Withdrawal of Lyndon B. Johnson from the 1968 United States presidential election

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Withdrawal of Lyndon B. Johnson from the 1968 United States presidential election
Part of Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson and 1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries
Lyndon B. Johnson addresses the Nation March 31, 1968 - LBJ Museum C9284-35 (cropped3).jpg
President Johnson announces that he will not run for re–election.
DateMarch 31, 1968 (1968-03-31)
Location White House
Outcome
  • Hubert Humphrey becomes the Democratic nominee for president in August 29, 1968.
  • Richard Nixon elected president on November 5, 1968.
  • Johnson retired on January 20, 1969.

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Excerpt from Johnson's address
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On March 31, 1968, then-incumbent US President Lyndon B. Johnson made a surprise announcement during a televised address to the nation that began around 9 p.m., [1] declaring that he would not seek re–election for another term and was withdrawing from the 1968 United States presidential election. Johnson stated, "I shall not seek, and I will not accept, the nomination of my party for another term as your President." [2] [3]

Contents

At first Johnson's only significant challenger in the 1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries was Eugene McCarthy, an anti-war senator from Minnesota. Johnson's announcement to drop out of the race came after McCarthy nearly won the New Hampshire primary and Senator Robert F. Kennedy, another critic of the war and the brother of the late President John F. Kennedy, entered the race.

Johnson's decision opened the door for Vice President Hubert Humphrey to become the Democratic Party's nominee. The 1968 Democratic National Convention, held in Chicago, was marked by significant protests and clashes between demonstrators and police, [4] reflecting the deep divisions within the nation.

The 1968 election saw Republican Party candidate Richard Nixon emerge victorious, defeating Humphrey and third-party candidate George Wallace. Nixon's campaign capitalized on themes of law and order and a promise to end the Vietnam War conflict and United States involvement, which resonated with many voters. [5]

Background

Lyndon B. Johnson, the 36th President of the United States, assumed office following the assassination of President John F. Kennedy in November 1963. [6] Johnson was subsequently elected in a landslide victory in the 1964 United States presidential election. [7] His presidency was marked by significant legislative achievements, including the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, ratification of the Twenty-fourth and Twenty-fifth Amendment, and the establishment of Medicare and Medicaid. [8]

Other presidents who did not seek reelection

Historically, most sitting US presidents who completed one full term chose to run for a second. The following presidents were eligible for reelection after completing one full term in office, but chose not to run: [9]

The 22nd Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (passed by Congress in 1947 and ratified by the states in 1951) imposes a limit of two terms on presidents. [lower-alpha 1] Prior to the term limit, an informal two-term tradition was generally followed by many presidents after a precedent set by President George Washington, who chose not to run for reelection after serving two terms.

President Joe Biden would withdraw from the 2024 race, [10] marking the third time an incumbent US president withdrew from the presidential election.

Vietnam War

Johnson's tenure, however, wound up being overshadowed by various conflicts of interests, such as resistance to escalation of U.S. involvement in the conflict. Public opinion turned increasingly against the war with Anti-War movements spreading across the country. [11] The Tet Offensive in early 1968 further eroded support for the war and Johnson's handling of it. [12]

Dump Johnson movement

As the 1968 election approached, Johnson began to lose control of the Democratic Party, which was splitting into four factions. The first group consisted of Johnson and Humphrey, labor unions, and local party bosses (led by Chicago Mayor Richard J. Daley). The second group consisted of antiwar students and intellectuals who coalesced behind Senator Eugene McCarthy in an effort to "dump Johnson." The third group included Catholics, Hispanics and African Americans, who rallied behind Senator Robert F. Kennedy. The fourth group consisted of traditionally segregationist white Southerners like Governor George Wallace. [13]

Public opinion and political challenges

Johnson's approval ratings had declined significantly by 1968, with his approval rating at the time of his withdrawal being 36 percent. [14] Despite Johnson's growing unpopularity, conventional wisdom held that it would be impossible to deny re-nomination to a sitting president. Johnson won a narrow victory in the New Hampshire presidential primary on March 12, against McCarthy 49–42%, [15] but this close second-place result dramatically boosted McCarthy's standing in the race. Kennedy announced his candidacy on March 16. [16]

Weary of office and presidential position

Historians such as Jeff Shesol say that Johnson wanted out of the White House but also wanted vindication; when the indicators turned negative he decided to leave. [17] Historians state that Johnson realized he needed to leave in order for the nation to heal. [18] Robert Dallek wrote that Johnson had no further domestic goals, and realized that his personality had eroded his popularity. [17] Johnson's health was deteriorating, and he was preoccupied with the Kennedy campaign; his wife, Lady Bird Johnson, urged for his retirement as his base of support kept shrinking. Leaving the race would allow him to pose as a peacemaker. [19] Author Anthony J. Bennett says Johnson "had been forced out of a reelection race in 1968 by outrage over his policy in Southeast Asia." [20] Johnson may also have hoped that the convention would ultimately choose to draft him back into the race. [21]

Political and public response

Democratic Party

Johnson's fellow Democrats expressed a mix of respect, disappointment, and understanding towards his announcement. Former Presidents and key figures within the party praised Johnson's presidency and his decision to step aside. Former President Harry S. Truman commended Johnson's service, highlighting his belief that Johnson acted in the best interests of the country and the Democratic Party. Democratic leaders struggled to figure out how to respond to Johnson's sudden withdrawal. [22] This led to bitter battle for succession among Democrats. [23] Some Democrats were worried that a new nominee, selected by the convention, would lack legitimacy since they would have secured the nomination without direct input from Democratic voters around the country. [24]

Anti-war activists and the Republican Party

Many anti-war activists rejoiced at the news. Some of them concluded that their movement had forced Johnson to alter his war policy and to decide that he could not win another term. [25] [26] Antiwar protesters chanted outside the White House, "Hey, hey, LBJ! How many kids did you kill today?" [27] After Johnson's withdrawal, many Republicans underwent an anguished reappraisal concerning Richard Nixon's chances for winning the election in November. [28]

International response

Flag of South Vietnam.svg  South Vietnam

South Vietnamese officials viewed Johnson's withdrawal with concern, mainly with the threat of an anti-war candidate unwilling to support them and threating to withdraw troops. [29] During this time, South Vietnamese President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu was eagerly anticipating the results of the American election, believing he could secure a more favorable agreement with Republican candidate Nixon than with the incumbent administration. Messages implying this were secretly communicated to Thieu's representatives by Nixon's associates. President Johnson, enraged and appalled, discovered evidence of this through phone taps, intercepts, and surveillance, considering it a potentially treasonous act. [15]

Global anti-war movement

Johnson's decision was seen as a victory by anti-war activists around the world. His withdrawal was viewed by some as a sign that public and international pressure could influence the policies of powerful nations. [30]

Aftermath

Within the week of Johnson's announcement, American civil rights activist and oppositionist to the Vietnam War; Martin Luther King Jr., was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee at the Lorraine Motel. [31] Many US cities were convulsed in rioting following King's death. [32] Johnson was in the Oval Office that evening, planning a meeting in Hawaii with Vietnam War military commanders. After press secretary George Christian informed him at 8:20 p.m. of the assassination, he canceled the trip to focus on the nation. He assigned Attorney General Ramsey Clark to investigate the assassination in Memphis. He made a personal call to King's wife, Coretta Scott King, and declared April 7 a national day of mourning on which the U.S. flag would be flown at half-staff. [33] RFK’s assassination came within a month later, further deepening the sense of tragedy that hung over presidential politics that year. After Johnson's withdrawal, Vice President Hubert Humphrey won the Democratic Party's nomination following the assassination of Robert F. Kennedy, leaving McCarthy as Humphrey's only major opponent before George McGovern entered the race. Humphrey would end up losing the election to the antiwar Republican Richard Nixon, who portrayed himself as a figure of stability during this period of national unrest and upheaval. [34]

The defeat left Humphrey in a state of depression. To stay active, his friends helped him get hired [35] as a professor at Macalester College and the University of Minnesota. The perceived failures of the Vietnam War nurtured disillusionment with government, and the New Deal coalition fell apart in large part due to tensions over the Vietnam War and the 1968 election. [36] [37] Republicans won five of six presidential elections after Johnson left office. Ronald Reagan came into office in 1981 vowing to undo the Great Society, though he and other Republicans were unable to repeal many of Johnson's programs. [36] [38] [39] [40]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ A grandfather clause exemption was made for the president serving when the amendment was passed by Congress; the president at the time was Truman. Johnson was eligible for a third term because his first term lasted less than two years.

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References

  1. ↑ Frankel, Max (March 31, 1968). "Johnson to Talk to Nation Tonight on Vietnam War" (fee required). The New York Times. p. 1. Archived from the original on July 26, 2024. Retrieved July 25, 2024. WASHINGTON, March 30 — President Johnson will address the nation at 9 P.M. tomorrow to deal 'rather fully' with the situation in Vietnam, including further troop build-ups, the possibility of reserve call-ups and the additional costs thereof.
  2. ↑ "Remarks on Decision not to Seek Re-Election (March 31, 1968)". The Miller Center, University of Virginia. October 20, 2016. Archived from the original on October 3, 2017. Retrieved October 2, 2017.
  3. ↑ Cohen, Michael A. (April 2, 2016). "LBJ drops out of 1968 presidential race". OUPblog. Archived from the original on March 1, 2024. Retrieved July 22, 2024.
  4. ↑ "1968 Democratic Convention - Protests, Yippies, Witnesses". History Channel . May 3, 2024. Archived from the original on July 26, 2024. Retrieved July 22, 2024.
  5. ↑ "Presidential Election of 1968 - 270toWin". 270toWin.com. Archived from the original on July 11, 2024. Retrieved July 22, 2024.
  6. ↑ "Eyewitness". www.archives.gov. Archived from the original on March 8, 2024. Retrieved July 22, 2024.
  7. ↑ "Presidential Election of 1964 - 270toWin". 270toWin.com. Archived from the original on July 23, 2024. Retrieved July 22, 2024.
  8. ↑ "Lyndon B. Johnson - Key Events | Miller Center". millercenter.org. October 7, 2016. Archived from the original on April 14, 2024. Retrieved July 22, 2024.
  9. ↑ "US presidents who did not seek reelection". Voice of America. July 23, 2024. Archived from the original on July 25, 2024. Retrieved July 24, 2024.
  10. ↑ Samuelsohn, Chris Kenning and Darren. "'It's unprecedented': Biden's exit is a history-making moment in the American presidency". USA TODAY. Retrieved August 1, 2024.
  11. ↑ "Anti-War Protests of the 1960s-70s". WHHA. Archived from the original on July 26, 2024. Retrieved July 22, 2024.
  12. ↑ "Tet Offensive: 1968, Definition & Date". History Channel. December 12, 2022. Archived from the original on July 18, 2024. Retrieved July 22, 2024.
  13. ↑ Gould, Lewis L. (2010). 1968: The Election That Changed America. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee. ISBN   978-1566638623 . Retrieved October 25, 2015.
  14. ↑ Updegrove, Mark K. (2012). Indomitable will: LBJ in the presidency (1st ed.). New York: Crown. p. 272. ISBN   978-0-307-88771-9.
  15. 1 2 McMahon, Robert. "Lyndon B. Johnson's Decision Not to Run in 1968". Bill of Rights Institute. Archived from the original on July 26, 2024. Retrieved July 22, 2024.
  16. ↑ "ROBERT F. KENNEDY AND THE 1968 CAMPAIGN | JFK Library". www.jfklibrary.org. Archived from the original on June 16, 2024. Retrieved July 22, 2024.
  17. 1 2 Shesol, Jeff (1998). Mutual Contempt: Lyndon Johnson, Robert Kennedy, and the Feud that Defined a Decade . W W Norton. pp.  545–47. ISBN   9780393040784 . Retrieved October 25, 2015.
  18. ↑ Woods 2006, pp. 834–835.
  19. ↑ Dallek 1998, pp. 518–525.
  20. ↑ Bennett, Anthony J. (2013). The Race for the White House from Reagan to Clinton: Reforming Old Systems, Building New Coalitions. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 160. ISBN   9781137268600 . Retrieved October 25, 2015.
  21. ↑ Nelson, Justin A. (December 2000). "Drafting Lyndon Johnson: The President's Secret Role in the 1968 Democratic Convention". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 30 (4): 688–713. doi:10.1111/j.0360-4918.2000.00139.x. JSTOR   27552141.
  22. ↑ Dallek, Matthew (July 22, 2024). "What Happened When LBJ Announced He Wouldn't Run". History Channel. Archived from the original on June 3, 2021. Retrieved July 22, 2024.
  23. ↑ "AllPolitics - Back in TIME for Apr. 12, 1968". CNN. Archived from the original on May 3, 2024. Retrieved July 22, 2024.
  24. ↑ Klinkner, Philip (July 21, 2024). "Until 1968, presidential candidates were picked by party conventions – a process revived by Biden's withdrawal from race". The Conversation. Archived from the original on July 22, 2024. Retrieved July 22, 2024.
  25. ↑ Small, Melvin (2010). "Bring the Boys Home Now! Antiwar Activism and Withdrawal from Vietnam—and Iraq". Diplomatic History. 34 (3): 543–553. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7709.2010.00868.x. ISSN   0145-2096. JSTOR   24915900. Archived from the original on March 23, 2022. Retrieved July 22, 2024.
  26. ↑ McNamara, Robert (July 28, 2019). "An Overview of the Vietnam War Protests". ThoughtCo. Archived from the original on May 12, 2024. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
  27. ↑ "The Sixties". Junior Scholastic. February 11, 1994. p. 4.
  28. ↑ "AllPolitics - Back in TIME for Apr. 12, 1968". CNN. Archived from the original on May 3, 2024. Retrieved July 22, 2024.
  29. ↑ Wernick, Adam. "LBJ knew the Vietnam War was a disaster in the making. Here's why he couldn't walk away". The World from PRX. Archived from the original on July 26, 2024. Retrieved July 22, 2024.
  30. ↑ Polsky, Andrew J. (June 2012). Elusive Victories: The American Presidency at War. Oxford University Press. pp. 202–272. ISBN   9780190252649. Archived from the original on July 26, 2024. Retrieved July 22, 2024.
  31. ↑ "Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. | The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute". kinginstitute.stanford.edu. Retrieved August 1, 2024.
  32. ↑ Institute, Fire Service. "LibGuides: Significant Illinois Fires: Martin Luther King, Jr. Assassination Riots". guides.library.illinois.edu. Retrieved August 1, 2024.
  33. ↑ Kotz 2006, p. 415.
  34. ↑ Nixon Library, President.
  35. ↑ Light, Paul C. (1992), "Hubert Humphrey and political science", Perspectives on Political Science, 21 (1): 10–15, doi:10.1080/10457097.1992.9944497, ISSN   1045-7097.
  36. 1 2 Tumulty, Karen (May 17, 2014). "The Great Society at 50". The Washington Post . Archived from the original on August 20, 2016. Retrieved August 21, 2016.
  37. ↑ Cohen, Michael (February 17, 2015). "How Vietnam Haunts the Democrats". Politico. Archived from the original on August 20, 2016. Retrieved August 22, 2016.
  38. ↑ Bailey, Martha J.; Duquette, Nicolas J. (June 2014). "How Johnson Fought the War on Poverty: The Economics and Politics of Funding at the Office of Economic Opportunity". The Journal of Economic History. 74 (2): 351–388. doi:10.1017/s0022050714000291. PMC   4266933 . PMID   25525279.
  39. ↑ Moynihan, Daniel (1992). "How the Great Society "destroyed the American family"". The Public Interest: 53–64. Retrieved August 15, 2024.
  40. ↑ Goeglein, Timothy. "What has the Great Society Wrought Fifty Years Later? Marriage, Family and Poverty". Houston Christian University. Retrieved August 15, 2024.

Works cited

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