewish people and the world at large!"
  11. ↑ "Milestones: 1945–1952". Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State.
  12. ↑ Zionism article (section Wide Spread of Zionism) by Richard Gottheil in the Jewish Encyclopedia , 1911
  13. ↑ Underwood, Underwood and (1904), English: Title: "From tower of Electricity Building, northeast over Basin and Plaza to Manufactures Building, World's Fair, St. Louis, USA". [Louisiana Purchase Exposition]. U and U 48. , retrieved 4 December 2022
  14. ↑ J. Boas: German–Jewish Internal Politics under Hitler 1933–1938 Archived 2004-09-27 at the Wayback Machine , in: Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook, 1984, pp3–25
  15. ↑ "German Press Advises Jews Not to Fly Zionist Flag" (Press release). Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 23 September 1936.
  16. ↑ Charles S. Liebman; Yeshaʿyahu Libman (1 January 1983). Civil Religion in Israel: Traditional Judaism and Political Culture in the Jewish State . University of California Press. p.  108. ISBN   978-0-520-04817-1. Moshe Sharett argued on behalf of the government that the proposed flag for the new state must be distinct from the Zionist flag. He explained that otherwise it would embarrass Diaspora Jews who "fly the flag of the world Jewish people – the Zionist flag" but who, understandably enough, would not want to fly the flag of the State of Israel.
  17. ↑ Alec Mishory (22 July 2019). Secularizing the Sacred: Aspects of Israeli Visual Culture. BRILL. pp. 125–130. ISBN   978-90-04-40527-1.
  18. ↑ Bava Metzia 61b
  19. ↑ Navon, Mois. "Historical Review of Tekhelet & the Hillazon" (PDF). Ptil Tekhelet Organization. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
  20. ↑ Archived 2010-07-13 at the Wayback Machine
  21. ↑ Archived 2023-11-11 at the Wayback Machine
  22. 1 2 "Why the Tallit Barcode?". Chabad . Retrieved 13 November 2014.
  23. 1 2 Numbers Rabbah 14:3; Hullin 89a.
  24. 1 2 Exodus 24:10; Ezekiel 1:26; Hullin 89a.
  25. ↑ Simmons, Rabbi Shraga. "Tallit stripes". Ask the Rabbi on About.com. Archived from the original on 20 September 2005. Retrieved 3 April 2006.
  26. ↑ The National Committee for the Heads of the Arab Local Authorities in Israel (December 2006). "The Future Vision of Palestinian Arabs in Israel" (PDF). p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2009. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
  27. ↑ Genesis 15.18: "The Lord made a covenant with Abram, saying unto thy seed have I given this land from the river of Egypt unto the great river, the River Euphrates."
  28. ↑ Playboy Interview: Yasir Arafat, Playboy , September 1988.
    ARAFAT: Yes, because they don't want it. Look at the slogans they use: that the land of Israel is from the Euphrates to the Nile. This was written for many years over the entrance to the Knesset, the parliament. It shows their national ambition—they want to advance to the Jordan River. One Israel for them, what's left for us... Do you know what the meaning of the Israeli flag is?
    PLAYBOY: No.
    ARAFAT: It is white with two blue lines. The two lines represent two rivers, and in between is Israel. The rivers are the Nile and the Euphrates.
  29. ↑ Rubin, Barry. The PLO between Anti-Zionism and Antisemitism, Background and Recent Developments Archived 2006-03-22 at the Wayback Machine , The Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1993. Retrieved 3 April 2006.
  30. ↑ Rubinstein, Danny. Inflammatory legends, Haaretz , 15 November 2004. Retrieved 3 April 2006.
  31. ↑ Pipes, Daniel. Imperial Israel: The Nile-to-Euphrates Calumny, Middle East Quarterly , March, 1994. Retrieved 3 April 2006.
  32. ↑ Shiloh, Scott. Mofaz: Hamas Acting Responsibly; Hamas: Israel Must Change Flag, Arutz Sheva , 30 January 2006. Retrieved 3 April 2006.
  33. ↑ Abu Fakhr, Saqr. "Seven Prejudices about the Jews", Al-Hayat , 12–14 November 1997.
  34. ↑ Diaspora Nationalism and Jewish Identity in Habsburg Galicia. Cambridge University Press. 31 August 2012. pp. 172–173. ISBN   978-1-107-01424-4 . Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  35. ↑ Yakov M. Rabkin (2006). A threat from within: a century of Jewish opposition to Zionism. Fernwood Pub. p. 166. ISBN   978-1-55266-171-0 . Retrieved 16 August 2011.
  36. ↑ Yakov Rabkin. Judaism vs Zionism in the Holy Land, A Threat from Within: A Century of Jewish Opposition to Zionism, Fernwood/Zed Books, 2006.
  37. ↑ Diaspora Nationalism and Jewish Identity in Habsburg Galicia. Cambridge University Press. 31 August 2012. pp. 172–173. ISBN   978-1-107-01424-4 . Retrieved 9 May 2013. Perhaps, the most prominent Sephardic legal authority, Rabbi Ovadia Yosef of Jerusalem, upholds Rabbi Feinstein's verdict and, in his comment, specifies that "those who chose this flag as a symbol of the State were evil-doers." Emphasizing that removing the flag, "a vain and useless object", from the synagogue should be done in harmony and peace, he recommends "uprooting all related to the flag so that it should not constitute a reminder of the acts of the evil-doers."
  38. ↑ Shimy Dvar HaShem. 22 August 2014. p. 44.
  39. ↑ Gary J. Jacobsohn (10 January 2009). The Wheel of Law: India's Secularism in Comparative Constitutional Context. Princeton University Press. p. 4. ISBN   978-1-4008-2557-8.
  40. ↑ Meir Litvak (2006). "Haredim and Western Culture: A View from Both Sides of the Ocean". Middle Eastern Societies and the West: Accommodation Or Clash of Civilizations?. The Moshe Dayan Center. p. 287. ISBN   978-965-224-073-6. Note 31: This display of flags stands in sharp contrast with the negative attitude of Israeli Haredim toward the Israeli flag, which consequently is never displayed on Israeli Haredi homes or businesses.
  41. ↑ Simeon D. Baumel (2006). Sacred Speakers: Language and Culture Among the Haredim in Israel. Berghahn Books. p. 40. ISBN   978-1-84545-062-5. In contrast to other Haredi leaders of the time, he also turned to government sources to further his aims. He was therefore meticulous in making sure that the Israeli flag would be raised above the Yeshiva each Independence Day, a symbol of the modus vivendi he had reached with the Israeli government.
  42. ↑ Matthew Wagner (3 May 2006). "Haredis indifferent to flag on yeshiva". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
  43. ↑ Erich Goode; Nachman Ben-Yehuda (19 January 2010). Moral Panics: The Social Construction of Deviance. John Wiley & Sons. p. 16. ISBN   978-1-4443-0793-1. Many haredim or ultra-orthodox Jews believe that the state of Israel should not be considered legitimate until the messiah manifests himself. Hence, some anti-Zionist haredi factions practice the burning of the Israeli flag on Independence Day
  44. ↑ Marcy Oster (13 May 2019). "NJ Restaurant says kosher certification at risk for flying Israeli flag". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  45. ↑ "Giant Israeli flag breaks world record for largest in world". Haaretz . Associated Press. 25 November 2007. Archived from the original on 6 January 2022. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
  46. ↑ "Do Flags Belong in Churches? Pastors Around the World Weigh In". Christianity Today. 2 July 2021. Archived from the original on 3 July 2021.
  47. ↑ "Largest flag flown". Guinness World Records. 28 March 2022.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.