Piracy kidnappings

Last updated

Piracy kidnappings occur during piracy, when people are kidnapped by pirates or taken hostage. Article 1 of the United Nations International Convention against the Taking of Hostages defines a hostage-taker as "any person who seizes or detains and threatens to kill, to injure, or to continue to detain another person (hereinafter referred to as the 'hostage') in order to compel a third party namely, a State, an international intergovernmental organization, a natural or Juridical person, or a group of people, to do or abstain from doing any act as an explicit or implicit condition tor the release of the hostage commits the offense of taking of hostages ("hostage-taking") within the meaning of this convention." [1] Kidnappers often try to obtain the largest financial reward possible in exchange for hostages, but piracy kidnappings can also be politically motivated. [2]

Contents

The coast of Somalia has been a piracy hot spot since the late 1990s, threatening state security and global trade. [3] During the early 2000s, the international community established multilateral anti-piracy initiatives such as the Combined Task Force 150; in 2008, the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) enacted Resolution 1816 to combat piracy in the Somali region. The number of incidents decreased in that region after the international initiatives, but increased in West Africa (especially in the Gulf of Guinea). [4] [5] In 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the International Maritime Bureau (IMB) saw an increase in kidnappings in the Gulf of Guinea; 95 percent of all kidnappings of crew members of hijacked vessels took place in the gulf. [6] [7]

Maritime piracy

The United Nations defines piracy as "any illegal acts of violence or detention, or any act of depredation, committed for private ends by the crew or the passengers of a private ship or a private aircraft" on the high seas, "against another ship or aircraft, or against persons or property on board". [8] According to the International Marine Bureau, piracy may be considered "successful" when a vessel has been boarded by a person who is not authorised to board the ship and has criminal intentions. Two to six percent of piracy victims are foreigners; [9] local residents are more often the target of piracy kidnappings. [9]

Piracy incidents are often violent and include other crimes, such as drug, human or arms trafficking and illegal oil bunkering and theft [10] (the latter sometimes called petrol piracy). [11] [12] The number of foreigners targeted in piracy incidents, including expatriate aid workers, has increased since 2011. Such kidnappings may take place at sea, although land-based kidnappings also occur. [13] [14] Although Somalia (on the Horn of Africa) was the most common piracy-attack area between 2009 and 2013, Somali pirate activities decreased between 2011 and 2013. [15] The Gulf of Guinea has been a recent hot spot for pirate attacks, and the international community became concerned as piracy attacks in West Africa exceeded the number of attacks by Somali pirates. [16] [17] [18] More international vessels are passing through the Gulf of Guinea, a valued route for international ships. The International Maritime Bureau (IMB), Oceans Beyond Piracy and the Maritime Piracy Humanitarian Response Program said that 966 sailors were attacked in 2012 by pirates in the Gulf of Guinea, and the pirates aimed to receive quick financial rewards from selling stolen oil or demanding ransom. [19] As more international powers (such as the US, China and other European states) are becoming targets of piracy, they have taken part in several anti-piracy and capacity-building operations to combat piracy. Military, financial, and political resources have been allocated to limit the risk of conflict. [20] [21]

Kidnapping for ransom

Definition

Ransom kidnappings occur when kidnappers hold hostages and offer their release in exchange for meeting the pirate's demands, usually monetary payment. They may be categorised as criminal or political. In a criminal kidnapping, the kidnapper's goal is almost always financial gain for himself; in a politically motivated kidnapping, the kidnapper can demand certain actions or use a ransom to finance (or expand) political activities. Kidnapping for ransom differs from pathological kidnappings for sexual motives or family abductions. [2] Due to the complexity of a kidnapping for ransom (arranging a location to keep hostages, obtaining a negotiator and channeling the ransom), an organisational structure is required. [17] In kidnappings by pirates, organisation is needed at sea and on land. [14]

Economics of hijacking

In 2020, 135 maritime crew members were kidnapped for ransom by pirates; five were kidnapped in 2011. [22] In the 2019 book Kidnap, researcher Anja Shortland described how kidnapping for ransom can be seen as a business model; [9] in economic terms, kidnapping for ransom is a matter of supply and demand. [23] [9] In kidnappings by Somali pirates, negotiations lasted from six to eighteen months. As the pirates discovered the value of international vessels, ransom demands increased and hostages were kept for a longer time. In contrast to Somali pirates, who took hostages for about 11 months, pirates of the Gulf of Guinea held hostages for four days. [15]

To obtain the ransom, hostages were asked to make a list of people who could make (or contribute to) the payment. The higher ransoms became, the greater the expectation of obtaining financial rewards from the next kidnapping; this led to an increase in recruitment of young men attracted by money. The World Bank calculated that ransom payments are distributed as follows: 5.4 percent is spent on the sea pirates; 8.3 percent compensates investors and creditors, and the remaining 82.3 percent is disbursed amongst the people on land who assisted the pirates. [9]

Annual turnover from ransom kidnapping is estimated as high as $1.5 billion. [9] Holding hostages could be profitable from a business perspective, and kidnapping for ransom a profitable business model. If the ransom payment is delayed or too low, however, keeping a hostage alive and in good health could be inefficient. [9] Employers can purchase kidnap and ransom insurance from insurance companies, such as Lloyd's. [24] [9] Insurance is purchased without employee knowledge, to prevent it from influencing employee behavior. Insurance premiums rise if piracy incidents increase. [25]

Ransom bans

Some countries, such as the United Kingdom and the United States, refuse to negotiate with kidnappers. By not negotiating with hostage-takers, the countries hope to discourage kidnappers from abducting their nationals. [26] Whether countries should implement a piracy-ransom ban is debated. [27] Its effectiveness is uncertain, and such a policy is more applicable to situations in which foreign states are concerned about their nationals than cases involving local citizens. [27]

Ransom dilemma

Pirates will often harm or kill hostages if a ransom is not paid; from an economic perspective, hostages have no value if they cannot be used to gain financial rewards. Paying a ransom demanded by terrorists, militants, or pirates may be viewed as an ethical dilemma, however, because such a payment would reward criminal activity. Pirates may also use ransom payments for future kidnappings or other crimes. [23]

Role of clans

Factors influencing the emergence of piracy include economic inequality and youth unemployment, and it occurs in failed states lacking a centralised government and civil protection. Since rule-making institutions are absent, state control is often in the hands of corrupt officials; [9] clans may assume the role of non-existent government institutions. [9] Somalia's clan system (which has customary laws, supported by sharia) plays a significant role in the state's decision-making processes, and can influence pirate operation. Clan law may suggest that conflicts should be resolved peacefully, and violators may be penalized. [9]

Pirates may make deals with coastal clans, who negotiate with other clans to grant safe passage to hijacked ships. They receive "protection money" in return from ransom payments, which are distributed fairly and peacefully. [9] It is in the best interests of clan elders to provide a non-violent environment for hostages taken by pirates. In the Niger Delta, regional clans ensure that negotiations are quick and hostages are not mistreated. Handbooks were found during counter-piracy operations which stated, "Anyone shooting a hostage will immediately be shot"; [9] pirates would be punished if hostages from hijacked ships were harmed. [9]

In the media

In some kidnappings, a "double injunction" may be issued; news media may not publish information about the kidnapping or the negotiation process, to prevent media reports from influencing negotiations. When the media reports a kidnapping, it is generally after hostages are released. In the case of the MV Leopard, a Danish ship which was captured in January 2011 with two Danes and four Filipinos held hostage for over two years, [28] Danish authorities advised the media not to report the kidnappings to avoid influencing ransom negotiations. [29] Danish media followed the advice except for the tabloid Ekstra Bladet which wanted to publicize Danish hostages Søren Lyngbjørn and Eddy Lopez. Multi-millionaire ship owner John Arne Larsson was depicted unsympathetically, and ransom demands increased substantially. [9] In May 2013, the hostages were released. [30] According to ship-company managing director Claus Bech, the ransom amount (which was not revealed) was "considerable millions". [31] [32]

Geographic overview

Somalia

Somalia has an environment suited to illicit activities such as piracy, and Somali piracy became more common when pirates gained access to automated information systems (AIS). Most international vessels use an AIS, which provides users with information on a vessel's position, direction and speed. Somali pirates used this information to learn where a ship would anchor, and how near the coast or the high seas a vessel was at any time. [9] Access to weapons was relatively easy and, since commercial ships did not originally have military or armed security personnel, they could be boarded with little resistance and crew members captured. [9] Pirates typically commanded the crew of the captured ship to sail to the coast, and crews have been used as human shields when warships were encountered at sea. [9] Warships operating near Somalia were authorised by the United Nations Security Council to operate in the country's territorial waters. [9] In exchange for the release of crew members, a ransom was demanded by the pirates. After multi-million-dollar ransom payments were received, kidnapping for ransom became more attractive and more foreigners were kidnapped. [9] The more money pirates received, the more difficult it became to halt the hijackings. [33] [34]

The Chandlers (October 2009 – November 2010)

Paul and Rachel Chandler, a British couple, were sailing from the Seychelles to Tanzania on their yacht in October 2009 when they were seized by Somali pirates. The yacht was found empty during counter-piracy operations. [35] Pirates demanded a $7 million ransom, telling the BBC: "NATO operations had a lot of negative impacts here. They arrest fishermen and destroy their equipment. So, when you consider the damage and all the people affected we say the amount is not big." [36] The following month, a video was released in which Rachel Chandler asked the UK government, the British people and their family "to do whatever they can to enter into negotiations with these people to buy back our lives." [37] The United Kingdom Foreign Office said that government policy about ransom payments was clear, and they would not pay the kidnappers. [38] In November 2010, the Chandlers were released. [39] The ransom payment was not disclosed, since the family "believes it would be irresponsible to discuss any aspect of the release process as this could encourage others to capture private individuals and demand large ransom payments, something that we are sure none of us wants." [39] Contemporary reports suggested that about $1 million was paid for their release, including a $430,000 June 2010 payment which was probably received by another group instead of the pirates. [40] After that, another ransom amount was assembled. [41] Local citizens and clan elders were embarrassed by the pirates' exorbitant ransom demand, and clan elders arranged for the couple's release; [9] the Chandlers then returned to the UK. [42]

2011 - 2023 in piracy

By 2011, counter-piracy initiatives by the international community such as the Combined Task Force 150, along with increased security measures aboard ships, greatly reduced the number of piracy attacks and kidnappings. [9]

Piracy off the coast of Somalia surged again in the 2020s. [43] [44] The hijacking of the Ruen by Somali pirates was their first successful attack on commercial shipping tankers since 2017. [45]

EUNAVFOR reported over 20 hijackings or attempted hijackings of ships in the Gulf of Aden and Somali Basin from November 2023 to March 2024. [46]

MV Ruen hijacking & kidnapping (December 2023 – March 2024)

On December 14, the first successful commercial ship hijacking since 2017 occurred in the Gulf of Guinea, off the coast of Somalia [47] when Maltese-flagged [48] MV Ruen was captured by Somali pirates. [49] The hijacked vessel was rescued by the Indian Air Force on March 16, 2024, [50] which disarmed 35 pirates onboard and rescued the remaining 11 crew then remaining in captivity. [51] [52] India transferred the 35 captured Somali pirates to Mumbai to be prosecuted for hijacking the vessel and for the kidnapping of its crew. [53]

MV Abdullah attack, hijacking and ransom

On March 12, 2024, armed pirates in small boats attacked Bangladesh-flagged bulk carrier MV Abdullah. [54] while underway from Maputo, Mozambique to the UAE. [46] All 23 crew members aboard were taken hostage. [55] Somali pirates released the vessel and crew on April 14, following payment of $4.7 million ransom. [56]

Gulf of Guinea

Piracy shifted from Somalia towards the West African coast after 2012. More pirates have been present in the Gulf of Guinea, and attacks on ships have become more threatening as pirates have access to more advanced equipment. [57] [5] Foreigners are the targets of hijacking for ransom, since international vessels are more prevalent in the region. [17] The Gulf of Guinea (where most piracy occurs) lacks security measures in comparison with the international waters off Somalia. [15] Kidnappings for ransom have gradually increased farther from the coast, however, and pirates can operate 80 to 160 kilometres (50 to 99 mi) from shore. [9] Piracy incidents may occur on land, as well as aboard ships. [58] [11]

According to Oceans Beyond Piracy, pirates in the Gulf of Guinea operate primarily on commercial ships for ransom. [59] Officials reported Nigerian pirate gangs in the Gulf of Guinea shifting, in 2019, from cargo theft to kidnapping seafaring crews in order to extort ransom from ship owners. [60]

In the oil-rich Niger Delta region, ships are often hijacked and their oil stolen; [10] pirates in the Gulf of Guinea rely on oil bunkering and kidnapping for ransom, with hostages generally held for a few days to a few weeks (a relatively-short time, compared to Somali kidnappings). Kidnappers receive a ransom in exchange for the hostages' release, but the payment is often lower than what was demanded. Kidnappings in the region are quick, cheap and short compared to Northern Nigeria, where the terrorist organisations Boko Haram and Ansaru operate differently: holding hostages for longer periods of time, for higher ransom payments. [9]

Asia

Since 2013, piracy has increased in the Strait of Malacca and the South China Sea. During the COVID-19 pandemic, piracy incidents in Asia have increased. [61] These incidents are primarily categorized as "opportunistic piracy", which may be defined as an unpremeditated act similar to armed robbery: "If you see something worth taking, you might give it a shot". [62] Kidnappings by pirates in Asia are rare by comparison to the West African and Somali regions. On March 26, 2016, 10 Indonesian crew members from the ship Brahma 12 were kidnapped; this was the first recent sea kidnapping in the area. [63]

Abu Sayyaf kidnapping (January 2020 – March 2021)

The Regional Cooperation Agreement on Combating Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships in Asia (ReCAAP) said that on 17 January 2020, five crew members were kidnapped from a fishing trawler by the jihadist Abu Sayyaf group off Lahad Datu, Malaysia. [64] Abu Sayyaf, an Islamic terrorist organisation, is known for previous attacks and kidnappings for ransom and use financial rewards from piracy attacks and ransom payments to fund further attacks. [65] The ReCAAP, reported by the Philippine Coast Guard (PCG), said that men in black clothing and masks overpowered a fishing trawler with a grey speedboat. Crew members were rescued by the marine brigade of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) when they conducted rescue operations and discovered the capsized ship where the hostages were held. [66] The PCG continues to share information on suspicious sea movements which can be related to Abu Sayyaf pirate activities. ReCAAP has been warned about the organisation's planning of kidnappings, targeting foreigners and abducting crew members from vessels, and maintains close contact with the PCG and shipping companies. [64] After the abduction of the five crew members from the fishing trawler, shipping companies were advised to follow the "Guidance on Abduction of Crew in the Sulu-Celebes Seas and Waters off Eastern Sabah" covering major sea lanes in the Philippines, Malaysia and Indonesia. [63]

Galaxy Leader hijacking & kidnapping (November 2023 – ongoing, April 2024)

On November 19, 2023, while voyaging from Körfez, Turkey to Pipavav, India, Bahamian-flagged Galaxy Leader [67] was hijacked by Houthis in the Red Sea. [68] Armed hijackers boarded the vessel by military helicopter. [69] 25 crew were kidnapped, remaining in captivity as at April 23, 2024. [67]

Caribbean

On April 4, 2024, Panama-flagged cargo ship Magalie was attacked in the Caribbean [70] by two Haitian gangs: 5 Seconds and Taliban. (Unrelated to the Afghan Taliban.) The Magalie was captured by the armed gangs in the Varreux fuel terminal at Port-Au-Prince. The crew was taken hostage and food cargo was stolen. On April 7, the Haitian National Police stormed the seized freighter, engaging in a five-hour gun battle with the gangs, [71] in which two police officers were injured and several of the two gang's members turned pirate were killed. [70] The U.S.-owned ship [72] [73] was recovered by the Haitian police force. [71] The fate of the crew and any other seafarers aboard the Magalie, who were all taken hostage, remained unknown. [72]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea</span>

Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea affects a number of countries in West Africa as well as the wider international community. By 2011, it had become an issue of global concern. Pirates in the Gulf of Guinea are often part of heavily armed criminal enterprises, who employ violent methods to steal oil cargo. In 2012, the International Maritime Bureau (IMB), Oceans Beyond Piracy and the Maritime Piracy Humanitarian Response Program reported that the number of vessels attacks by West African pirates had reached a world high, with 966 seafarers attacked during the year. According to the Control Risks Group, pirate attacks in the Gulf of Guinea had by mid-November 2013 maintained a steady level of around 100 attempted hijackings in the year, a close second behind the Strait of Malacca in Southeast Asia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Action of 28 October 2007</span> US military confrontation with Somali pirates

The action of 28 October 2007 was part of Operation Enduring Freedom - Horn of Africa, the military operation defined by the United States for combating terrorism in the Horn of Africa. The incident occurred when United States Navy units acted to interdict piracy in the region.

Piracy off the coast of Somalia occurs in the Gulf of Aden, Guardafui Channel, and Somali Sea, in Somali territorial waters and other surrounding places and has a long troubled history with different perspectives from different communities. It was initially a threat to international fishing vessels during the early 2000s, only to rapidly escalate and expand to international shipping during the War in Somalia (2006–2009).

On September 2, 2008, the French yacht Carré d'As IV and its two crew were captured in the Gulf of Aden by seven armed Somali pirates, who demanded the release of six pirates captured in the April MY Le Ponant raid and over one million dollars in ransom. On September 16, 2008, on the orders of President Nicolas Sarkozy, French special forces raided and recovered the yacht, rescued the two hostages, killed one pirate, and captured the other six. The pirates were flown to France to stand trial for piracy and related offenses; ultimately, five of them were convicted and sentenced to four to eight years in prison, while a sixth was acquitted. The incident marked the second French counter-piracy commando operation of 2008, as well as the first French trial of Somali pirates.

MV <i>Faina</i> Hijacked container ship

MV Faina was a roll-on/roll-off cargo ship operated by a Ukrainian company that sailed under a Belize flag of convenience, owned by Panama City-based Waterlux AG, and managed by Tomex Team of Odesa, Ukraine.

MV <i>Sirius Star</i> Saudi oil tanker

MV Manifa is an oil tanker formally owned and operated by Vela International Marine. With a length overall of 330 m (1,080 ft) and a capacity of 2.2 million barrels (350,000 m3) of crude oil, she is classified as a very large crude carrier or VLCC. Vela is based in the United Arab Emirates and is a subsidiary of the Saudi Arabian state oil company Saudi Aramco. Sirius Star is one of Vela's 24 tankers, of which 19 are VLCCs. Since her launch, the ship has been registered in Monrovia under the Liberian flag of convenience. She has since been reflagged to Saudi Arabia

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Piracy in the 21st century</span>

Piracy in the 21st century has taken place in a number of waters around the globe, including the Gulf of Guinea, Gulf of Aden, Arabian Sea, Strait of Malacca, Sulu and Celebes Seas, Indian Ocean, and Falcon Lake.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Piracy in the Sulu and Celebes Seas</span>

The Sulu and Celebes Seas, a semi-enclosed sea area and porous region that covers an area of space around 1 million square kilometres, have been subject to illegal maritime activities since the pre-colonial era and continue to pose a maritime security threat to bordering nations up to this day. While piracy has long been identified as an ubiquitous challenge, being historically interwoven with the region, recent incidents also include other types of maritime crimes such as kidnapping and the trafficking of humans, arms and drugs. Attacks mostly classify as 'armed robbery against ships' according to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea as they occur in maritime zones that lie under the sovereignty of a coastal state. Incidents in the Sulu and Celebes Seas specifically involve the abduction of crew members. Since March 2016, the Information Sharing Centre (ISC) of the Regional Cooperation Agreement on Combating Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships in Asia (ReCAAP) reports a total of 86 abductions, leading to the issue of a warning for ships transpassing the area.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Operation Ocean Shield</span> NATO operation in the Horn of Africa

Operation Ocean Shield was NATO's contribution to Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa (OEF-HOA), an anti-piracy initiative in the Indian Ocean, Guardafui Channel, Gulf of Aden and Arabian Sea. It follows the earlier Operation Allied Protector. Naval operations began on 17 August 2009 after being approved by the North Atlantic Council, the program was terminated on 15 December 2016 by NATO. Operation Ocean Shield focused on protecting the ships of Operation Allied Provider, which transported relief supplies as part of the World Food Programme's mission in the region. The initiative also helped strengthen the navies and coast guards of regional states to assist in countering pirate attacks. Notably, the Italian Military Support Base in Djibouti contributed to anti-piracy efforts as part of NATO's Operation Ocean Shield, utilizing naval vessels such as the ITS Mimbelli and ITS San Marco in the Gulf of Aden, Indian Ocean, and off the coast of Somalia. Additionally, China, Japan and South Korea sent warships to participate in these activities.

Abshir Abdillahi, known as "Boyah" is a Somali pirate.

The following lists events that happened in 2009 in Somalia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anti-piracy measures in Somalia</span> Anti-piracy in international waters near Somalia

Piracy in Somalia has been a threat to international shipping since the beginning of the country's civil war in the early 1990s. Since 2005, many international organizations have expressed concern over the rise in acts of piracy. Piracy impeded the delivery of shipments and increased shipping expenses, costing an estimated $6.6 to $6.9 billion a year in global trade in 2011 according to Oceans Beyond Piracy (OBP).

International piracy law is international law that is meant to protect against piracy. Throughout history and legal precedents, pirates have been defined as hostis humani generis, Latin for "the enemy of all mankind". The United Nations has codified much of the law in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which defines different types of piracy and ways to combat it.

As a practice of piracy, petro-piracy, also sometimes called oil piracy or petrol piracy, is defined as “illegal taking of oil after vessel hijacks, which are sometimes executed with the use of motorships” with huge potential financial rewards. Petro-piracy is mostly a practice that is connected to and originates from piracy in the Gulf of Guinea, but examples of petro-piracy outside of the Gulf of Guinea is not uncommon. At least since 2008, the Gulf of Guinea has been home to pirates practicing petro-piracy by targeting the region's extensive oil industry. Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea has risen in the last years to become the hot spot of piracy globally with 76 actual and attempted attacks, according to the International Maritime Bureau (IMB). Most of these attacks in the Gulf of Guinea take place in inland or territorial waters, but recently pirates have been proven to venture further out to sea, e.g. crew members were kidnapped from the tanker David B. 220 nautical miles outside of Benin. Pirates most often targets vessels carrying oil products and kidnappings of crew for ransom. IMB reports that countries in the Gulf of Guinea, Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Togo, Congo, and, especially, Nigeria, have experienced petro-piracy and kidnappings of crew as the most common trends of piracy attacks in the Gulf of Guinea.

2023 in piracy was marked by 120 events of maritime piracy against ships, according to the annual Piracy and Armed Robbery Report of the ICC International Maritime Bureau (IMB). 105 vessels were boarded, nine additional attacks attempted, two fired upon, and four vessels hijacked.

2022 in piracy resulted in 115 reports of maritime piracy and armed robbery against ships to the International Maritime Bureau. 288 acts of global piracy and robbery were recorded by the MICA Centre. Piracy had substantially increased in the Gulf of Guinea; the year began with five incidents each month, through March, in the Gulf, where acts of piracy had become heightened during 2015 through 2020, while, overall, piracy incidents declined globally.

2024 in piracy included 33 reports of maritime piracy and armed robbery against ships to the International Maritime Bureau during the first quarter of the year. Incidents included 24 vessels boarded, six of which experienced attempted attacks; two hijacked; and one fired upon. Crew continued to suffer violence, with 35 seafarers taken hostage, nine kidnapped, and one threatened during the first three months of the year.

References

  1. ↑ "International Convention Against the Taking of Hostages. New York, 17 December 1979" (PDF). United Nations Treaty Convention. United Nations. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  2. 1 2 Shane, Jon M.; Piza, Eric L.; Silva, Jason R. (20 September 2017). "Piracy for ransom: the implications for situational crime prevention". Security Journal. 31 (2): 548–569. doi:10.1057/s41284-017-0115-0. ISSN   0955-1662. S2CID   158806766.
  3. ↑ Reva, Denys (2018). "Ten years on, is Somali piracy still a threat?". Institute for Security Studies. 7 November 2018.
  4. ↑ HDI Global (2020). "Maritime piracy rises again in 2020". 4 March 2021.
  5. 1 2 BBC World Services, 2021. "Why is the Gulf of Guinea a piracy hotspot?". Africa Daily. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
  6. ↑ Gard (2020). "Maritime piracy hotspots persist during 2020".
  7. ↑ International Chamber of Commerce (2020). "Gulf of Guinea records highest ever number of crew kidnapped in 2020, according to IMB's annual piracy report".
  8. ↑ Mason, R. C. (2010). Piracy: A legal definition. Congressional Research Service, 1–4.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Shortland, Anja (2019). Kidnap: Inside the Ransom Business. US: Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN   978-0198815471.
  10. 1 2 Ezeozue (2019). "Piratical Challenges in the Nigeria Ocean Space: Implication for National Security". International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science. 4 (10): 2454–6194.
  11. 1 2 Ali, Kamal-Deen (28 July 2015). Maritime Security Cooperation in the Gulf of Guinea. Brill | Nijhoff. doi:10.1163/9789004301047. ISBN   978-90-04-30104-7.
  12. ↑ Murphy, Martin N. (2013). "Petro-piracy: predation and counter-predation in Nigerian waters". Modern Piracy: 61–90. doi:10.4337/9781849804936.00011. ISBN   9781849804936.
  13. ↑ Schoeman, Marelize; Häefele, Benjamin (July 2013). "The Relationship between Piracy and Kidnapping for Ransom". Insight on Africa. 5 (2): 117–128. doi:10.1177/0975087813512058. ISSN   0975-0878. S2CID   154544968.
  14. 1 2 Daxecker, Ursula; Prins, Brandon (18 February 2021). Pirate Lands: Governance and Maritime Piracy. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780190097394.001.0001. ISBN   978-0-19-009739-4.[ page needed ]
  15. 1 2 3 Cowell, Alan (18 June 2013). "West African Piracy Exceeds Somali Attacks, Report Says". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 29 May 2021.
  16. ↑ Chambers, S. (2020). "Gulf of Guinea becomes this decade's Somalia as kidnapping cases soar". Splash 247, Retrieved 20 March 2021.
  17. 1 2 3 Shortland, Anja; Varese, Federico (28 September 2015). "State-Building, Informal Governance and Organised Crime: The Case of Somali Piracy". Political Studies. 64 (4): 811–831. doi:10.1111/1467-9248.12227. ISSN   0032-3217. S2CID   145485553.
  18. ↑ Baldauff, Scott (28 February 2021). "Next pirate hotspot: the Gulf of Guinea". Christian Science Monitor.
  19. ↑ "Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea Greater than in the Horn of Africa". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
  20. ↑ Denton, Ginger L.; Harris, Jonathan R. (9 September 2019). "Maritime Piracy, Military Capacity, and Institutions in the Gulf of Guinea". Terrorism and Political Violence. 34: 1–27. doi:10.1080/09546553.2019.1659783. ISSN   0954-6553. S2CID   203465714.
  21. ↑ Bueger, Christian; Edmunds, Timothy; McCabe, Robert (16 September 2019). "Into the sea: capacity-building innovations and the maritime security challenge". Third World Quarterly. 41 (2): 228–246. doi:10.1080/01436597.2019.1660632. hdl: 1983/fdde24d1-ce0d-4036-8674-89d4e9f3c53c . ISSN   0143-6597. S2CID   159094151.
  22. ↑ "Maritime pirates - number of crew members kidnapped". Statista.
  23. 1 2 EconTalk (2019). "Anja Shortland on Kidnap". Retrieved 22 March 2021.
  24. ↑ Shortland, A. (2017). "Governing kidnap for ransom: Lloyd's as a 'private regime'". Governance. 30 (2): 283–299.
  25. ↑ "Maritime Fraud and Marine Insurance", Maritime Fraud and Piracy, Informa Law from Routledge, pp. 245–266, 4 July 2013, doi:10.4324/9780203714027-15 (inactive 2024-11-02), ISBN   978-0-203-71402-7 , retrieved 29 May 2021{{citation}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
  26. ↑ Hopkins, N. (21 March 2012). "Judith Tebbutt case puts spotlight on government's ransom policy". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  27. 1 2 Dutton, Yvonne (17 June 2019). "Refusing to Negotiate: Analyzing the Legality and Practicality of a Piracy Ransom Ban". Cornell International Law Journal. doi:10.31228/osf.io/xr6e4. hdl: 1805/5415 . S2CID   151218044 . Retrieved 29 May 2021.
  28. ↑ Safety4Sea (2014). "MV Leopard: The safety aspects of anti-piracy measures implemented". 12 November 2013.
  29. ↑ "Foreign Ministry accused of trying to suppress coverage of pirate captives". The Copenhagen Post. (11 January 2013).
  30. ↑ Safety4Sea (2 May 2013). "Six Seamen Released from Pirates After More Than Two Years in Captivity".
  31. ↑ Holm Nielsen, Anders (2 May 2013). "Danish and Filipino hostages free after more than two years".
  32. ↑ "Pirates Finally Release Crew Seized from Freighter MV Leopard over Two Years Ago - Latest industry shipping news from the Handy Shipping Guide".
  33. ↑ Schoeman, M., & Häefele, B., 2013. The relationship between piracy and kidnapping for ransom. Insight on Africa, 5(2), pp.117–128.
  34. ↑ Dutton, Y. M., & Bellish, J., 2014. Refusing to negotiate: analyzing the legality and practicality of a piracy ransom ban. Cornell Int'l LJ, 47, 299.
  35. ↑ "'Kidnapped' pair's yacht is found". BBC. 29 October 2009. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
  36. ↑ "Ransom demanded for yacht couple". BBC. 31 October 2009. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
  37. ↑ "Yacht pair plead for ransom talks". BBC. 20 November 2009. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
  38. ↑ "Kidnapped pair are 'taken inland'". BBC. 2 November 2009. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
  39. 1 2 "Somali pirates free UK couple Paul and Rachel Chandler". BBC News. 14 November 2010. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
  40. ↑ "The Chandlers' release: How the deal was done". The Guardian. 14 November 2010. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
  41. ↑ Gettleman, Jeffrey (14 November 2010). "Somali Pirates Free British Couple for Ransom After More Than a Year in Captivity". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 29 May 2021.
  42. ↑ "Paul and Rachel Chandler: How we survived being kidnapped by Somali pirates". The Guardian. 30 October 2011. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
  43. ↑ "Fears that pirates are returning to seas off Somalia". France24. Retrieved 26 April 2024.
  44. ↑ "Hijacked ship off Somalia fuels fears pirates back in Red Sea waters". Reuters. Retrieved 26 April 2024.
  45. ↑ "Somali pirates make their first return in years". Splash247. Asia Shipping Media. Retrieved 26 April 2024.
  46. 1 2 "Pirates seize control of cargo ship near Somalia, say owners". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 26 April 2024.
  47. ↑ "New IMB report reveals concerning rise in maritime piracy incidents in 2023". icc-ccs.org. International Chamber of Commerce. 2024-01-11. Retrieved 26 April 2024.
  48. ↑ "Ruen". Vessel Tracker. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
  49. ↑ "The EU's naval force says a cargo ship hijacked last week has moved toward the coast of Somalia". AP News. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
  50. ↑ Peri, Dinakar (2024-04-23). "Indian Navy's 40-hour operation! Pirates shot down Navy's drone, Marine Commandos airdropped". The Hindu. ISSN   0971-751X . Retrieved 2024-04-23.
  51. ↑ "Navy rescues 17 crew from hijacked ship, captures 35 pirates after 40-hour op". India Today. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
  52. ↑ "Ships, Drones, Commandos: How Indian Navy Rescued Hijacked Vessel". NDTV.com. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
  53. ↑ "Captured Somali pirates arrive in India to face trial over ship hijacking". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
  54. ↑ "Pirates seize control of cargo ship near Somalia, say owners". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2024-03-14.
  55. ↑ "Live Piracy & Armed Robbery Report 2024". icc-ccs.org. Commercial Crime Services. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
  56. ↑ Abdiqani, Hassani. "Somali pirates say hijacked ship MV Abdullah released after $5 million (€4.7 million) ransom was paid". Reuters. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
  57. ↑ Pérouse de Montclos, M., 2012. "Maritime Piracy in Nigeria: Old Wine in New Bottles?". Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 35(7–8), pp. 531–541
  58. ↑ Allen, C., 2017. Pirates in West Africa and Somalia. In: C. Varin and D. Abubakar, ed.,Violent Non-State Actors in Africa: Terrorists, Rebels and Warlords. Gewerbestrasse, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
  59. ↑ "Pirates paid '$400,000' ransoms in West Africa's Gulf of Guinea". BBC News. 3 May 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
  60. ↑ "Pirates kidnap 19 crew members from Greek tanker off Nigeria". Reuters. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
  61. ↑ Islam, Saif (2021). "Rising Threat of Piracy and Maritime Crime Around the World". 2 March 2021. S-RM.
  62. ↑ Martin, Lucy (2020). "Coronavirus: Piracy incidents double across Asia during pandemic". 17 July 2020. BBC.
  63. 1 2 ReCAAP. "Guidance on Abduction of Crew in the Sulu-Celebes Seas and Waters off Eastern Sabah". July 2019.
  64. 1 2 ReCAAP (2020). "Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships in Asia: Half Year Report". January–June 2020.
  65. ↑ East, B. (2018). 21st Century Philippines Piracy: The Abu Sayyaf Adds a New Dimension to Terror. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  66. ↑ Safety4Sea (2021). "Rescue of four crew members kidnapped in January 2020". 23 March 2021.
  67. 1 2 "Galaxy Leader". Vessel Tracker. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
  68. ↑ "Two ships divert course away from Red Sea area after vessel seized by Houthis". Reuters. November 20, 2023. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
  69. ↑ "Analysis: Iran-backed Yemen rebels' helicopter-borne attack on ship raises risks in crucial Red Sea". APnews.com. Associated Press. 2023-11-21. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
  70. 1 2 "Five-hour gun battle between gangsters and police sees ship freed". tradewindsnews.com. TradeWinds. Retrieved 26 April 2024.
  71. 1 2 "Haiti's Gangs Try Their Hand at Piracy, Hijacking a Ship Full of Food". maritime-executive.com. The Maritime Executive. Retrieved 26 April 2024.
  72. 1 2 "Haitian gangs rob cargo ship of food". Insurance Marine News. Retrieved 26 April 2024.
  73. ↑ "CLAUDE & MAGALIE SHIPPING, Miami FL, United States of America". world-ships.com. World Shipping Register. Retrieved 26 April 2024.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.