Taegeukgi, Taegukgi | |
Use | National flag and ensign |
---|---|
Proportion | 2:3 |
Adopted | January 27, 1883 (original version, used by the Joseon dynasty) June 29, 1942 (during Japanese occupation, by the exiled Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea) July 12, 1948 (for South Korea, by the Constituent National Assembly) October 15, 1949 (current geometry) May 30, 2011 (current colors) |
Design | A white field with a centered red and blue taegeuk surrounded by four trigrams |
Designed by | Lee Eung-jun (Designed) Park Yung-hyo (Selected) Gojong (Approved) |
Naval jack | |
Use | Naval jack |
Proportion | 2:3 |
Design | A blue field with a white canton that has a red and blue taegeuk superimposed on two crossed anchors. |
Governmental ensign | |
Use | Government ensign |
Proportion | 2:3 |
Design | A white field with the logo of the government in the middle |
Flag of South Korea | |
Hangul | 태극기 |
---|---|
Hanja | 太極旗 |
Revised Romanization | Taegeukgi |
McCune–Reischauer | T'aegŭkki |
The national flag of the Republic of Korea,also known as the Taegeukgi (Korean : 태극기; Hanja : 太極旗),has three parts:a white rectangular background,a red and blue taegeuk in its center,accompanied by four black trigrams,one in each corner. Flags similar to the current Taegeukgi were used as the national flag of Korea by the Joseon dynasty,the Korean Empire,as well as the Korean government-in-exile during Japanese rule. South Korea adopted Taegeukgi for its national flag in 1948.
In 1876,the absence of a national flag became an issue for Korea,at the time reigned over by the Joseon dynasty. Before 1876,Korea did not have a national flag,but the king had his own royal standard. The lack of a national flag became a quandary during negotiations for the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876,at which the delegate of Japan displayed the Japanese national flag,whereas the Joseon dynasty had no corresponding national symbol to exhibit. At that time,some proposed to create a national flag,but the Joseon government looked upon the matter as unimportant and unnecessary. By 1880,the proliferation of foreign negotiations led to the need for a national flag. [1] The most popular proposal was described in the "Korea Strategy" papers,written by the Chinese delegate Huang Zunxian. It proffered to incorporate the flag of the Qing dynasty of China into that of the Joseon dynasty of Korea. In response to the Chinese proposal,the Joseon government dispatched delegate Lee Young-Sook to consider the scheme with Chinese statesman and diplomat Li Hongzhang. Li agreed with some elements of Huang's suggestion while accepting that Korea would make some alterations. The Qing government assented to Li's conclusions,but the degree of enthusiasm with which the Joseon government explored this proposal is unknown. [2]
The issue remained unpursued for a period but reemerged with the negotiation of the United States–Korea Treaty of 1882,also known as the Shufeldt Treaty. The U.S. emissary Robert Wilson Shufeldt suggested that Korea adopt a national flag to represent its sovereignty. The king of Joseon,Kojong,ordered government officials Sin Heon and Kim Hong-jip to begin working on a new flag. Kim Hong-jip in turn asked delegate Lee Eung-jun to create the first design,which Lee Eung-jun presented to the Chinese official Ma Jianzhong. Ma Jianzhong argued against Huang Zunxian's proposal that Korea adopt the flag of the Qing dynasty,and proposed a modified dragon flag. [2] Kojong rejected this idea. [3] Ma suggested Lee Eung-jun's Taegeuk and Eight Trigrams flag. [4] It is sometimes claimed that Kim and Ma proposed changes to it on 27 May 1882 (Lunar date April 11):Kim proposed changing the red to blue and white;Ma proposed a white field,a red and black taegeuk,trigrams in black,and a red border. However,since the Taguk flag was already in use during the signing of the Joseon–United States Treaty of 1882 on 22 May 1882,The Taeguk flag design was already established and in use prior to Ma's proposal. [2] On 14 May 1882,Park Yeong-hyo presented a scale model for taegukgi to the Joseon government,it was created in cooperate with Kim Ok-gyun and others with advice from British consul William George Aston and British captain James,later Gojong approved the design. Park Yeong-hyo became the first person to use the taegukgi in 1882. [5] [6] The 2 October 1882 issue of the Japanese newspaper Jiji shimpō credited Gojong as the designer of the taegukgi. [a] [7] [ unreliable source? ] On 27 January 1883,the Joseon government officially promulgated the taegukgi to be used as the official national flag. [2]
In 1919,a flag similar to the current South Korean flag was used by the Korean government-in-exile based in China. The term taegukgi began to use in 1942. The taeguk and taegukgi grew as a powerful symbols of independence in the 1,500 demonstrations during colonial rule.
Following the restoration of Korean independence in 1945,taegukgi designs was again widely used,it remained in use as the southern portion of Korea became a republic under the influence of the United States and even in the People's Republic of Korea for a time. The United States Army Military Government in Korea started to use taegukgi alongside the flag of the United States on 14 January 1946. On 12 July 1948,the Constituent National Assembly of the Republic of Korea adopted taegukgi as national flag. [8] Following the establishment of the South Korean state in August 1948,the first Republic of Korea created the National Flag Correction Committee in January 1949 to establish the modern standardization for taegukgi. On 15 October 1949,the Ministry of Education and Culture announced National Flag Production Law. [2] [9] [10]
The northern portion of Korea also adopted the taegukgi since the Provisional People's Committee of North Korea was founded in February 1946. It was used until the new design was introduced in July 1948. [11]
On 21 February 1984,exact dimensional specifications and etiquettes for the flag were codified. [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] In October 1997,a precise color scheme for the flag was fixed via presidential decree for the first time. [9] [17]
The flag's field is white,a traditional color in Korean culture that was common in the daily attire of 19th-century Koreans and still appears in contemporary versions of traditional Korean garments such as the hanbok. The color represents peace and purity. [9]
The circle in the flag's center symbolizes harmony in the world. Derived from the Chinese I Ching and Taiji (philosophy),known in the west as the Yin and Yang,the blue half represents negative energy (Yin),and the red half represents the positive energy (Yang).
Together,the trigrams [b] represent movement and harmony as fundamental principles. Each trigram represents one of the four classical elements, [18] as described below:
Trigram | Korean name | Celestial body | Season | Cardinal direction | Virtue | Family | Natural element | Meaning | Social fabric |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
geon (건;乾) | heaven (천;天) | summer (하;夏) | south (남;南) | wisdom (인;仁) | father (부;父) | air (천;天) | justice (정의;正義) | The strong stay together. | |
gon (곤;坤) | earth (지;地) | winter (동;冬) | north (북;北) | righteousness (의;義) | mother (모;母) | earth (토;土) | vitality (생명력;生命力) | The weak stay together. | |
ri (리;離) | sun (일;日) | spring (춘;春) | east (동;東) | courtesy (례;禮) | daughter (녀;女) | fire (화;火) | fruition (결실;結實) | The strong protect the weak. | |
gam (감;坎) | moon (월;月) | autumn (추;秋) | west (서;西) | intelligence (지;智) | son (자;子) | water (수;水) | wisdom (지혜;智慧) | The weak protect the strong. |
The name of the South Korean flag is used in the title of a 2004 film about the Korean War, Taegukgi . [19]
A Taegukgi with the word 不遠復 [c] appeared in a 2011 film My Way . [20] [21]
A Taegukgi with the word 大韓獨立 [d] appeared in a stage musical Hero. [22]
Observers such as The Times Literary Supplement's Colin Marshall and Korea scholar Brian Reynolds Myers have noted that the South Korean flag in the context of the country's society is often used as an ethnic flag,representing a grander nationalistic idea of a racialized (Korean) people rather than merely symbolizing the (South Korean) state itself as national flags do in other countries. [23] [24] Myers argues that:"When the average [South Korean] man sees the [South Korean] flag,he feels fraternity with [ethnic] Koreans around the world." [25] Myers also stated in a 2011 thesis that:"Judging from the yin-yang flag's universal popularity in South Korea,even among those who deny the legitimacy of the Republic of Korea,it evidently evokes the [Korean] race first and the [South Korean] state second." [26]
The South Korean flag is considered by a large part of the country's citizens to represent the "Korean race" rather than solely the South Korean state;consequently flag desecration by the country's citizens is rare when compared to other countries[ which? ],where citizens may desecrate their own national flags as political statements. Thus those South Korean citizens opposed to the state's actions or even its existence will still treat their national flag with reverence and respect:"There is therefore none of the parodying or deliberate desecration of the state flag that one encounters in the countercultures of other countries." [26]
Regardless of frequency,the South Korean Criminal Act punishes desecration of the South Korean national flag in various ways: [27]
South Korea also criminalizes not just desecration of the South Korean flag,but the flags of other countries as well:
The width and height are in the ratio of 3:2. There are five sections on the flag,the taegeuk and the four groups of bars (trigrams). The diameter of the taegeuk is half of the height of the flag. The top of the taegeuk is red and the bottom of the taegeuk is blue. The width of each trigram is the radius of the taegeuk. The distance between taegeuk and four trigrams is half of the radius of the taegeuk. The design of the taegeuk,as well as the trigrams residing in each of the four corners,are geometrically defined. [28]
The colors of the taegukgi are specified in the "Ordinance Act of the Law concerning the National Flag of the Republic of Korea" (Korean :대한민국국기법시행령). [30] The color scheme was unspecified until 1997,when the South Korean government decided to standardize specifications for the flag. On 25 October 1997,a Presidential ordinance on the standard specification of the South Korean flag was promulgated, [31] [32] and that specification was acceded by the National Flag Law in July 2007.
Colors are defined in legislation by the Munsell and CIE color systems as follows:
Scheme | Munsell [33] | CIE (x,y,Y) [33] | Pantone [29] | Hex triplet [e] |
---|---|---|---|---|
White | N 9.5 | — | — | #FFF |
Red | 6.0R 4.5/14 | 0.5640,0.3194,15.3 | 186 C | #CD2E3A |
Blue | 5.0PB 3.0/12 | 0.1556,0.1354,6.5 | 294 C | #0047A0 |
Black | N 0.5 | — | — | #000 |
The national flag of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, commonly known as North Korea, consists of a wide horizontal red stripe bordered above and below by a thin white stripe and a broad blue stripe. The red stripe is charged near the hoist with a five-pointed red star inside a white disc. The design of the flag is defined in the North Korean constitution and regulations regarding the use and manufacture of the flag are outlined in the country's national flag law. The North Korean government credits Kim Il Sung, the country's founder and first leader, as the designer of the flag. The flag was officially adopted on 8 September 1948, with the passing of North Korea's first constitution by the Supreme People's Assembly. The North Korean flag is banned in South Korea by the National Security Act.
Gojong, personal name Yi Myeongbok, later Yi Hui, also known as the Gwangmu Emperor, was the penultimate Korean monarch. He ruled Korea for 43 years, from 1864 to 1907, first as the last king of Joseon, and then as the first emperor of the Korean Empire from 1897 until his forced abdication in 1907. His wife, Queen Min, played an active role in politics until her assassination carried out by the Japanese.
Taegukgi: The Brotherhood of War is a 2004 South Korean war film directed by Kang Je-gyu. It stars Jang Dong-gun and Won Bin and tells the story of two brothers who are forcibly drafted into the South Korean army at the outbreak of the Korean War.
Taegeuk is a Sino-Korean term meaning "supreme ultimate", although it can also be translated as "great polarity / duality". The term and its overall concept is derived from the Chinese Taiji, popularised in the west as the Yin and Yang. The symbol was chosen for the design of the Korean national flag in the 1880s. It substitutes the black and white color scheme often seen in most taijitu illustrations with blue and red, respectively, along with a horizontal separator, as opposed to vertical.
The National Emblem of the Republic of Korea, also officially referred as Naramunjang, consists of the taegeuk symbol present on the South Korean national flag surrounded by five stylized petals and a ribbon bearing the inscription of the official Korean name of the country, in Korean characters. The Taegeuk represents peace and harmony. The five petals all have meaning and are related to South Korea's national flower, the Hibiscus syriacus, or Rose of Sharon.
Independence Gate or Dongnimmun is a memorial gate in Seoul, South Korea. It was built in January 1898. Its construction was planned by Soh Jaipil, as a symbol of Korea's commitment to independence. It was designated as a Historic Site of South Korea in 1963, and relocated 70 metres (230 ft) northwest from the original location in 1979 for preservation.
Taegeuk Il Jang is the first of eight taekwondo forms practiced in Kukki Taekwondo, as defined by the Kukkiwon. A form, or poomsae, is a choreographed pattern of defense-and-attack motions. Taegeuk Il Jang is considered a beginner form, often practiced by students of Kukki style taekwondo with rank of 8th geup. Eighth geup students of Kukki-style taekwondo practice this form in order to advance to the next rank.
Taegeuk Ee Jang is the second of eight taekwondo forms practiced by the Kukkiwon and the World Taekwondo Federation. A form, or poomsae, is a choreographed pattern of defense-and-attack motions. Taegeuk Ee Jang is considered a beginner form, often practiced by students of Kukkiwon/WTF-style taekwondo with rank of 7th geup. Seventh geup students of Kukkiwon/WTF-style taekwondo practice this form in order to advance to the next rank.
Taegek Sam Jang is the third of eight taekwondo forms practiced by the Kukkiwon and the World Taekwondo Federation. A form, or poomsae, is a choreographed pattern of defense-and-attack motions. Taegeuk Sam Jang is often practiced by students of Kukkiwon/WTF-style taekwondo with rank of 6th geup. Sixth geup students of Kukkiwon/WTF-style taekwondo practice this form in order to advance to the next rank.
Taegek Sa Jang is the fourth of eight taekwondo forms practiced by the Kukkiwon and World Taekwondo. A form, or poomsae, is a choreographed pattern of defense-and-attack motions. Taegeuk Sa Jang is often practiced by students of Kukkiwon/WT-style taekwondo.
Taegeuk Oh Jang is the fifth of eight taekwondo forms in the Taegeuk set practiced by the Kukkiwon and World Taekwondo. A form, or poomsae, is a choreographed pattern of defense-and-attack motions. Taegeuk Oh Jang is often practiced by students of Kukkiwon/WT-style taekwondo with rank of 4th geup. Fourth geup students of Kukkiwon/WTF-style taekwondo practice this form in order to advance to the next rank.
Taegeuk Yook Jang is the sixth of eight taekwondo forms practiced by the Kukkiwon and the World Taekwondo Federation. A form, or poomsae, is a choreographed pattern of defense-and-attack motions. Taegeuk Yook Jang is often practiced by students of Kukkiwon/WTF-style taekwondo with rank of 3rd geup. Third geup students of Kukkiwon/WTF-style taekwondo practice this form in order to advance to the next rank.
Taegeuk Chil Jang is the seventh of eight taekwondo forms practiced by the Kukkiwon and the World Taekwondo Federation. A form, or poomsae, is a choreographed pattern of defense-and-attack motions. Taegeuk Chil Jang is often practiced by students of Kukkiwon/WTF-style taekwondo with rank of 2nd geup. Second geup students of Kukkiwon/WTF-style taekwondo practice this form in order to advance to the next rank.
Taegeuk Pal Jang is the last of eight taegeuk taekwondo forms practiced by the Kukkiwon and the World Taekwondo Federation. A form, or poomsae, is a choreographed pattern of defense-and-attack motions. Taegeuk Pal Jang is often practiced by students of Kukkiwon/WTF-style taekwondo with rank of 1st geup. First geup students of Kukkiwon/WTF-style taekwondo practice this form in order to advance to the next rank, at which students then begin studying a new sequence of black belt forms.
The national symbols of South Korea are official and unofficial flags, icons, or cultural expressions that are emblematic, representative, or otherwise characteristic of South Korea and of its culture. Since the division of the Korean peninsula in 1948, South Korea has retained traditional symbols to distinguish from the national symbols of North Korea.
The Taegeukgi rallies, also known as the Pro-Park rallies (Korean: 친박집회), are ongoing rallies that initially started as a series of counter-candlelight rallies supporting the former president of South Korea Park Geun-hye in 2016 but now continuing with the aim of releasing Park. The Taegeukgi protestors or the Taegeukgi crowds got their names because they vehemently swung or wore South Korean flags during rallies.
Joseon Susinsa is the term for diplomatic missions from Joseon to the Empire of Japan after Korea's forced opening in 1876. As the hegemony of East Asia was transferred from China to the Western powers, relations between Joseon and the Japanese empires were reversed, and Joseon's goodwill mission called "Tongsinsa" was changed to the term "Susinsa" meaning "receiver of advanced culture". They were dispatched on three occasions from 1876 to 1882.
The 2019 South Korean National Assembly attack occurred on 16 December 2019, when supporters of the Liberty Korea Party, Our Republican Party, and Taegeukgi units attempted to enter the Korea National Assembly Proceeding Hall.
For Chosŏn's national flag, Ma suggested Yi Ŭngjun's design of the Taiji and eight trigrams as the basic model.
[T]he South Korean flag continues to function, at least in South Korea, not as a symbol of the state but as a symbol of the race.
When people wave the South Korean flag, in other words, they wave the flag not of a country but of an [ethnic] people.
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