Wokou

Last updated • 5 min readFrom Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

  1. 1 2 3 Wakō Encyclopaedia Britannica
  2. Batten Bruce. "Gateway to Japan" 2006
  3. Kwan-wai So. Japanese piracy in Ming China, during the 16th century. Michigan State University Press, 1975. chapter 2.
  4. Wang Xiangrong, "Periodizing the History of Sino-Japanese Relations" Sino-Japanese Studies v. 2 (1980), 31
  5. Sansom, George (1961). A History of Japan, 1334–1615. Stanford University Press. p. 265. ISBN   978-0804705257.
  6. Prof. Wang Yong, "Realistic and Fantastic Images of 'Dwarf Pirates': The Evolution of Ming Dynasty Perceptions of the Japanese." In Prof. Joshua A. Fogel, ed., Sagacious Monks and Bloodthirsty Warriors: Chinese Views of Japan in the Ming-Qing Period (EastBridge, 2002), 17–41
  7. Prof. Douglas R. Howland. Borders of Chinese Civilization: Geography and History at Empire's End (Duke University Press Books, 1996), p. 22
  8. Wang Yong, Image of Japan in Chinese history. Section 2 of Chapter 6. Nousangyoson bunka Kyōkai, 2000, ISBN   9784540001710
  9. Hiroki Ōta, Naval timbers of Goryeo. In connection with the Yuan Dynasty's invasion of Japan. pp.2-20. Geirinkai, 1988, NAID   40000975703
  10. Ōta, Kōki, Wakō: nihon afure katsudōshi (Bungeisha, 2004), p. 98 (太田弘毅『倭寇: 日本あふれ活動史』.) (in Japanese)
  11. Kawazoe, Shōji, Taigai kankei no shiteki tenkai (Bunken shuppan, 1996) p. 167 (川添昭二「対外関係の史的展開」) (in Japanese).
  12. Yosaburō Takekoshi. The economic aspects of the history of the civilization of Japan. 1967. p. 344.
  13. 1 2 Park, Seong-rae (2005). Science and Technology in Korean History: Excursions, Innovations, and Issues. Jain Pub Co. p. 85.
  14. 세종실록 4권, 세종 1년 6월 20일 National Institute of Korean History.
  15. 세종실록 4권, 세종 1년 6월 29일 National Institute of Korean History.
  16. 세종실록 4권, 세종 1년 7월 3일 National Institute of Korean History.
  17. 세종실록 4권, 세종 1년 7월 9일 National Institute of Korean History.
  18. 세종실록 4권, 세종 1년 7월 10일 National Institute of Korean History.
  19. 宗氏家譜, 対州編年略.
    應永二十六年己亥六月廿日、朝鮮將李從茂率戰艦二百二十七艘、卒一萬七千二百八十五人、到對馬州與良郡淺海浦。州兵拒之海濱不利。朝鮮兵到仁位郡、分道下陸、竟進屯糠獄。貞茂率州兵、到糠嶽下。侵矢石攻之。連戰數日、七月初一日、與左軍朴松戰大破之。朝鮮兵狼狽走海濱乘船、貞茂使海人放火。以燒賊船。齋藤、立石等發兵撃之。賊兵大潰而還。我兵戰死者百二十三人。斬賊二千五百餘級。
  20. Ōei Invasion. Encyclopedia Nipponica.
  21. Yang Shuiming (杨水明), 六鳌古城:倾听历史的涛声 Archived 2012-04-26 at the Wayback Machine (The old Liu'ao Fortress: listening to the waves of history) (in Chinese).
  22. History of Ming, Volume 322, "Biography Section 210: Japan (3)" (明史·卷三百二十二~卷三百二十三": Year Jiajing 26 1547) (in Chinese)
  23. Reid, Anthony (2010). Elusive pirates, pervasive smugglers violence and clandestine trade in the greater china seas (PDF). Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. p. 18.
  24. "1587, a year of no significance : The Ming dynasty in decline". 7 March 1981.
  25. 1 2 Mann, C. C. (2011). 1493: Uncovering the new world Columbus created . Vintage.
  26. Kwan-wai So. Japanese piracy in Ming China, during the 16th century. Michigan State University Press, 1975. ch. 3.
  27. "Bio General Qi JiGuang". www.plumpub.com.
  28. General Archive of the Indies, Philippines, file 29, bunch 3, number 62. Letter from Juan Bautista Román to the Viceroy of México, 25 June 1582
  29. General Archive of the Indies, Philippines, file 6, bunch 2, number 60. Letter from the Governor of the Philippines to the Viceroy of México, 20 July 1583
  30. General Archive of the Indies, Philippines, file 74, bunch 1, number 24. Letter from Bishop of the Philippines to the King of Spain, 18 January 1583
  31. General Archive of the Indies, Council of the Indies, 339,L.1,F.286V-287R. Order to send men to the Philippines from Mexico, 14 June 1583
  32. Kenji, Igawa (2010). Antony, Robert (ed.). at the Crossroads: Limahon and Wako in Sixteenth-Century Philippines, in Elusive Pirates, Persavie Smugglers. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. pp. 78–82. ISBN   9789888028115.
  33. Chen Maoheng (1957), Mingdai wokou kaolue [A brief history of Japanese pirates during Ming dynasty]. Beijing (originally published in 1934), cited in Higgins (1981), p. 29
  34. Tanaka, Takeo, Wakō to kangōbōeki (Shibundo, 1966) (田中健夫『倭寇と勘合貿易』) (in Japanese)
  35. 世宗 114卷 28年 (1446 丙寅) 10月 28日 (壬戌) (in Traditional Chinese). 臣聞前朝之季, 倭寇興行, 民不聊生, 然其間倭人不過一二, 而本國之民, 假著倭服, 成黨作亂.. 救弊之要, 莫切於號牌。
  36. 1 2 P'ar-hyŏn Chang (장팔현), PhD. "Were the Wokou made up mostly of Goryeo and Choson Koreans then?". Chungbuk National University. 그러나 우리 측 사료인 '고려사'에는 단 3건의 가왜(假倭)기록이 있을 뿐이다. 1223년부터 1392년까지 169년간 총 529회의 침입에 겨우 3번의 '가왜' 기록이 있을 뿐인데, 이를 보고 왜구의 주체를 고려인으로 봄은 어불성설이고 침소봉대를 해도 너무 지나치다고 볼 수 있다. '조선왕조실록'에도 왜구침구 기사가 무려 312건이 나오는데 이 기사 어디에도 조선인이 왜구라는 말은 없다.
  37. 1 2 3 Murai, Shōsuke, Chūsei wajinden (Iwanami, 1993) (村井章介『中世倭人伝』) (in Japanese)
  38. Hiroshi Mitani. "A Protonation-state and its 'Unforgettable Other'." in Helen Hardacre, ed., New directions in the study of Meiji Japan. Brill. p. 295
  39. Tōgō, Takashi; Ueda, Shin, illustr. (2007). Etoki zōhyō ashigaru tachi no tatakai (in Japanese). Kodansha. pp. 48–51. 東郷隆, 上田信 『【絵解き】雑兵足軽たちの戦い』{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  40. Barbara Seyock. "Pirates and Traders". In Trade and Transfer Across the East Asian "Mediterranean", Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2005. p. 95.

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References

Primary sources:

Secondary sources:

Mann, C. C. (2011). 1493: Uncovering the new world Columbus created. Vintage.161-163

Wokou
Een zeeslag tussen Japanse zeerovers en Chinezen.jpg
An 18th-century Chinese painting depicting a naval battle between wokou pirates and the Chinese