United States Army Military Government in Korea

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United States Army Military Government in Korea
재조선 미국 육군사령부 군정청 (Korean)
1945–1948
Anthem: "The Star-Spangled Banner"
(de jure)
"Aegukga" (de facto)
Locator map of United States Government of Korea.svg
Location of the United States Army Military Government in Korea in the Korean Peninsula
Status Military occupational transitional government
Capital
and largest city
Seoul
Official languages Korean, English
US commander-in-chief 
 1945–1948
John R. Hodge
US military governor 
 1945
Archibald V. Arnold
 1945–1947
Archer L. Lerch
 1947–1948
William F. Dean
 1948–1949
Charles G. Helmick
Chairman of assembly 
 1946–1948
Kim Kyu-sik
 1948
Syngman Rhee
Historical era Cold War
15 August 1945
 United States troops stationed
8 September 1945
1 October 1946
10 May 1948
17 July 1948
15 August 1948
Currency Won, "A yen" scrip, United States dollar
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Merchant flag of Japan (1870).svg Chōsen
Flag of the People's Committee of Korea.svg People's Republic of Korea
Flag of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea.svg Provisional Government of
the Republic of Korea
South Korea Flag of South Korea (1949-1984).svg
Today part of South Korea
North Korea

The United States Army Military Government in Korea (USAMGIK) was the official ruling body of the southern half of the Korean Peninsula from 8 September 1945 to 15 August 1948.

Contents

The country during this period was plagued with political and economic chaos, which arose from a variety of causes. [1] The after-effects of the Japanese occupation were still being felt in the occupation zone, as well as in the Soviet zone in the north. [2] Popular discontent stemmed from the United States' military government's support of the Japanese colonial government; then once removed, keeping the former Japanese governors on as advisors; by ignoring, censoring, and forcibly disbanding the functional and popular People's Republic of Korea (PRK); and finally by supporting United Nations elections that divided the country. The U.S. administration refused to recognize the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, despite the South Korean government considering it their predecessor since 1987. [3] [4]

In addition, the U.S. military was largely unprepared for the challenge of administering the country, arriving with no knowledge of the language or political situation. [5] Thus, many of their policies had unintended, destabilizing effects. Waves of refugees from North Korea (estimated at 400,000) [6] and returnees from abroad caused further turmoil. [7]

Background

Japanese forces surrender to the U.S. Army at Seoul, Korea, on 9 September 1945 Surrender of Japanese Forces in Southern Korea.jpg
Japanese forces surrender to the U.S. Army at Seoul, Korea, on 9 September 1945
Anti-trusteeship movement [ko] protest, December 1945 Anti-Trusteeship Campaign.jpg
Anti-trusteeship movement  [ ko ] protest, December 1945
A young Korean girl carrying a baby, speaking to a U.S. soldier in front of Chosen Shrine in Seoul (1945) Korean Girl and Baby (135657215).jpg
A young Korean girl carrying a baby, speaking to a U.S. soldier in front of Chōsen Shrine in Seoul (1945)

The short-lived People's Republic of Korea had been established in August, in consultation with Japanese authorities, and rapidly exerted control throughout the country. [8] The U.S. Military Government outlawed it in the South shortly after their arrival. [5] The leader of the People's Republic, Yeo Un-hyeong, stepped down and formed the People's Party of Korea. [5] The U.S. administration also refused to recognize the members of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, led by Kim Gu, who were obliged to enter the country as private citizens.

History

Key events

After the surrender of the Empire of Japan to the Allies, the division at the 38th parallel marked the beginning of Soviet and American command over North Korea and South Korea, respectively. From 1945 to 1948 the overall responsibility of southern Korea was given to General Douglas MacArthur as Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers due to the vague orders and lack of guidance from both the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Department of State regarding Korea. Washington, D.C. decided to give MacArthur a free hand to deal with Korea however he wished. He ordered the XXIV Corps under Lt. General John R. Hodge to not only accept the surrender of Japanese forces but also to set up a military occupation of Korea. [9] [10] U.S. forces landed at Incheon on 8 September 1945, and established a military government shortly thereafter. [11] The forces landing at Incheon were of the XXIV Corps of the U.S. Tenth Army. [12] Four days before he arrived in Korea, Hodge told his officers that Korea "was an enemy of the United States". [13]

On 9 September, at a surrender ceremony, Hodge announced that the Japanese colonial government would remain intact, including its personnel and its governor-general. After a major outcry, Hodge replaced the governor-general with an American and removed all the Japanese bureau chiefs, though he, in turn, enlisted the former Japanese bureaucrats as advisors. [14]

Faced with mounting popular discontent, in October 1945 Hodge established the Korean Advisory Council. The majority of the Council seats were given to members of the Korean Democratic Party which had been formed at the encouragement of the U.S. and was primarily made up of large landowners, wealthy businesspeople, and former officials in the colonial government. A few members of the PRK were offered to join, but they refused and instead criticized the Council appointees for their collaboration with the Japanese. [15]

A proposal was made in 1945 for a long-term trusteeship arrangement. In December 1945, the United States and the Soviet Union agreed to administer the country under the U.S.–Soviet Joint Commission, as termed by the Moscow Conference of Foreign Ministers. It was agreed that Korea would govern independently after four years of international oversight. However, both the United States and the USSR approved Korean-led governments in their respective halves, each of which was favorable to the occupying power's political ideology. In the south the interim legislature and the interim government were headed by Kim Kyu-shik and Syngman Rhee, respectively, and the elections for which were met with a large uprising. [16] [17]

The USAMGIK banned strikes on 8 December and outlawed the people's committees on 12 December 1945. However, in September 1946 the Communist Party of Korea initiated a General Strike. This started among railway workers in Busan but it spread to other industries by 24 September and more than a quarter of a million workers joined in the strike. The USAMG organised military operations to oppose the strikers and also encouraged right-wing anti-communist groups. On 1 October a strike protest in Daegu was fired on by police and a worker was killed. Demonstrations in the following days developed into the 'Autumn Uprising'. The U.S. administration responded by declaring martial law, firing into crowds of demonstrators and killing a publicly unknown number of people. [18] [19] [20]

The Jeju Uprising started during the U.S. occupation period in April 1948 when left wing radicals killed 30 South Korean police officers. This uprising happened after a South Korean communist named Pak Hon-yong (who collaborated with Kim Il-sung in Pyongyang) called on left wing and communist groups south of the 38th parallel to oppose the 1948 Korean elections by whatever means necessary, and called for a general strike to begin on 7 February. At this point, there were at least 60,000 members of the communist Workers' Party of South Korea on Jeju, and at least 80,000 active supporters. These members and supporters not only went on strike but in some cases attacked government installations and engaged with police forces in open conflict. These engagements between SKLP guerrillas against rightist groups and police continued through March 1948. Violence escalated dramatically following South Korea's independence in August 1948. President Syngman Rhee's government largely suppressed the uprising by May 1949. The conflict in Jeju saw atrocities by both sides and caused the deaths of 14,000 to 30,000 people. [21] [22]

Education

Among the earliest edicts promulgated by USAMGIK was one reopening all schools, issued in November 1945. No immediate changes were made in the educational system, which was simply carried over from the Japanese colonial period. In this area, as in others, the military government sought to maintain the forms of the Japanese occupation system.[ citation needed ]

Although it did not implement sweeping educational reforms, the military government did lay the foundations for reforms which were implemented early in the First Republic. In 1946, a council of about 100 Korean educators was convened to map out the future path of Korean education.[ citation needed ]

Politics

Although the military government was hostile to leftism from the beginning, it did initially tolerate the activities of left-wing political groups, including the Korean Communist Party. They had attempted to strike a balance between hard-left and hard-right groups, encouraging moderation. However, these overtures frequently had the adverse effect of angering powerful leaders such as Syngman Rhee.[ citation needed ]

This period of reconciliation did not last long. Within a short time, the military government actively disempowered and eventually banned popular organizations that were gaining support within the general public, including the People's Republic of Korea. The justification given by the USAMGIK was its suspicion that they were aligned with the communist bloc, despite professing a relatively moderate stance compared to the actual Korean Communist Party, which had also been banned at this time.[ citation needed ]

A good symbol of how the U.S. military occupation of southern Korea went overall was when Hodge and the USAMGIK created the South Korean Interim Legislative Assembly in December 1946. This assembly was supposed to formulate draft laws to be used as "the basis for political, economic, and social reforms." However, the left-wing political faction, consolidated under the South Korean Workers Party, ignored the assembly and refused to participate. The conservative faction's Korea Democratic Party, supported by landlords and small-business owners, also opposed the assembly because their main leaders were excluded from it by the USAMGIK. The problem was that even though many of the 45-member assembly were conservatives most of the members were nominated by the moderate Kim Kyu-sik, who was the Vice President of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea (this was the mostly moderate institution created in 1919 during the Japanese-occupied Korea era with the ultimate goal of delivering independence to Korea in the form of a republic) and was Hodge's choice to lead a future independent South Korea. Unfortunately, Kim was not charismatic and could not inspire either the left wing or the right wing to support him. [23]

Inter-Korean relations

At the time of division, the overwhelming majority of Korean industry was concentrated in the North, while most of the agricultural land was in the South. Power lines and shipping connections were maintained during this period, but were frequently and unpredictably cut off. The North, controlled during this period by the Soviet Union, had the ability to cut off supply of electricity or fertilizer to the south, and the U.S. State Department reported it frequently did so. [24]

Economy

The economy of South Korea did not fare well during this period, although the foundations of recovery were laid. A 1947 assessment by the State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee found that the U.S. had mismanaged the Korean economy and failed to enact needed land and labor reforms. [1] The report concluded, "Thus far the U.S. has done little more than hold its own in South Korea. The operation to date has been improvised from day to day to prevent complete collapse, and has left almost untouched the most basic problems." [1] Counterfeiting was reportedly a serious problem during this period.[ citation needed ]

Dissolution

General MacArthur at the handover ceremony from Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers to President Syngman Rhee on 15 August 1948 Syngman Rhee and Douglas MacArthur.jpg
General MacArthur at the handover ceremony from Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers to President Syngman Rhee on 15 August 1948

Following the constitutional assembly and presidential elections held in May and July 1948 respectively, its first government officially proclaimed the existence of the Republic of Korea on 15 August 1948. American troops finally withdrew in 1949.[ citation needed ]

See also

Related Research Articles

The history of North Korea began with the end of World War II in 1945. The surrender of Japan led to the division of Korea at the 38th parallel, with the Soviet Union occupying the north, and the United States occupying the south. The Soviet Union and the United States failed to agree on a way to unify the country, and in 1948, they established two separate governments – the Soviet-aligned Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the American-aligned Republic of Korea – each claiming to be the legitimate government of all of Korea.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chough Pyung-ok</span> South Korean politician (1894–1960)

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yeosu–Suncheon rebellion</span> 1948 anti-US rebellion in South Korea

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Events from the year 1948 in South Korea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1946 South Korean legislative election</span>

Elections to the Interim Legislative Assembly were held in South Korea in October 1946.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Korean general strike of September 1946</span> 1946 nationwide strike in US-occupied South Korea

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References

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  5. 1 2 3 Nahm (1996, p. 340) [ title missing ]
  6. Allan R. Millet, The War for Korea: 1945–1950 (2005) P. 59
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  12. Cumings, 1997, p. 189. Nahm (1996, p. 340) gives "Eighth Army", reflecting the Corps' later affiliation [ title missing ]
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