27January 1883;142 years ago(1883-01-27) (original version, used by the Joseon dynasty) 29June 1942;83 years ago(1942-06-29) (during Japanese occupation, by the exiled Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea) 12July 1948;77 years ago(1948-07-12) (for South Korea, by the Constituent National Assembly) 15October 1949;75 years ago(1949-10-15) (current geometry) 30May 2011;14 years ago(2011-05-30) (current colors)
Design
A white field with a centered red and blue taegeuk surrounded by four trigrams
The national flag of the Republic of Korea (South Korea),also known as the Taegeukgi (Korean:태극기;Hanja:太極旗),consists of three components:a white rectangular background,a red and blue taegeuk in its center,accompanied by four black trigrams,one in each corner. The predecessors to the current Taegeukgi were used as the national flag of Korea by the Joseon dynasty,the Korean Empire,as well as the Korean government-in-exile during Japanese rule. South Korea adopted Taegeukgi for its national flag in 1948.
In 1876,the absence of a national flag became an issue for Korea,at the time reigned over by the Joseon dynasty. Before 1876,Korea did not have a national flag,but the king had his own royal standard. The lack of a national flag became a quandary during negotiations for the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876,at which the delegate of Japan displayed the Japanese national flag,whereas the Joseon dynasty had no corresponding national symbol to exhibit. At that time,some proposed to create a national flag,but the Joseon government looked upon the matter as unimportant and unnecessary. By 1880,the proliferation of foreign negotiations led to the need for a national flag.[1] The most popular proposal was described in the "Korea Strategy" papers,written by the Chinese delegate Huang Zunxian. It proffered to incorporate the flag of the Qing dynasty of China into that of the Joseon dynasty of Korea. In response to the Chinese proposal,the Joseon government dispatched delegate Lee Young-Sook to consider the scheme with Chinese statesman and diplomat Li Hongzhang. Li agreed with some elements of Huang's suggestion while accepting that Korea would make some alterations. The Qing government assented to Li's conclusions,but the degree of enthusiasm with which the Joseon government explored this proposal is unknown.[2]
The issue remained unpursued for a period but reemerged with the negotiation of the United States–Korea Treaty of 1882,also known as the Shufeldt Treaty. The U.S. emissary Robert Wilson Shufeldt suggested that Korea adopt a national flag to represent its sovereignty. The king of Joseon,Kojong,ordered government officials Sin Heon[ko] and Kim Hong-jip to begin working on a new flag. Kim Hong-jip in turn asked delegate Lee Eung-jun[ko] to create the first design,which Lee Eung-jun presented to the Chinese official Ma Jianzhong. Ma Jianzhong argued against Huang Zunxian's proposal that Korea adopt the flag of the Qing dynasty,and proposed a modified dragon flag.[2] Kojong rejected this idea.[3] Ma suggested Lee Eung-jun's Taegeuk and Eight Trigrams flag.[4] It is sometimes claimed that Kim and Ma proposed changes to it on 27 May 1882 (Lunar date April 11):Kim proposed changing the red to blue and white;Ma proposed a white field,a red and black taegeuk,trigrams in black,and a red border. However,since the Taguk flag was already in use during the signing of the Joseon–United States Treaty of 1882 on 22 May 1882,The Taeguk flag design was already established and in use prior to Ma's proposal.[2] In September 1882,Pak Yŏnghyo presented a scale model for taegukgi to the Joseon government,it was created in cooperate with Kim Man-sik,Soh Kwang-pom and others with advice from British consul William George Aston and British captain James,later Gojong approved the design. Pak Yŏnghyo became the first person to use the taegukgi in 1882.[5][6][7] The 2 October 1882 issue of the Japanese newspaper Jiji shimpō[ja] credited Gojong as the designer of the taegukgi (i.e.,a flag with a red and blue taegeuk and four trigrams).[8][unreliable source?][unbalanced opinion?] On 27 January 1883,the Joseon government officially promulgated the taegukgi to be used as the official national flag.[2]
In 1919,a flag similar to the current South Korean flag was used by the Korean government-in-exile based in China. The term taegukgi began to be used in 1942. The taeguk and taegukgi grew as powerful symbols of independence in the 1,500 demonstrations during colonial rule.
The northern portion of Korea also used the taegukgi even during the partition of Korea in 1945. It was used until the new design was adopted in September 1948.[12][13][14]
On 21 February 1984,exact dimensional specifications and etiquettes for the flag were codified.[15][16][17][18][19] On 15 October 1997,a precise color scheme for the flag was fixed via presidential decree for the first time.[10][20]
Symbolism
The flag's field is white,a traditional color in Korean culture that was common in the daily attire of 19th-century Koreans and still appears in contemporary versions of traditional Korean garments such as the hanbok. The color represents peace and purity.[10]
Together,the trigrams[a] represent movement and harmony as fundamental principles. Each trigram represents one of the four classical elements,[21] as described below:
Cultural role in contemporary South Korean society
The name of the South Korean flag is used in the title of a 2004 film about the Korean War,Taegukgi.[22]
A Taegukgi with the word 不遠復[b] appeared in a 2011 film My Way.[23][24]
A Taegukgi with the word 大韓獨立[c] appeared in a stage musical Hero.[25]
Observers such as The Times Literary Supplement's Colin Marshall and Korea scholar Brian Reynolds Myers have noted that the South Korean flag in the context of the country's society is often used as an ethnic flag,representing a grander nationalistic idea of a racialized (Korean) people rather than merely symbolizing the (South Korean) state itself as national flags do in other countries.[26][27] Myers argues that:"When the average [South Korean] man sees the [South Korean] flag,he feels fraternity with [ethnic] Koreans around the world."[28] Myers also stated in a 2011 thesis that:"Judging from the yin-yang flag's universal popularity in South Korea,even among those who deny the legitimacy of the Republic of Korea,it evidently evokes the [Korean] race first and the [South Korean] state second."[29]
Specifications
Proper vertical display of the flag
Dimensions
Flag construction sheet
The width and height are in the ratio of 3:2. There are five sections on the flag,the taegeuk and the four groups of bars (trigrams). The diameter of the taegeuk is half of the height of the flag. The top of the taegeuk is red and the bottom of the taegeuk is blue. The width of each trigram is the radius of the taegeuk. The distance between taegeuk and four trigrams is half of the radius of the taegeuk. The design of the taegeuk,as well as the trigrams residing in each of the four corners,are geometrically defined.[30]
Colors
Darker version of the flag using RGB approximations of semiofficial Pantone approximations,and also the official 1997–2011 color scheme.
The colors of the taegukgi are specified in the Ordinance Act of the Law concerning the National Flag of the Republic of Korea (Korean:대한민국국기법시행령).[32] The color scheme was unspecified until 1997,when the South Korean government decided to standardize specifications for the flag. On 25 October 1997,a Presidential ordinance on the standard specification of the South Korean flag was promulgated,[33][unreliable source?][34] and that specification was acceded by the National Flag Law in July 2007.
Colors are defined in legislation by the Munsell and CIE color systems as follows:
Apart from these days,the Government of South Korea and local authorities in South Korea also call for the display of taegukgi in other days under special conditions.
Laws on desecrations
The South Korean flag is considered by a large part of the country's citizens to represent the "Korean ethnos" rather than solely the South Korean state;consequently flag desecration by the country's citizens is rare when compared to other countries[which?],where citizens may desecrate their own national flags as political statements. Thus those South Korean citizens opposed to the state's actions or even its existence will still treat their national flag with reverence and respect:"There is therefore none of the parodying or deliberate desecration of the state flag that one encounters in the countercultures of other countries."[29]
Regardless of frequency,the South Korean Criminal Act punishes desecration of the South Korean national flag in various ways:[37]
Article 105 imposes up to 5 years in prison,disfranchisement of up to 10 years,or a fine up to 7 million South Korean won for damaging,removing,or staining a South Korean flag or emblem with intent to insult the South Korean state. Article 5 makes this crime punishable,even if done by aliens outside South Korea.[37]
Article 106 imposes up to 1 year in prison,disfranchisement of up to 5 years,or a fine up to 2 million South Korean won for defaming a South Korean flag or emblem with intent to insult the South Korean state. Article 5 makes this crime punishable,even if done by aliens outside South Korea.[37]
South Korea also criminalizes not just desecration of the South Korean flag,but the flags of other countries as well:
Article 109 imposes up to 2 years in prison or a fine up to 3 million South Korean won for damaging,removing,or staining a foreign flag or emblem with intent to insult a foreign country. Article 110 forbids prosecution without foreign governmental complaint.[37]
Gallery
Joseon naval ensign,based on a Taoist flag called jwadogi (坐纛旗) with elements of the Nakseo
↑ Kim, Tu-bong (20 August 1948). 新國旗의 製定과 太極旗의 廢止에 對하여[On the establishment of the new national flag and the abolition of Taegukgi](PDF). Pyongyang: Rodong News Agency. p.56. Retrieved 12 May 2025.
↑ Choi, Chongko (1999). 남북한(南北韓)의 국가상징(國家象徵)과 법(法)[National Symbols of South and North Korea and Their Laws](PDF). Korea Society of Unification and North Korean Law Studies. 40 (3): 100. Archived(PDF) from the original on 26 August 2024. Retrieved 16 August 2024.
↑ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine : O'Carroll, Chad (2014). "BR Myers – Current Issues". YouTube. Retrieved 11 September 2017. [T]he South Korean flag continues to function, at least in South Korea, not as a symbol of the state but as a symbol of the race.
1 2 "National Flag". infokorea.ru. The Embassy of the Republic of Korea in Moscow. Archived from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 6 August 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
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