Black Sails (TV series)

Last updated

Black Sails
Teaser Poster for Black Sails.jpg
Genre
Created by
Starring
Composer Bear McCreary
Country of originUnited States
Original languageEnglish
No. of seasons4
No. of episodes38 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producers
Producers
  • Nina Heyns
  • Jonathan Brytus
  • Erik Henry
Production locations Cape Town, South Africa
Cinematography
Editors
  • Joe Hobeck
  • Paul Trejo
  • John Coniglio
Running time49–71 minutes
Production companies
Original release
Network Starz
ReleaseJanuary 25, 2014 (2014-01-25) –
April 2, 2017 (2017-04-02)

Black Sails is an American historical action-adventure television series set on New Providence Island. It was written to be a prequel to Robert Louis Stevenson's 1883 novel Treasure Island , [1] while also including depictions of several real-life historical figures and fictionalized versions of actual historical events. The series was created by Jonathan E. Steinberg and Robert Levine for Starz. It debuted online for free on YouTube and other various streaming platform and video-on-demand services on January 18, 2014. [2] The debut on cable television followed a week later on January 25, 2014. [3] Steinberg is executive producer, alongside Michael Bay, Brad Fuller and Andrew Form, while Michael Angeli, Doris Egan, and Levine are co-executive producers. The show depicts treasure-seeking pirates in their attempt to establish a Republic of Pirates.

Contents

On July 26, 2013, Starz renewed the show for a ten-episode second season, which premiered on January 24, 2015. The early renewal, six months before the first season premiered, was based on the positive fan reaction to the show at San Diego Comic-Con. [4] The series was renewed for a third season on October 12, 2014, and a fourth season on July 31, 2015, both before the respective previous seasons had premiered. [5] [6] On July 20, 2016, Starz announced that the series' fourth season would be its last; the season premiered on January 29, 2017, and the series concluded on April 2, 2017. [7] [8]

Plot

Black Sails is set in the early 18th century, roughly two decades before the events of Treasure Island, during the Golden Age of Piracy. [1] Feared Captain Flint brings on a younger crew member as they fight for the survival of New Providence island. According to the first episode, "In 1715 West Indies, the pirates of New Providence Island threaten maritime trade in the region. The laws of every civilized nation declare them hostis humani generis , enemies of all mankind. In response, the pirates adhere to a doctrine of their own....war against the world." Real life pirates who are fictionalized in the show include Anne Bonny, Benjamin Hornigold, Jack Rackham, Charles Vane, Ned Low, Israel Hands and Blackbeard.

The plot of the first season focuses on the hunt for the Spanish treasure galleon Urca de Lima. At the beginning of the second season, the treasure from the Urca de Lima has been stranded on the shores of Florida with Spanish soldiers guarding it, but by the conclusion of the second season, the treasure has been taken by Jack Rackham and his crew and brought to New Providence Island. During the second season, the questions of how and why Flint—a man who was a Royal Navy officer and London gentleman—turned to piracy are answered. The third and the fourth seasons focus on the war for the control of New Providence between the pirates and Woodes Rogers.

SeasonEpisodesOriginally aired
First airedLast aired
1 8January 25, 2014 (2014-01-25)March 15, 2014 (2014-03-15)
2 10January 24, 2015 (2015-01-24)March 28, 2015 (2015-03-28)
3 10January 23, 2016 (2016-01-23)March 26, 2016 (2016-03-26)
4 10January 29, 2017 (2017-01-29)April 2, 2017 (2017-04-02)

Cast

Production

The series was filmed at Cape Town Film Studios in Cape Town, South Africa, with local production company Film Afrika. [16] [17]

The opening title sequence was made by Imaginary Forces and directors Michelle Dougherty and Karin Fong with the backing sea chantey-inspired theme composed by Battlestar Galactica and The Walking Dead composer Bear McCreary. It accurately features an instrument of the period in the form of the hurdy-gurdy. [18]

For the amount of detail that was added to the vessels, it took over 300 workers to build just one ship. [19]

In real life, recurring actor Nick Boraine is Louise Barnes's husband; Anna-Louise Plowman and Chris Larkin are, respectively, Toby Stephens's wife and brother; and Guy Paul is Harriet Walter's husband.

Reception

The first season of Black Sails received mixed reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes the season holds a rating of 65%, based on 49 reviews, with an average rating of 6.05/10. The site's consensus reads, "Black Sails boasts visual appeal, but the show's bland characters aren't strong enough to keep the show from being dragged down into its murky depths of aimless exposition". [20] On Metacritic season one has a score of 58 of 100, based on 27 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". [21]

Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter said, "This ambitious pirate story is helped immensely by going beyond the pay cable freedoms that often bog down lesser shows in boobs, blood and sex. Black Sails steers itself out of that realm after a few episodes and makes a play for bigger, more complicated stories". [22] Robert Lloyd of the Los Angeles Times said, "Black Sails is a pirate treasure. The Starz series vividly depicts the daily life of pirates." [23] Jeff Jensen of Entertainment Weekly said, "Not even a guilty pleasure, Black Sails is arrrrrr-estingly good". [24] Tom Long of the Detroit News commented "Alliances are made and broken, power shifts go this way and that, blood is spilled, and wenches keep wenching. It's oddly addictive, and the cast—made up mostly of British, Australian, and Canadian actors—is as sharp as you'd expect from pay cable". [25]

Conversely, Brian Lowry of Variety said, "Black Sails never quite takes off, developing into a tired treasure hunt with indifferent casting and stock characters. Counting Michael Bay among its producers, this South Africa–lensed production might tempt adventure-seeking viewers to plunge into its crystal-blue waters, but despite some handsome aspects, the show ultimately proves as hollow as its CGI-rendered ships". [26] Emily St. James of The A.V. Club said, "Black Sails is a handsome illusion at times, but it rarely finds its way beyond that." [27]

The second season holds a 100% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 8 reviews, with an average rating of 8.7/10. [28] Neil Genzlinger of The New York Times said, "Starz knows the formula for these costume-heavy action dramas from experience with shows like Spartacus and Camelot . And that formula is executed with particular skill in Black Sails, thanks to some strong performances and an exploration of the consequences of greed that could have come out of modern-day Wall Street". [29]

Season four holds an 80% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 10 reviews, with an average rating of 7.8/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "Black Sails marks 'X' and hits the spot during a swashbuckling final season that maintains the series' penchant for rum-soaked spectacle while gracefully delivering these roguish characters to their destinies." [30]

Accolades

YearAwardCategoryRecipientResultRef.
2014 66th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Main Title Design Karen Fong, Michelle Dougherty, Alan Williams, Kris Kuksi, Brian ButcherNominated [31]
Outstanding Main Title Theme Music Bear McCreary Nominated
Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series Benjamin L. Cook, Iain Eyre, Susan Cahill, Jeffrey A. Pitts, Tim Tuchrello, Brett Voss, Michael Baber, Jeffrey Wilhoit, James Moriana for "I."Won
Outstanding Special Visual Effects in a Supporting Role Erik Henry, Paul Graff, George Murphy, Annemarie Griggs, Mitch Claspy, Jeremy Hattingh, Doug Hardy, Nick Hsieh, Steven Messing for "I."Won
2015 67th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series Benjamin L. Cook, Stefan Henrix, Susan Cahill, Jeffrey A. Pitts, Brett Voss, Michael Baber, Jeffrey Wilhoit, Dylan Tuomy-Wilhoit for "XVIII."Nominated [32]
Outstanding Special Visual Effects Erik Henry, Kevin Rafferty, Paul Stephenson, Annemarie Griggs, Mitch Claspy, Ken Mitchel Jones, Lari Karam, Whitman Lindstrom, Charles Baden for "XVIII."Nominated
13th Annual Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Supporting Visual Effects in a Visual Effects-Driven Photoreal/Live Action Broadcast ProgramErik Henry, Annemarie Griggs, Paul Graff, George Murphy for "I."Nominated [33]
2016 14th Annual Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Supporting Visual Effects in a Photoreal EpisodeErik Henry, Annemarie Griggs, Kevin Rafferty, Aladino Debert, Paul Stephenson for "XVIII"Nominated [34]
Outstanding Created Environment in an Episode, Commercial, or Real-Time ProjectAladino Debert, Matt Dougan, Greg Teegarden, Ken Jones for Charles Town HarborNominated
68th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series Benjamin L. Cook, Susan Cahill, Stefan Henrix, Jeffrey A. Pitts, Tim Tuchrello, Brett Voss, Michael Baber, Jeffrey Wilhoit, Dylan Tuomy-Wilhoit for "XX."Won [35]
Outstanding Special Visual Effects Erik Henry, Terron Pratt, Ashley J. Ward, Jeremy Hattingh, Paul Stephenson, Aladino Debert, Greg Teegarden, Olaf Wendt, Yafei Wu for "XX."Nominated
2017 15th Annual Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Supporting Visual Effects in a Photoreal EpisodeErik Henry, Terron Pratt, Aladino Debert, Yafei Wu, Paul Stephenson for "XX."Won [36]
Outstanding Created Environment in an Episode, Commercial, or Real-Time ProjectThomas Montminy-Brodeur, Deak Ferrand, Pierre Rousseau, Mathieu Lapierre for "XXVIII." (Maroon Island)Nominated
Outstanding Compositing in a Photoreal EpisodeMichael Melchiorre, Kevin Bouchez, Heather Hoyland, John Brennick for "XX." (Sailing Ships)Nominated
69th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series Benjamin Cook, Stefan Henrix, Mike Szakmeister, Shaughnessy Hare, Tim Tuchrello, Brett Voss, Michael Baber, Jeffrey Wilhoit, Dylan Tuomy-Wilhoit for "XXXVII."Nominated [37]
Outstanding Special Visual Effects Erik Henry, Terron Pratt, Ashley J. Ward, Kevin Rafferty, Paul Dimmer, Yafei Wu, Martin Lipmann, Nicklas Andersson, David Wahlberg for "XXIX."Nominated
2018 16th Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Supporting Visual Effects in a Photoreal EpisodeErik Henry, Terron Pratt, Yafei Wu, David Wahlberg, Paul Dimmer for "XXIX"Won [38]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nassau, The Bahamas</span> Capital and largest city of The Bahamas

Nassau is the capital and largest city of The Bahamas. It is located on the island of New Providence, which had a population of 246,329 in 2010, or just over 70% of the entire population of The Bahamas. As of April 2023, the preliminary results of the 2022 census of The Bahamas reported a population of 296,522 for New Providence, 74.26% of the country's population. Nassau is commonly defined as a primate city, dwarfing all other towns in the country. It is the centre of commerce, education, law, administration, and media of the country.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Long John Silver</span> Antagonist of Stevensons Treasure Island

Long John Silver is a fictional character and the main antagonist in the 1883 novel Treasure Island by Robert Louis Stevenson. The most colourful and complex character in the book, he continues to appear in popular culture. His missing leg and parrot, in particular, have greatly contributed to the image of the pirate in popular culture.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Charles Vane</span> English pirate (d. 1721)

Charles Vane was an English pirate who operated in the Bahamas during the end of the Golden Age of Piracy.

<i>Counterpart</i> (TV series) 2017 American science fiction thriller television series

Counterpart is an American science fiction thriller television series starring J. K. Simmons. It was created by Justin Marks and was first broadcast on the premium cable network Starz. The series ran for 20 episodes across two seasons. It premiered on December 10, 2017, and aired its final episode on February 17, 2019.

David Wilmot is an Irish stage, screen and television actor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Luke Roberts (actor)</span> English thespian (1977-)

Luke John Roberts is an English actor. He is known for his roles as Joseph Byrne in the BBC One medical drama Holby City, Woodes Rogers in the Starz series Black Sails (2016–2017), and Eric Beaumont in the Global drama Ransom (2017–2019).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tom Hopper</span> British actor (born 1985)

Thomas Edward Hopper is an English actor. He has appeared as Percival in Merlin (2010–12), Billy Bones in Black Sails (2014–17), Dickon Tarly in Game of Thrones (2017), and Luther Hargreeves in The Umbrella Academy (2019–2024).

<i>Da Vincis Demons</i> British-American drama television series

Da Vinci's Demons is a historical fantasy drama television series that presents a fictional account of Leonardo da Vinci's early life. The series was conceived by David S. Goyer and stars Tom Riley in the title role. It was developed and produced in collaboration with BBC Worldwide and was shot in Wales. The series has been distributed to over 120 countries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zach McGowan</span> American actor (born 1980)

Zachary Brendan McGowan is an American film, television and voice actor. He is known for his roles in television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. as Anton Ivanov / The Superior, Shameless, Black Sails, and The 100. Other highlights include parts in the films Terminator Salvation, The Hunt for Eagle One, and the sequel The Hunt for Eagle One: Crash Point. He guest-starred in the television series Numbers, CSI: Miami, and Cold Case, with voice-over work for the Scream Awards, Animal Planet and the video games Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon: Future Soldier, Resident Evil: Operation Raccoon City, and Iron Man.

<i>Crossbones</i> (TV series) 2014 American TV series or program

Crossbones is an American action-adventure drama television series that aired on the NBC network from May 30 to August 2, 2014. The series is a fictionalization of the life of the pirate Edward "Blackbeard" Teach, who is still alive in 1729. The show was created by Neil Cross, James V. Hart, and Amanda Welles. Crossbones is based on Colin Woodard's book The Republic of Pirates.

<i>American Gods</i> (TV series) American television series

American Gods is an American fantasy drama television series based on Neil Gaiman's 2001 novel of the same name and developed by Bryan Fuller and Michael Green for the premium cable network Starz. Produced by Fremantle North America and distributed by Lionsgate Television, the first season premiered on April 30, 2017. Fuller and Green served as the showrunners for the first season and were replaced by Jesse Alexander for the second season. Charles H. Eglee served as showrunner for the third season. Gaiman served as an executive producer.

Louise Barnes is a South African actress. She gained recognition in South Africa for various roles in locally produced films and television series. She is best known for her role in the 2009 South African/UK horror film, Surviving Evil, in which she starred alongside Billy Zane, Christina Cole and Natalie Mendoza. She also played Miranda Barlow in the 2014 American television series Black Sails, produced by Michael Bay and Jonathan E. Steinberg.

Power is an American crime drama-thriller television series created and produced by Courtney A. Kemp in collaboration with Curtis "50 Cent" Jackson. It aired on the Starz network from June 7, 2014 to February 9, 2020.

<i>Outlander</i> (TV series) British-American drama television series (2014–present)

Outlander is a historical drama television series based on the Outlander novel series by Diana Gabaldon. Developed by Ronald D. Moore, the show premiered on August 9, 2014, on Starz. It stars Caitríona Balfe as Claire Randall, a former World War II military nurse in Scotland who, in 1945, finds herself transported back in time to 1743. There she encounters, falls in love with and marries a dashing Highland warrior named Jamie Fraser, a tacksman of Gabaldon's fictionalized version of Clan Fraser of Lovat. Here, Claire becomes embroiled in the Jacobite rising.

<i>The Girlfriend Experience</i> (TV series) American TV drama series (2016–)

The Girlfriend Experience is an American anthology drama television series created, written, and directed by Lodge Kerrigan and Amy Seimetz shown on the premium cable network Starz. The first season stars Riley Keough as Christine Reade, a law student intern who also works as a high-end escort. Executive produced by Steven Soderbergh, it is based on the 2009 film of the same name. A 13-episode first season premiered on April 10, 2016, and all episodes were made available on Starz On Demand.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Republic of Pirates</span> Pirate stronghold in the Bahamas (1706–1718)

The Republic of Pirates was the base and stronghold of a loose confederacy run by privateers-turned-pirates in Nassau on New Providence island in the Bahamas during the Golden Age of Piracy for about twelve years from 1706 until 1718. While it was not a republic in a formal sense, it was governed by an informal pirate code, which dictated that the crews of the Republic would vote on the leadership of their ships and treat other pirate crews with civility. The term comes from Colin Woodard's book of the same name.

References

  1. 1 2 Schwartz, Terri (January 10, 2014). "'Black Sails': 'Treasure Island' will hopefully connect, Season 2 being filmed - Zap2it - News & Features". Zap2it. Archived from the original on February 26, 2015. Retrieved August 9, 2014.
  2. ↑ Todd Spangler: Starz to Release Michael Bay's 'Black Sails' Premiere Episode for Free on YouTube, iTunes, Amazon and More Archived November 15, 2020, at the Wayback Machine . Variety.com, January 13, 2014
  3. ↑ "Black Sails: Starz Series Starts January 25th". TV Series Finale. November 20, 2013. Archived from the original on November 21, 2013. Retrieved November 21, 2013.
  4. ↑ Bibel, Sara (July 26, 2013). "'Black Sails' Renewed for Ten Episode Second Season by Starz Months Before Its Premiere – Updated". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on July 28, 2013. Retrieved July 26, 2013.
  5. ↑ "Black Sails Renewed For Season 3 By Starz!". Seriable. Archived from the original on August 10, 2015. Retrieved October 12, 2014.
  6. ↑ Rawden, Jessica (July 31, 2015). "Black Sails Has Been Renewed For Season 4 By Starz". CinemaBlend. Gateway Media. Archived from the original on November 15, 2020. Retrieved January 12, 2017.
  7. ↑ Mitovich, Matt Webb (July 20, 2016). "Black Sails to End With Season 4". TVLine. Archived from the original on November 15, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2016.
  8. ↑ "Black Sails Season 4 Trailer from the New York Comic Con". ComingSoon. October 7, 2016. Archived from the original on November 15, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2016.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Anderson, D.M. (December 30, 2014). "BLACK SAILS Ain't Your Daddy's Pirate Tale". Movie Pilot . Archived from the original on August 31, 2016. Retrieved November 8, 2015.
  10. ↑ Jeffrey, Morgan (August 6, 2015). "Rupert Penry-Jones says Flint's gay romance on Black Sails was cut back". Digital Spy . Archived from the original on November 15, 2020. Retrieved November 8, 2015.
  11. ↑ Ferris, Amanda (October 30, 2015). "'Black Sails' Season 3 spoilers: Luke Roberts Cast In Reoccurring Role". Fashion & Style. IBT Media Inc. Archived from the original on August 10, 2016. Retrieved October 30, 2015. Roberts is going to play Woodes Rogers, an ex-governor of New Providence Island who uses Eleanor as a way to destroy the pirates and restore commerce to Nassau
  12. ↑ TV News Desk (November 4, 2015). "Starz to Premiere Season 3 of BLACK SAILS, 1/23". Broadway World. Archived from the original on November 15, 2020. Retrieved November 8, 2015.
  13. ↑ Friedlander, Whitney. "'Divergent's' Ray Stevenson Joins Starz's 'Black Sails' as Blackbeard". Variety. Variety Media, LLC, a subsidiary of Penske Business Media, LLC. Archived from the original on November 15, 2020. Retrieved March 24, 2015.
  14. ↑ Petski, Denise (January 27, 2016). "'Black Sails' Casts David Wilmot; Jocelin Donahue Joins Crackle's 'Start Up'". Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on November 15, 2020. Retrieved December 23, 2016.
  15. ↑ Iacopelli, Jennifer (March 11, 2017). "EXCLUSIVE: Black Sails Character Reveal!". Fangirlish.com. Archived from the original on June 4, 2017. Retrieved March 17, 2017.
  16. ↑ Starz (July 26, 2013). "Starz Embarks on an Early Renewal for Second Season Order of the Original Series "Black Sails"" (Press release). Futon Critic. Retrieved December 14, 2013.
  17. ↑ Goundry, Nick (October 15, 2012). "South Africa's Cape Town Studios prepares for pirate miniseries Black Sails". TheLocationGuide.com. Archived from the original on March 6, 2015. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
  18. ↑ Hibberd, James (December 30, 2013). "'Black Sails': See the awesome opening credits with theme from 'Walking Dead' composer – EXCLUSIVE". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on November 15, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2014.
  19. ↑ Starz (December 15, 2013). "Black Sails: Building the Behemoth". YouTube. Archived from the original on November 15, 2020. Retrieved January 20, 2014.
  20. ↑ "Black Sails: Season 1". rottentomatoes.com. January 24, 2015. Archived from the original on November 15, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2015.
  21. ↑ "Black Sails". Metacritic . Archived from the original on December 24, 2017. Retrieved April 17, 2020.
  22. ↑ Goodman, Tim (January 21, 2014). "Black Sails: TV Review". The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 6, 2018. Retrieved January 23, 2014.
  23. ↑ Lloyd, Robert (January 25, 2014). "Review: 'Black Sails' is a pirate treasure". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on November 15, 2020. Retrieved February 24, 2014.
  24. ↑ "Black Sails TV Review". EW.com. February 19, 2014. Archived from the original on November 15, 2020. Retrieved February 24, 2014.
  25. ↑ "Critic Reviews for Black Sails Season 1". Metacritic . Archived from the original on July 12, 2017. Retrieved April 17, 2020.
  26. ↑ Lowry, Brian (January 23, 2014). "TV Review: 'Black Sails'". Variety . Archived from the original on July 5, 2018. Retrieved January 23, 2014.
  27. ↑ St. James, Emily (January 23, 2014). "Black Sails is a tale of a bloodthirsty pirate bureaucracy". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on November 15, 2020. Retrieved January 23, 2014.
  28. ↑ "Black Sails: Season 2". rottentomatoes.com. January 24, 2015. Archived from the original on November 15, 2020. Retrieved April 17, 2020.
  29. ↑ Genzlinger, Neil (January 23, 2015). "In 'Black Sails' From Starz, Pirate's Booty Is at Stake". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 6, 2018. Retrieved August 18, 2015.
  30. ↑ "Black Sails: Season 4". Rotten Tomatoes . June 21, 2019. Archived from the original on November 15, 2020. Retrieved June 21, 2019.
  31. ↑ Wallenstein, Andrew (August 13, 2014). "TV Academy Awards Six Interactive Media Emmys". Variety . Archived from the original on November 15, 2020. Retrieved August 16, 2014.
  32. ↑ "Creative Arts Emmy Awards Winners" (PDF). Television Academy. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 15, 2020. Retrieved September 12, 2015.
  33. ↑ Tapley, Kristopher (February 5, 2014). "'Apes,' 'Big Hero 6' win big at 2015 Visual Effects Society Awards". Hitfix . Archived from the original on November 15, 2020. Retrieved February 5, 2014.
  34. ↑ "'Star Wars,' 'Game of Thrones,' 'The Peanuts Movie' Lead Visual Effects Society Nominations". January 12, 2016. Archived from the original on August 15, 2018. Retrieved December 7, 2017.
  35. ↑ "68th Emmy® Awards Nominations" (PDF). Television Academy. July 14, 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 15, 2020. Retrieved July 14, 2016.
  36. ↑ Giardina, Carolyn (January 10, 2016). "'Rogue One' Leads Visual Effects Society Feature Competition With 7 Nominations As 'Doctor Strange,' 'Jungle Book' Grab 6 Each". Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on July 10, 2019. Retrieved January 10, 2016.
  37. ↑ "69th Emmy® Awards Nominations" (PDF). Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. July 13, 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 17, 2017. Retrieved July 13, 2017.
  38. ↑ Giardina, Carolyn (January 16, 2018). "Visual Effects Society Awards: 'Apes,' 'Blade Runner 2049' Lead Feature Nominees". Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on January 16, 2018. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.