Operation Atalanta

Last updated

Operation Atalanta
Part of counter-piracy efforts off the Horn of Africa
EU Operation Atalanta.png
Date8 December 2008 – present
(15 years, 10 months, 1 week and 3 days)
Location
Gulf of Aden, Guardafui Channel, Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean
Result Ongoing
Belligerents
List
 Somali pirates
Commanders and leaders
  • Flag of Europe.svg Naval Jack of Spain.svg Vice Admiral José María Núñez Torrente  [ es ]
    (Operation Commander EU Naval Force)
  • Flag of Europe.svg Naval Ensign of Italy.svg Rear Admiral Paolo Spagnoletta
    (Deputy Operation Commander EU Naval Force)
  • Flag of Europe.svg Naval Jack of Portugal.svg Commodore Rui Correia
    (Force Commander EU Naval Force)
 Unknown
Strength
  • 1–4 surface vessels
  • 1–2 maritime patrol & reconnaissance aircraft
(normally)		 Unknown
Casualties and losses
Unknown Unknown
Italian ship Carabiniere off the coast of Somalia. May 2021.jpg

Operation Atalanta, formally European Union Naval Force (EU NAVFOR) Somalia, is an ongoing counter-piracy military operation at sea off the Horn of Africa and in the Western Indian Ocean, that is the first naval operation conducted by the European Union (EU), in support of United Nations resolutions 1814, 1816, 1838, and 1846 adopted in 2008 by the United Nations Security Council. Since 29 March 2019, [1] the operational headquarters is located at Naval Station Rota (NAVSTA Rota) in Spain, having moved from London as a result of the British withdrawal from the EU. [2]

Contents

It is part of a larger global action by the EU to prevent and combat acts of piracy in the Indian Ocean, and it is the first EU naval operation to be launched. [3] It cooperates with the multinational Combined Task Force 151 of the US-led Combined Maritime Forces (CMF) and NATO's anti-piracy Operation Ocean Shield.

The mission was launched in December 2008 with a focus on protecting Somalia-bound vessels and shipments belonging to the WFP and AMISOM, as well as select other vulnerable shipments. In addition, Operation Atalanta monitors fishing activity on the regional seaboard. [4] In 2012, the scope of the mission expanded to include Somali coastal territories and internal waters so as to co-ordinate counter-piracy operations with Somalia's Transitional Federal Government (TFG) and regional administrations. [5] On 16 July 2012, the EU also mandated the EUCAP Nestor mission to build up the maritime capacity of regional navies. [6]

In July 2018, the Council of the European Union extended the Mandate of Operation ATALANTA until December 2020.

On 1 January 2021, the Council Decision (CFSP) 2020/2188 [7] of 22 December 2020 that extended again the mandate of the EU NAVFOR Somalia Operation ATALANTA for another two years was implemented.

Overview

Under EU Council Joint Action 851, which is based on various UN resolutions, Operation ATALANTA:

The Operation's mission evolved over its first ten years. On 8 December 2009, monitoring of fishing activity was formally added to the mandate. Although it took time for the data to lead to direct legal consequences, DG MARE has subsequently used the information EU NAVFOR provides to build sanctions cases against foreign governments. On 17 December 2018 the EU Council granted permission for EU NAVFOR to share data on forms of maritime crime other than piracy with INTERPOL and EUROPOL.

Council Decision (CFSP) 2020/2188 extended the mandate of the EU NAVFOR Somalia Op. ATALANTA for another two years until the end of 2022. With this latest mandate extension, besides operation's core tasks, there were included some non-executive secondary tasks:

Finally, the new mandate includes the possibility to activate as an executive secondary task, the contribution to the disruption of drug and weapons trafficking inside EU NAVFOR Somalia area of operations.

Located in Brest (FR) and depending on the Headquarters of Operation ATALANTA, is the Maritime Security Centre – Horn of Africa (MSCHOA), [8] an initiative established by the European Union Naval Force, with close co-operation from industry. The MSCHOA centre provides 24-hour manned monitoring of vessels transiting through the Gulf of Aden, whilst the provision of an interactive website enables the centre to communicate the latest anti-piracy guidance to industry and for Shipping Companies and operators to register their movements through the region.

Participation in EU NAVFOR goes beyond EU member states. Norway was the first non-EU country to contribute to the Operation, with a warship in 2009. Thereafter Croatia (pre-Accession), Montenegro, Serbia, Ukraine and the Republic of Korea have provided staff officers either to the Operational Headquarters (OHQ) or to the Force Headquarters (FHQ). Ukraine contributed a warship early in 2014, and New Zealand contributed an MPRA asset (a Lockheed P-3 Orion of No. 5 Squadron RNZAF) later the same year. [4] [9] The Republic of Korea formally joined EU NAVFOR on 27 February 2017.

Around 700 personnel are involved in ATALANTA, [9] with the size of the force typically varying between 1–6 surface combat vessels and 1–3 Maritime Patrol Aircraft. In 2019, the budget was around €5 million for the common costs of the mandate. [4] For 2021 the budget will be €4.4 million for the common costs of the mandate.

The operation takes its name from the mythological Greek heroine Atalanta. [10]

Judicial international co-operation to end impunity

Piracy has to be understood as organised criminal activity occurring at sea. It is organised on land, with kidnapping crews and ships for ransom as the business model. Prosecution of piracy suspects is a key component of the overall fight against piracy. The EU NAVFOR seeks, where possible, a legal finish. Transfers of suspect pirates for trial to competent authorities remain necessary to put an end to impunity in the Indian Ocean.

The EU is assisting the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the United Nations Office for Drugs and Crime (UNODC) in their work to establish sufficient conditions to allow fair and efficient piracy trials in Somalia. The EU is the largest contributor to the UNODC counter-piracy programme. In the short term, transfers for trial from EU NAVFOR ships remain necessary to put an end to impunity in the Indian Ocean.

Prelude

The Transitional Federal Government of Somalia wrote to the President of the United Nations Security Council asking for international help to fight piracy and armed robbery against ships off the coast of Somalia. In June 2008, the Council unanimously passed Resolution 1816 authorising nations that have the agreement of the Transitional Federal Government to enter Somali territorial waters to deal with pirates. [11] The measure, which was sponsored by France, the United States and Panama, was to last six months. France initially wanted the resolution to include other regions with pirate problems, such as West Africa, but were opposed by Vietnam, Libya and China, who wanted the sovereignty infringement limited to Somalia. [12]

Highlights

Operation Atalanta formally commenced on 8 December 2008 in accordance with the mandate laid down in UNSC Resolution 1814.

On 1 January 2009, eight Somali suspects were captured by the French aviso Premier-Maître L'Her as they attempted to seize a Panamanian-registered cargo ship (MV S Venus) some 50 nautical miles south of Yemen. [13]

On 14 April 2009, the French frigate Nivôse (F 732), attached to Operation Atalanta, captured 11 suspected pirates, together with their mother ship and two skiffs, in an EU NAVFOR focused operation carried out in the Indian Ocean. The French ship responded to the distress message by the 21,000 tonne Liberia-flagged MV Safmarine Asia which came under small arms and RPG attack from two skiffs operating from a pirate mother ship. The warship deployed its helicopter, which quickly arrived on the scene, to deter the hijacking and shadow the mother vessel until the frigate arrived. [14]

On 26 May 2009, the EU Naval Task Force vessel HSwMS Malmö responded to a distress call from the European cargo vessel MV Antonis and apprehended seven suspected pirates. [15]

From 5 to 7 March 2010, forces from France, Italy, Luxembourg, Spain and Sweden were in action; the French frigate Nivôse secured its "biggest seizure" to-date in a vital shipping lane off the coast of Somalia, with 35 pirates arrested and four mother ships seized in three days. [16]

In May 2010, there were a number of incidents in the area. The Russian destroyer Marshal Shaposhnikov freed the 106,474-ton MV Moscow University, which was about 350 miles east of Socotra, transporting crude oil from Sudan to China. [17] Two days later, however, Russia's Defense Ministry said it had proved impossible to establish the pirates' citizenship or to establish legal grounds for prosecuting, therefore the pirates were returned to their boat and set free. [18] In another incident, a Swedish aircraft attached to the EU Naval Force, the French warship La Fayette and the Dutch warship HNLMS Johan de Witt collaborated in the spotting and capturing of a pirate action group composed of a whaler and two skiffs, about 400 miles northwest of the Seychelles. Reports on these incidents, citing other news reports, concluded that pirates were holding almost 20 vessels and about 300 crew members. [17]

In September 2011, marines from the Spanish landing platform dock Galicia rescued the French citizen Evelyn Colombo. She had been kidnapped from the French yacht Tribal Kat, and her husband Christian killed while trying to protect her. [19]

In November 2012, Marines from the Spanish corvette Infanta Cristina  [ es ] liberated 21 Pakistani sailors from the trawler Al Talal, who had been kidnapped, detaining 9 pirates. [20]

On 15 May 2012, EU naval forces conducted their first raid on pirate bases on the Somali mainland as part of the operation, saying they "destroyed several boats". The forces were transported by helicopter to the pirate bases near the port of Harardhere. The attack was carried out overnight, and, according to the European forces, no local residents were hurt during the mission. [21]

On 24 October 2014, the first non-European third state asset integrated into EU NAVFOR when New Zealand provided a P-3 Orion of 5 Squadron RNZAF.

On 27 October 2016, following an appeal from the President of Puntland direct to the Operational Headquarters, Spanish patrol vessel Relámpago diverted to the Puntland coast in the first EU NAVFOR show of force against violent extremist organisations when the coastal town of Qandala was overrun by ISIS sympathisers.

In November 2017, a six crew member motor whaler acting as mother ship, and a skiff attacked a 52,000 tonne container ship and a fishing vessel in the Southern Somali Basin. The suspected pirates were apprehended by the Italian Marines from the Italian frigate Virginio Fasan after their vessels were located using Virginio Fasan's SH-90 helicopter, following initial searches by the Spanish Maritime patrol aircraft Cisne.

On 27 October 2018, EU NAVFOR destroyed a whaler that took part on a boarding attempt against the MV KSL Sydney on 16 October to prevent it being used for pirate acts.

In April 2019, several piracy incidents took place involving different shipping vessels and a Yemeni dhow where captured off the coast of Somalia. On 21 April, EU NAVFOR dispatched its Maritime Patrol Aircraft (MPRAs) and conducted a search in the area, resulting in identifying the mothership dhow. On 23 April, in collaboration with its MPRAs, EU NAVFOR's flagship, the Spanish frigate Navarra, successfully intercepted and boarded the captured dhow vessel. EU NAVFOR apprehended five suspected pirates, and the 23 hostages aboard the hijacked [ failed verification ] were released unharmed.

In March 2024, a vessel was deployed to track the hijacked MV Abdullah off the coats of Somalia. [22]

Deployed units

Vessels

The following vessels were part of EU NAVFOR's fleet in Operation Atalanta. Operation Atalanta has the task force designator Task Force 465. [23]

CountryVesselTypeHelicopterNotes
Naval Jack of Spain.svg  Spanish Navy Canarias Santa María-class frigate SH-60 Flagship
Naval Ensign of Italy.svg  Italian Navy Virginio Fasan Bergamini-class frigate NH90 capableDeployed during Operation Prosperity Guardian [24]

Aircraft

As of May 2021 the following aircraft were deployed with the European Union Naval Force – Operation Atalanta. [25]

CountryAircraftType
Flag of Spain.svg  Spanish Air and Space Force P-3M Orion Maritime Patrol and Reconnaissance Aircraft
Flag of Spain.svg  Spanish Air and Space Force ScanEagle Unmanned Aerial System(UAS)

Vessels and aircraft in former rotation periods

The following vessels have, among others, been committed to the Operation as of 15 May 2021. [26] [27]

See also

Related Research Articles

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Canarias (F86), is the last of the six Spanish-built Santa María-class frigates of the Spanish Navy, which are based on the American Oliver Hazard Perry-class design. The Santa María class offer both anti-air and anti-submarine defence for the Spanish Navy. The frigate was laid down by Bazan on 15 April 1992 and launched on 21 June 1993. Upon entering service on 14 December 1994, Canarias was homeported at Rota and assigned to the 41st Escort Squadron. Canarias has been assigned to Operation Atalanta of the Somali coast, combatting piracy and Operation Sophia in the Mediterranean Sea, intercepting illegal trafficking of migrants.

Spanish frigate <i>Victoria</i> Santa María-class frigates

Victoria (F82) is the second of the six Spanish-built Santa Maria-class frigates of the Spanish Navy, based on the American Oliver Hazard Perry class design. Constructed in 1983, the vessel was launched on 23 July 1986 and commissioned on 11 November 1987. The frigate has been assigned to Operation Atalanta, fighting piracy of the Somalian coast.

HNLMS <i>Tromp</i> (F803) Frigate

HNLMS Tromp (F803) is the second De Zeven Provinciën-class frigate of the Royal Netherlands Navy. The ship was laid down in 1999, launched in 2001, and commissioned in 2003. The frigate is named after Dutch naval heroes Maarten Tromp (1598–1653) and Cornelis Tromp (1629–1691).

HNLMS <i>De Ruyter</i> (F804) Dutch frigate

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Combined Task Force 150</span> Intergovernmental naval operations

Combined Task Force 150 (CTF-150) is a multinational coalition naval task force working under the 34-nation coalition of Combined Maritime Forces and is based in Bahrain established to monitor, board, inspect, and stop suspect shipping to pursue the "War on Terror" and in the Horn of Africa region (HOA) includes operations in the North Arabia Sea to support operations in the Indian Ocean. These activities are referred to as Maritime Security Operations (MSO).

Piracy off the coast of Somalia occurs in the Gulf of Aden, Guardafui Channel, and Somali Sea, in Somali territorial waters and other surrounding places and has a long troubled history with different perspectives from different communities. It was initially a threat to international fishing vessels during the early 2000s, only to rapidly escalate and expand to international shipping during the War in Somalia (2006–2009).

Greek frigate <i>Psara</i> Greek Hydra-class frigate

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The April 2009 raid off Somalia was a military operation conducted by France and Germany to retake the French yacht Tanit on 9 April 2009, a yacht which had been captured by Somali pirates on 4 April 2009. It occurred during Operation Atalanta, a European Union mission in Somali waters. The pirates had attempted to extract a ransom by holding the yacht's occupants hostage, but were ultimately defeated when the French Navy assaulted them.

MV Hansa Stavanger was a German container ship. The owner of the ship was Schiffahrts-Gesellschaft MS "HANSA STAVANGER" Co. KG. The Hansa Stavanger was built in 1997 at Guangzhou Wenchong Shipyard in the Chinese city of Guangzhou. Her loading capacity is 20,526 GT & she could transport 1,550 containers on board. She was captured by Somali pirates on 4 April 2009. Around 1 May 2009, USS Boxer and a screen of German Navy warships assisted approximately 200 members of the German special police unit GSG-9 in approaching the hijacked ship. During the last phase of the operation, James L. Jones, the U.S. President's National Security Advisor, withheld final approval for the operation out of concern for the safety of the 25 sailors aboard the vessel. This led the German Federal Ministry of Defence to abort the planned attack on the freighter and the GSG-9 unit returned to their base of operations at the airport of Mombasa, Kenya.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Operation Ocean Shield</span> NATO operation in the Horn of Africa

Operation Ocean Shield was NATO's contribution to Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa (OEF-HOA), an anti-piracy initiative in the Indian Ocean, Guardafui Channel, Gulf of Aden and Arabian Sea. It follows the earlier Operation Allied Protector. Naval operations began on 17 August 2009 after being approved by the North Atlantic Council, the program was terminated on 15 December 2016 by NATO. Operation Ocean Shield focused on protecting the ships of Operation Allied Provider, which transported relief supplies as part of the World Food Programme's mission in the region. The initiative also helped strengthen the navies and coast guards of regional states to assist in countering pirate attacks. Notably, the Italian Military Support Base in Djibouti contributed to anti-piracy efforts as part of NATO's Operation Ocean Shield, utilizing naval vessels such as the ITS Mimbelli and ITS San Marco in the Gulf of Aden, Indian Ocean, and off the coast of Somalia. Additionally, China, Japan and South Korea sent warships to participate in these activities.

Spanish oiler <i>Patiño</i>

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Attack on Spanish oiler <i>Patiño</i> Terrorist attack near Somalia

On 12 January 2012 Somali pirates attacked the Spanish Navy replenishment oiler Patiño after mistaking her for a large merchant ship. The pirate skiff hit Patiño with automatic fire before being repelled, damaged by return fire and captured after a brief chase by the vessel's helicopter. The encounter took place off the coast of Somalia and ended with the death of one pirate and the capture of six others.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Action of 7 September 2009</span> German frigate capturing Somali pirate skiff

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anti-piracy measures in Somalia</span> Anti-piracy in international waters near Somalia

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References

  1. ↑ "La Base de Rota (Cádiz) acoge la celebración por los 15 años del inicio de la operación Atalanta de la Unión Europea". Europa Press (in Spanish). 23 November 2023.
  2. ↑ "EU piracy force to leave UK post-Brexit". BBC News. 30 July 2018. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  3. ↑ Butler, Graham; Ratcovich, Martin (July 2016). "Operation Sophia in Uncharted Waters: European and International Law Challenges for the EU Naval Mission in the Mediterranean Sea". Nordic Journal of International Law . 85 (3): 235–259. doi:10.1163/15718107-08503003. The first EU naval mission, Operation Atalanta, launched in 2008 is still an active operation that has had its mandated extended to meet the need for its continuance.
  4. 1 2 3 4 "Mission". EU NAVFOR Public Affairs Office. Retrieved 16 January 2011.
  5. ↑ "EU Extends Counter-piracy Operations Off Somalia By Two More Years". RTT News. 23 March 2012.
  6. ↑ "GGI Analysis: The Somali crisis and the EU". Global Governance Institute. 24 July 2012. Archived from the original on 2 April 2013.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  7. ↑ Council Decision (CFSP) 2020/2188 of 22 December 2020 amending Joint Action 2008/851/CFSP on a European Union military operation to contribute to the deterrence, prevention and repression of acts of piracy and armed robbery off the Somali coast, 23 December 2020, retrieved 29 May 2022
  8. ↑ "MSCHOA". MSCHOA. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  9. 1 2 "Lithuania will take part in the EU counterpiracy Operation ATALANTA". Ministry of National Defense Republic of Lithuania. 4 January 2011. Archived from the original on 4 June 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2011.
  10. ↑ "OPERATION ATALANTA, THE EUROPEAN UNION NAVAL FORCE FOR SOMALIA TAKES STOCK AFTER 13 YEARS OPERATING". European External Action Service. 10 September 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2024. The EU launched Operation Atalanta, named after the mythological Greek huntress, in December 2008 as a collective initiative of its Member States...
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  13. ↑ "France captures 'Somali pirates'". 2 January 2009. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
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  17. 1 2 Cowell, Alan (6 May 2010). "Russian Destroyer Frees Hijacked Oil Tanker". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 15 January 2023. An EU-NAVFOR press release Archived 11 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine on the Russian action was cited in the article.
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  29. ↑ "EU NAVFOR thanks BNS LOUISE-MARIE after three months of operation". EU NAVFOR Public Affairs Office. 24 January 2011. Archived from the original on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 25 January 2011.
  30. 1 2 "EU NAVFOR ship BRANDENBURG leads HANSA STAVANGER safely into Mombasa". EU NAVFOR Public Affairs Office. 18 August 2010. Archived from the original on 4 November 2010. Retrieved 13 January 2011.
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  32. ↑ "The German warship FGS KOELN leaves EU NAVFOR after more than 2 months on operation". EU NAVFOR Public Affairs Office. 25 November 2010. Archived from the original on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 13 January 2011.
  33. ↑ "EU NAVFOR Warship Sinks Pirate Skiffs". EU NAVFOR Public Affairs Office. 14 June 2011. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
  34. ↑ "EU NAVFOR warship FGS LUEBECK successfully releases Indian dhow and crew". EU NAVFOR Public Affairs Office. 20 January 2012. Archived from the original on 11 March 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
  35. ↑ "EU NAVFOR welcomes the German frigate FGS HAMBURG to the Mission". EU NAVFOR Public Affairs Office. 22 November 2010. Archived from the original on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 13 January 2011.
  36. ↑ "German frigate FGS HAMBURG leaves EU NAVFOR after four months of valuable contribution". EU NAVFOR Public Affairs Office. 21 March 2011. Archived from the original on 4 November 2011. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
  37. 1 2 "EU NAVFOR German warship FGS RHOEN leaves EU NAVFOR after 102 days of operation". EU NAVFOR Public Affairs Office. 1 December 2010. Archived from the original on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 13 January 2011.
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  41. ↑ "Dutch LPD-ship JOHAN DE WITT was a true Force multiplier for EU NAVFOR". EU NAVFOR Public Affairs Office. 1 July 2010. Archived from the original on 18 January 2011. Retrieved 13 January 2011.
  42. ↑ "ITS Carabiniere receives recognition award for UNFAO vessel protection". EU NAVFOR. 4 March 2016.
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  44. ↑ "EU NAVFOR thanks LIBECCIO after 125 days in Operation ATALANTA". EU NAVFOR Public Affairs Office. 1 December 2010. Archived from the original on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 13 January 2011.
  45. 1 2 "Somali Fishermen Rescued by EUNAVFOR Atalanta Italian Ship Scirocco". EU NAVFOR Public Affairs Office. 13 June 2012. Archived from the original on 24 December 2015. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
  46. ↑ "EU NAVFOR welcomes the Italian Frigate ESPERO". EU NAVFOR Public Affairs Office. 28 February 2011. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
  47. ↑ "EU NAVFOR welcomes the Italian warship ITS ZEFFIRO". EU NAVFOR Public Affairs Office. 3 December 2010. Archived from the original on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 13 January 2011.
  48. ↑ "Italian frigate ZEFFIRO leaves EU NAVFOR after two months of valuable contribution". EU NAVFOR Public Affairs Office. 28 February 2011. Archived from the original on 5 March 2011. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
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  53. ↑ "EU Naval Force Flagship ITS Andrea Doria Visits Dubai in Support of UAE Counter-Piracy Week". EU NAVFOR Public Affairs Office. 29 October 2014. Archived from the original on 17 January 2015. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
  54. ↑ "EU NAVFOR Warship ITS ETNA Successfully Completed MV ALPHA KIRAWIRA Escort". EU NAVFOR Public Affairs Office. 12 February 2010. Archived from the original on 17 June 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
  55. 1 2 "La Jeanne d'Arc et le Georges Leygues rejoignent l'opération Atalanta - Journaux de bord : Marine nationale". 28 March 2009. Archived from the original on 28 March 2009.
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  58. ↑ "EU NAVFOR thanks FS GUÉPRATTE after two months: "Always proactive" says Force Commander". EU NAVFOR Public Affairs Office. 26 July 2010. Archived from the original on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 13 January 2011.
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  60. ↑ "EU Naval Force French Frigate Surcouf and NATO Warship USS Halyburton Work Together to Apprehend Twelve Suspect Pirates". EU NAVFOR Public Affairs Office. 8 January 2013. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
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  72. ↑ "European Union Naval Force Somalia - Operation Atalanta | EU NAVFOR Flagship NPR VASCO DA GAMA assists the Seychelles Coast Guard". Archived from the original on 4 November 2011. Retrieved 9 September 2011.
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  75. ↑ "Spanish frigate VICTORIA leaves EU NAVFOR after four months of excellent service". EU NAVFOR Public Affairs Office. 9 August 2010. Archived from the original on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 13 January 2011.
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  87. ↑ "HS Adrias". Hellenic Frigates Command. Archived from the original on 24 April 2009. Retrieved 13 January 2011.
  88. ↑ "EU NAVFOR ships BNS LOUISE-MARIE and HSwMS MALMOE escorts vulnerable giant MIGHTY SERVANT 1". EU NAVFOR Public Affairs Office. 15 September 2009. Archived from the original on 5 June 2010. Retrieved 13 January 2011.
  89. ↑ "EU NAVFOR thanks Swedish warship HSwMS CARLSKRONA after 7 months of operations". EU NAVFOR Public Affairs Office. 15 November 2010. Archived from the original on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 13 January 2011.
  90. ↑ "Finnish Navy Ship POHJANMAA joins operation Atalanta". EU NAVFOR Public Affairs Office. 31 January 2011. Archived from the original on 4 November 2011. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
  91. ↑ "Miinalaiva Pohjanmaa päättää tehtävänsä" [Mining Ostrobothnia will decide on its role] (in Finnish). Iltalehti. 30 April 2011. Archived from the original on 20 June 2016. Retrieved 30 April 2011.
  92. ↑ Leo Medina Jimenez (26 January 2016). "El buque colombiano que navegó 153 días por las playas de Somalia (The Colombian vessel sailed 153 days on the beaches of Somalia)". El Tiempo. Retrieved 28 January 2016.

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