Anne Bonny[lower-alpha 1] (disappeared after 28 November 1720)[4] was a pirate who served under John "Calico Jack" Rackham. Amongst the few recorded female pirates in history,[5] she has become one of the most recognized pirates of the Golden Age of Piracy as well as in the history of piracy in general.
Much of Bonny's background is unknown. The first biography of Bonny comes from Captain Charles Johnson's 1724 book A General History of the Pyrates, though the information presented by Johnson about her is considered dubious. According to Johnson, Bonny was born in Ireland the illegitimate daughter of an attorney and his servant. Bonny and her father would later move to Carolina, where she married a sailor named James Bonny. Though Johnson's version of events has become generally accepted, there is little evidence to support them.
At an unknown date, Bonny travelled to the Bahamas where she became acquainted with the pirate John Rackham. Bonny would join Rackham's crew, alongside another female pirate, Mary Read, and helped steal the sloop William in August 1720. Rackham and his crew would carry out a number of attacks on merchant ships in the West Indies until they were captured following a brief naval engagement in October 1720. Rackham, along with all the male crew members, was tried and sentenced to death, but Bonny and Read had their executions stayed due to both of them claiming to be pregnant. Read died in jail around mid April 1721, but Bonny's fate is unknown.
Early life
Bonny's date and place of birth are unknown.[6][lower-alpha 2] Nothing definitive is known about her early life. No primary source including her own trial transcript makes mention of her age or nation of origin. No Anne Bonny born in the late 17th century has been found in the baptism records of Ireland. We cannot be sure she is even Irish, her name is more English: Anne, the third most common English given name of the era,[7] and Bonny, an English surname common in Lancashire County.[8] Bonny is not noted to have been a colonist of Nassau before 1713. Prior to 22 August 1720, little can be definitively said about Bonny's early life.
Early life according to A General History of the Pyrates
Front cover of A General History of the Pyrates. Anne Bonny's name, alongside Mary Read's, is in notably larger font then other pirates like Blackbeard or Charles Vane.
All details concerning Bonny's early life stems from Captain Charles Johnson's A General History of the Pyrates (a greatly unreliable series of pirate biographies).[9] Johnson writes that Bonny was born in a town near Cork in the Kingdom of Ireland.[10] She was the daughter of a servant woman named Mary, and her employer, an unnamed attorney. Later renditions of this story would refer to the attorney as William Cormac and the mother as Peg/Mary Brennan. These are fictional names first written down in the 1964 romance novel Mistress of the Seas.[11]
The attorney's wife had become ill and was moved to her mother-in-law's home a few miles away to be cared for. Whilst his wife was away for four months, he began an affair with Mary. The attorney's wife discovered the affair following a comical mix up concerning silver spoons.
This theatrical misunderstanding began with a tanner Mary knew stealing three silver spoons and hiding them in her bed. Mary called a constable on the man, but they were not found. Upon the wife's return, the tanner told her the entire story about stealing silver spoons, but confessed it was only a joke. The wife found the three silver spoons in Mary's bed as the tanner had claimed. She became suspicious however, the tanner had noted he had hidden the silver spoons days ago. The wife questioned why Mary had not been sleeping in her bed.[12] The wife then assumed her husband had been unfaithful the past four months. The wife stayed in the bed and waited for the attorney, who called for Mary and laid in her bed, confirming the affair. The wife then put the silver spoons back into the bed, and when Mary went to sleep, she found them and hid them in her trunk. The wife later accused Mary of theft and called a constable, who wrongfully arrested her. With the affair exposed, the wife separated from the attorney and moved to a different home.[13]
Mary became pregnant from the affair and gave birth to a daughter, Anne, while in prison. After Anne's birth, Mary was let go out of pity. The attorney's mother in law died not long after, leaving a major source of income to be an allowance his estranged wife gave him out of sympathy.
How Johnson was aware of the theft of spoons and the exact nature of Anne's birth, is never revealed.
Because everyone in town knew Mary had given birth to a bastard daughter, the attorney raised Anne as a boy, claiming she was the child of a friend. The attorney even hoped to raise Anne as a clerk.[14] The attorney's wife soon found out who the child was, and cut off any allowance she had been giving him. The attorney in response ended the ruse and opened lived with Anne as his daughter, but this scandal damaged his reputation and few locals wished to work with him. The attorney was forced to move elsewhere.[15]
The attorney first moved to Cork, but this proved not far enough. The attorney then moved to the Province of Carolina, taking along Anne and her mother Mary. At first, the attorney attempted to continue his law career, but eventually became a merchant instead. He proved quite successful as a merchant, earning enough money to buy a large plantation. At an undisclosed period of time, Mary died, Anne Bonny was now grown up.[15]
Johnson claims that Bonny possessed a fierce temper, such as supposedly stabbing a maid to death with a knife. A claim he immediately finds groundless. He also says she once beat a man severely for attempting to sleep with her.[16]
There is no documented example of an attorney becoming a plantation owner in the Carolinas in the 17th and 18th century, not least of which one with a daughter named Anne Bonny and a history of violence.[17]
The attorney expected Bonny to marry a good man, instead she married a poor sailor. The attorney was so outraged he threw her out. In the original volume of A General History, the sailor husband is unnamed. In A General History volume II released in 1728, the sailor is named James Bonny.[18]
After being kicked out, Anne and James Bonny moved to Nassau, on New Providence Island, known as a sanctuary for pirates. Johnson claims that, after the arrival of Governor Woodes Rogers in the summer of 1718, James Bonny became a minor officer for the governor after taking a pardon. Anne cared little for James and frequently cheated on him.[19] James Bonny serving Woodes Rogers is highly unlikely, as no James Bonny is noted in Captain Vincent Pearse's list of pirates who took the Kings Pardon.[20] No documentation outside of A General History even confirms there was a James Bonny, making it possible he is one of Johnsons fictional creations, similar to Captain Misson.
John Rackham and Piracy
John "Calico Jack" Rackham
While in Nassau, Bonny at some point met John "Calico Jack" Rackham. The nature of his relationship with her is unclear; A General History claims it was romantic, while her own trial transcript says nothing on the matter. She was likely well acquainted with Rackham by the year 1720, after the War of the Quadruple Alliance and two years into the reign of Governor Rogers.
Mary Read
In August 1720, Bonny, Rackham, and another woman, Mary Read, together with about a dozen other pirate crewmembers, stole the sloop William, then at anchor in Nassau harbor, and put out to sea.[21] The crew spent months in the West Indies attacking merchant ships.[22] Bonny took part in piracy alongside the men, handing out gunpowder to fellow pirates, a job usually referred to as a powder monkey.[23] On 5 September 1720, Governor Rogers put out a proclamation later published in The Boston Gazette, demanding the arrest of Rackham and his associates. Among those named are Anne Bonny and Mary Read.[19]
Proclamation issued by governor Rogers 5 September 1720 that mentions Anne Bonny as a member of Rackhams crew. She is specifically called Ann Fulford alias Bonny.
A General History claims Bonny eventually fell in love with another pirate on board, only to discover it was Mary Read. To abate the jealousy of Rackham, who suspected romantic involvement between the two, Bonny told him that Read was a woman and swore him to secrecy.[25] This is unlikely, since Rogers' proclamation names both women openly. Later drawings of Bonny and Read would emphasise their femininity, although this too likely did not reflect reality.[26]
A victim of the pirates, Dorothy Thomas of Jamaica, would describe in detail Bonny and Read's appearance during their trial: They "wore men's jackets, and long trousers, and handkerchiefs tied about their heads: and ... each of them had a machete and pistol in their hands and they cursed and swore at the men to murder her [Dorothy Thomas]." Thomas also recorded that she knew that they were women, "from the largeness of their breasts."[27]
On 22 October 1720,[28] Rackham and his crew were attacked by a sloop captained by Jonathan Barnet under a commission from Nicholas Lawes, Governor of Jamaica. Rackham and his crew briefly resisted, but surrendered soon after the fight began. They were taken to Jamaica where in groups, they were tried for the crime of piracy. Rackham was tried on 16 November and found guilty. His execution at Port Royal was carried out two days later on the 18th.[29]
Anne Bonny was tried for piracy alongside Mary Read in Spanish Town on 28 November.[30] Like Rackham, the trial was short and the verdict inevitable. After calling three witnesses and a brief period of discussion, Governor Lawes found Bonny and Read guilty of piracy and sentenced them both to be hanged.[31]
With the judgement pronounced, Bonny and Read both "pleaded their bellies", asking for mercy,[32] a jury of matrons likely granted them a stay of execution until they gave birth, but it is debatable if they were actually pregnant.[33] Read died in prison of unknown causes around April 1721. A burial registry for Saint Catherine Parish lists her burial on 28 April 1721 as, "Mary Read, Pirate".[34]
Fate
There is no record of Bonny's release, and this has fed speculation as to her fate.[35] Johnson writes in A General History that: "She was continued in Prison, to the Time of her lying in, and afterward reprieved from Time to Time; but what is become of her since we cannot tell; only this we know, that she was not executed".[36]
Claims of Bonny being freed by family intervention and moving to the American colonies, dying around the 1780s, are unlikely and appear to originate from John Carlova's Mistress of the Seas.[37] Such claims were later amplified by Tamara Eastman and Constance Bond's 2000 book The Pirate Trial of Anne Bonny and Mary Read, which claimed Bonny lived until 1782. The claim rested on "family papers in the collection of descendants," which was later proven to be false.[38]
Burial record of an Ann Bonny in Saint Catherines Parish, 29 December 1733.
A burial register in Spanish Town, where Bonny was tried, lists the burial of an "Ann Bonny" on 29 December 1733. This is notable but not conclusive evidence that Bonny never left Jamaica.[34]
Legacy
Despite a career of only two months, Anne Bonny is among the most famous pirates in recorded history, primarily due to her gender. Within a decade, Bonny-inspired characters were already appearing. The first notable inspiration is Jenny Diver in John Gay's Polly. Despite already appearing in Gay's previous play The Beggars Opera, and being based on the historical Jenny Diver, her characterization in Polly is blatantly Bonny.[39]
In the 19th century, literature such as Charles Ellms' Pirates Own Book would discuss Bonny at length, often with illustrations. An 1888 cigarette card would depict Bonny as a redhead, a trait that continues to this day despite no evidence supporting it. Swashbuckling cinema would often include a dashing redhaired woman or female pirate companion, occasionally directly naming Bonny.[40]
By the 21st century, Bonny has appeared in hundreds of books, movies, stage shows, TV programs, and video games.[41] Almost every female pirate character, is in some form, inspired by Anne Bonny.[42]
Anne Bonny, Firing Upon the Crew, from the Pirates of the Spanish Main series (N19) for Allen & Ginter Cigarettes MET DP835030
Speculation of Bonny's Sexuality
Since the mid 18th century, certain writers have claimed that Anne Bonny was the lesbian lover of Mary Read. This was never stated in the trial transcript or newspapers, and only begins to appear after much of Bonny's legend was written, and by highly suspect sources.
The first written appearance of this claim is in an unauthorized 1725 reproduction of A General History titled, The History and Lives of All the Most Notorious Pirates and Their Crews. In the passage describing the trial of Bonny and Read, the book briefly says they were lovers. Since A General History is itself unreliable, this claim cannot be trusted.[43]History and Lives would be the only book to claim Bonny and Read were lovers for almost a century. A chapbook knock off of History and Lives would again repeat the claim verbatim in 1813,[lower-alpha 3] but discussion of Bonny's sexuality would only really begin in the 20th century.
This claim would briefly appear again in 1914, via sexologist Magnus Hirschfeld's book, The Homosexuality of Men and Women. Much like History and Lives, it contains a mere one sentence claim that Mary Read was a lesbian.[44]
The claim that Bonny and Read were lesbians largely entered popular understanding via radical feminist Susan Baker's 1972 article, "Anne Bonny & Mary Read: They Killed Pricks" published in a newspaper run by the lesbian separatist organization, The Furies Collective.[45] This article would inspire writers such as Steve Gooch, which in turn would influence many media depictions.
In 2020, a statue of Bonny and Read was unveiled at Execution Dock in Wapping, London. The statues were created in part for the podcast series Hellcats, which centers on a lesbian relationship between Bonny and Read. The statues themselves are abstract depictions of Bonny and Read, claiming that one emotionally completed the other. It was originally planned for the statues to be permanently placed on Burgh Island in south Devon,[46] but these plans were withdrawn after complaints of glamorizing piracy, and because Bonny and Read have no association with the island.[47] The statues were eventually accepted by Lewes F.C.[48]
Ultimately, it is impossible to determine if Anne Bonny was Mary Read's lover. Neither woman left any primary sources behind, and sources such as the trial transcript make no mention of their personal lives.[4]
In popular culture
Jean Peters portrays a character based on Anne Bonny called Captain Anne Providence in the 1951 film Anne of the Indies, itself based on a 1947 article by Herbert Ravenel Sass.[49]
Bonny was portrayed by Diana Quick in the 1978 RSC production of The Women-Pirates Anne Bonney and Mary Read by Steve Gooch, at the Aldwych Theatre in London.[50]
↑ Some contemporary sources refer to her as Ann Bonn[1] and Ann Fulford[2] A few contemporary newspapers such as The Post-Boy referred to her as Sarah Bonny, although this is likely a conflation with a similar named woman in Jamaica.[3]
↑ Commonly cited dates include 1690, 1697, 1698, 1700, and 1702. All sources on date of birth were written centuries after Bonny's trial and cannot be corroborated.
↑ The book was titled The Extraordinary Adventures and Daring Exploits of Captain Henry Morgan, but appears to be a 34 page abridged plagiarized version of History and Lives.
Related Research Articles
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A General History of the Robberies and Murders of the most notorious Pyrates, or simply A General History of the Pyrates, is a 1724 book published in Britain containing biographies of contemporary pirates, which was influential in shaping popular conceptions of pirates. Its author uses the name Captain Charles Johnson, generally considered a pen name for one of London's writer-publishers. The prime source for the biographies of many well-known pirates, the book gives an almost mythical status to the more colourful characters, and it is likely that the author used considerable artistic license in his accounts of pirate conversations. The book also contains the name of Jolly Roger, the pirate flag, and shows the skull and crossbones design.
See also 1717 in piracy, 1719 in piracy, and Timeline of piracy.
See also 1718 in piracy, 1720 in piracy, 1719 and Timeline of piracy.
See also 1720 in piracy, other events in 1721, 1722 in piracy and Timeline of piracy.
See also 1719 in piracy, 1721 in piracy and Timeline of piracy.
The capture of John "Calico Jack" Rackham was a single-ship action fought between English pirate Calico Jack and British privateer Jonathan Barnet. The battle was fought in the vicinity of Negril, Jamaica and ended with the capture of Rackham and his crew.
The Atlantic World refers to the period between European colonization of the Americas (1492-) and the early nineteenth century. Piracy became prevalent in this era because of the difficulty of policing this vast area, the limited state control over many parts of the coast, and the competition between different European powers. The best known pirates of this era are the Golden Age Pirates who roamed the seas off the coasts of North America, Africa, and the Caribbean.
The Flying Gang was an 18th-century group of pirates who established themselves in Nassau, New Providence in the Bahamas after the destruction of Port Royal in Jamaica. The gang consisted of the most notorious and cunning pirates of the time, and they terrorized and pillaged the Caribbean until the Royal Navy and infighting brought them to justice. They achieved great fame and wealth by raiding salvagers attempting to recover gold from the sunken Spanish treasure fleet. They established their own codes and governed themselves independent from any of the colonial powers of the time. Nassau was deemed the Republic of Pirates as it attracted many former privateers looking for work to its shores. The Governor of Bermuda stated that there were over 1,000 pirates in Nassau at that time and that they outnumbered the mere hundred inhabitants in the town.
Jean Bonadvis was a French pirate active in the Caribbean. He is best known for his involvement with Benjamin Hornigold and "Calico Jack" Rackham.
Daniel Porter was a pirate and trader active in the Caribbean. He is best known for his associations with Benjamin Hornigold and Bartholomew Roberts.
Jonathan Barnet was an English privateer in the Caribbean, best known for capturing pirates Calico Jack, Anne Bonny, and Mary Read. The Assembly of the Colony of Jamaica gave him a financial reward and a large estate in the parish of St James, where enslaved Africans worked.
↑ Appleby, John (2015). Women and English Piracy 1540-1720: Partners and Victims of Crime. Martlesham: The Boydell Press.
↑ Baldwin, Robert. "The Tryals Of Captain John Rackham and Other Pirates". Internet Archives. 1721, The trial transcript does not give an age, although she claims to be pregnant by the end of the trial. This could theoretically give an upper and lower age range between menarche and menopause, but proof of her pregnancy is not assured and thus cannot be trusted. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
↑ Baldwin, Robert. "The Tryals Of Captain John Rackham and Other Pirates". Internet Archives. 1721, p. 18. "Then the said Two Witnesses declared, That the Two Women, Prisoners at the Bar, were on Board Rackam's Sloop, at the Time that Spenlow's Scooner, and Dillon's Sloop, were taken by Rackam; That they were very active on Board, and willing to do any Thing; That Anne Bonny, one of the Prisoners at the Bar, handed Gun-powder to the Men...". Retrieved 28 May 2024.
↑ Johnson, Charles (1724). A General History of the Pyrates. London: T. Warner. p.162. [...] this Intimacy so disturb'd Captain Rackam, who was the Lover and Gallant of Anne Bonny, that he grew furiously jealous, so that he told Anne Bonny, he would cut her new Lover's Throat, therefore, to quiet him, she let him into the Secret also.
↑ Baldwin, Robert. "The Tryals Of Captain John Rackham and Other Pirates". Internet Archives. 1721, p. 18. "Dorothy Thomas deposed, That she, being in a Canoa at Sea, with some Stock and Provisions, at the North-side of Jamaica, was taken by a Sloop, commanded by one Captain Rackam (as she afterwards heard;) who took out of the Canoa, most of the things that were in her; And further said, That the Two Women, Prisoners at the Bar, were then on Board the said Sloop, and wore Mens Jackets, and long Trouzer:, and Handkerchiefs tied about their Heads; and that each of them had a Machet and Pistol in their Hands, and cursed and swore at the Men, to murther the Deponent; and that they should kill her, to prevent her coming against them; and the Deponent further said, That the Reason of her knowing and believing them to be Women then was, by the largeness of their Breasts.". Retrieved 28 May 2024.
↑ Baldwin, Robert. "The Tryals Of Captain John Rackham and Other Pirates". Internet Archives. 1721, p. 31. "...on the 22d Day of October, in the feventh Year of the Reign of our faid Sovereign Lord the King, that now is, upon the high Sea, in a certain Place, diftant about one League from Negril-Point, in the Island of Jamaica, in America, and within the Jurisdiction of this Court; did piratically and felonioufly, go over to, John Rackam...". Retrieved 11 May 2024.
↑ Molenaar, Jillian (7 July 2019). "Anne of the Indies by Herbert Ravenel Sass". Depictions of John Rackam, Anne Bonny, and Mary Read. 6 July 2019. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
Frohock, Richard (2018). "Beyond Bonny and Read: Blackbeard's Bride and Other Women in Caribbean Piracy Narratives". In Aljoe, N.N.; Carey, B.; Krise, T.W. (eds.). Literary Histories of the Early Anglophone Caribbean. New Caribbean Studies. Palgrave Macmillan. pp.125–145. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-71592-6_7. ISBN978-3-319-71591-9.
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