Mother ship

For other uses, see Mothership (disambiguation).

The NASA X-43 being dropped from under the wing of a B-52 Stratofortress

Orbital Sciences Stargazer, a converted Lockheed L-1011 TriStar 500 carrying a Pegasus XL rocket

A mother ship, mothership or mother-ship is a large vehicle that leads, serves, or carries other smaller vehicles. A mother ship may be a maritime ship, aircraft, or spacecraft.

Examples include bombers converted to carry experimental aircraft to altitudes where they can conduct their research (such as the B-52 carrying the X-15), or ships that carry small submarines to an area of ocean to be explored (such as the Atlantis II carrying the Alvin).

A mother ship may also be used to recover smaller craft, or go its own way after releasing them. A smaller vessel serving or caring for larger craft is usually called a tender.

Maritime craft

During World War II, the German Type XIV submarine or Milchkuh (Milk cow) was a type of large submarine used to resupply the U-boats.

Mother ships can carry small submersibles and submarines to an area of ocean to be explored (such as the Atlantis II carrying the DSV Alvin).

Somali pirates use mother ships to extend their reach in the Indian Ocean.

Aircraft

In aviation, motherships have been used in the airborne aircraft carrier, air launch and captive carry roles. Some large long-range aircraft act as motherships to parasite aircraft. A mothership may also form the larger component of a composite aircraft.

Airborne aircraft carriers

Main article: Airborne aircraft carrier

A Sparrowhawk fighter attached to the "trapeze" apparatus of Macon, 1933

During the age of the great airships, the United States built two rigid airships, USS Akron (ZRS-4) and USS Macon (ZRS-5), with onboard hangars able to house a number of Curtiss F9C Sparrowhawk biplane fighters. These airborne aircraft carriers operated successfully for several years. ^[1] These airships utilized an internal hangar bay using a "trapeze" to hold the aircraft. ^[2]

Air launch

Main article: Air launch

A Japanese Mitsubishi G4M2e Betty launching an Ohka

In the air launch role, a large carrier aircraft or mother ship carries a smaller payload aircraft to a launch point and then releases it.

During World War II the Japanese Mitsubishi G4M bomber was used to carry the rocket-powered Yokosuka MXY7 Ohka aircraft, used for kamikaze attacks, within range of a target ship. Germany also planned a jet-carrying bomber, called the Daimler-Benz Project C.

In the US, NASA has used converted bombers as launch platforms for experimental aircraft. Notable among these was the use during the 1960s of a modified Boeing B-52 Stratofortress for the repeated launching of the North American X-15.

Captive carry

Space Shuttle Atlantis being transported by a Boeing 747 Shuttle Carrier Aircraft

Antonov Miryia carrying the Buran plane

Experiments on air launching the Shuttle were carried out with the test frame Enterprise, but none of the Space Shuttle fleet was launched in this way once the Space Shuttle program was commenced. In a captive carry arrangement the payload craft, such as a rocket, missile, aeroplane or spaceplane, does not separate from the carrier aircraft.

Captive carry is typically used to conduct initial testing on a new airframe or system, before it is ready for free flight ^{[3] [4] [5]}

Captive carry is sometimes also used to transport an aircraft or spacecraft on a ferry flight. Notable examples include:

• A pair of modified Boeing 747s known as the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft, were used by NASA to transport the Space Shuttle orbiter and to launch the orbiter for flight tests. ^[6]
• The Soviet Union developed and used the Antonov An-225 Mriya to ferry the Buran spacecraft.

Parasite carriers

Main article: Parasite aircraft

TB-3-4AM-34FRN in Zveno-SPB configuration with Polikarpov I-16 fighters armed with FAB-250 bombs

Project Tip-Tow: Boeing B-29 with Republic F-84 Thunderjet

Some large long-range aircraft have been modified as motherships in order to carry parasite aircraft which support the mothership by extending its role, for example for reconnaissance, or acting in a support role such as fighter defence. ^{[7] [8]}

The first experiments with rigid airships to launch and recover fighters were carried out during World War I.

The British experimented with the 23-class airships from that time. Then in the 1920s, as part of the "Airship Development Programme", they used the R33 for experiments. A de Havilland Humming Bird light aeroplane with a hook fitted was slung beneath it. ^[9] In October 1925 Squadron Leader Rollo Haig, was released from the R33, and then reattached. ^[10] Later that year, the attempt was repeated and the Humming Bird remained attached until the airship landed. In 1926, it carried two Gloster Grebe fighters releasing them at the Pulham and Cardington airship stations. ^[11]

In the U.S., USS Los Angeles (ZR-3), used for prototype testing for the Akron and Macon airborne aircraft carriers.

During World War II the Soviet Tupolev-Vakhmistrov Zveno project developed converted Tupolev TB-1 and TB-3 aircraft to carry and launch up to five smaller craft, typically in roles such as fighter escort or fighter-bomber.

During the early days of the jet age, fighter aircraft could not fly long distances and still match point defence fighters or interceptors in dogfighting. The solution was long-range bombers that would carry or tow their escort fighters.

B-29 Superfortress and B-36 Peacemaker bombers were tested as carriers for the RF-84K Thunderflash (FICON project) and XF-85 Goblin fighters. ^[7]

In November 2014, the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) requested industry proposals for a system in which small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) would be launched and recovered by their existing conventional large aircraft, including the B-52 Stratofortress and B-1 Lancer bombers and C-130 Hercules and C-17 Globemaster III transports. ^[12]

Composites

Main article: Composite aircraft

In a composite aircraft, two or more component aircraft take off as a single unit and later separate. The British Short S.21 Maia experimental flying boat served as the mother ship component of the Short Mayo Composite two-plane maritime trans-Atlantic project design in the 1930s. ^{[7] [13]}

Spacecraft

The mother ship concept was used in Moon landings performed in the 1960s. Both the 1962 American Ranger and the 1966 Soviet Luna uncrewed landers were spherical capsules designed to be ejected at the last moment from mother ships that carried them to the Moon, and crashed onto its surface. In the crewed Apollo program, astronauts in the Lunar Module left the Command/Service Module mother ship in lunar orbit, descended to the surface, and returned to dock in a lunar orbit rendezvous with the mother ship once more for the return to Earth. ^[14]

The Scaled Composites White Knight series of aircraft are designed to launch spacecraft which they carry underneath them.

In popular culture

UFO lore

There have been numerous sightings of unidentified flying objects (UFOs) claimed to be mother ships, many in the U.S. during the summer of 1947. A woman in Palmdale, California, was quoted by contemporary press as describing a "mother saucer (with a) bunch of little saucers playing around it". ^[15] The term mothership was also popularized in UFO lore by contactee George Adamski, who claimed in the 1950s to sometimes see large cigar-shaped Venusian motherships, out of which flew smaller-sized flying saucer scout ships. Adamski claimed to have met and befriended the pilots of these scout ships, including a Venusian named Orthon. ^[16]

Science fiction

The concept of a mother ship also occurs in science fiction, extending the idea to spaceships that serve as the equivalent of flagships among a fleet. In this context, mother ship is often spelled as one word: mothership.

A mothership may be large enough that its body contains a station for the rest of the fleet. ^[17] Examples include the large craft in Close Encounters of the Third Kind and Battlestar Galactica .

In other languages

In many Asian languages, such as Chinese, Japanese, Korean and Indonesian, the word mothership (Chinese :母舰, Japanese : 母艦 , Korean : 모함, Indonesian : Kapal induk, literally "mother" + "(war)ship") typically refers to an aircraft carrier, which is translated as "aircraft/aviation mothership" (Chinese :航空母舰, Japanese : 航空母艦 , Korean : 항공모함, Malay : Kapal induk pesawat udara).

See also

• Submarine aircraft carrier
• Fictional airborne aircraft carriers

References

1. Jones, L.S.; US Naval Fighters, Aero Publishers 1977.
2. "Plane Hitched To Dirigible by Hook in Flight" Popular Mechanics, August 1930
3. "Lockheed LRASM completes captive carry tests", Flightglobal (Retrieved 29 Sept 2014)
4. Munro, Krus and Llewellyn; "Captive carry testing as a means for rapid evaluation of handling qualities", ICAS, 2002
5. "X-34 Rocket Plane Takes to the Sky as Part of Safety Check", NASA (Retrieved 29 Sept 2014)
6. "NASA Armstrong Fact Sheet: Space Shuttles – Space Shuttles and the Dryden Flight Research Center", NASA (Retrieved 29 Sept 2014)
7. Winchester, J. (Ed.); Concept Aircraft, Grange 2005.
8. Jones, L.S.; US Fighters, Aero Publishers 1975, Page 224.
9. "RSS GFAAG: 1921–1928: "The Breakaway"". Aht.ndirect.co.uk. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
10. "R.33 as Aircraft Carrier", Flight: 698, 22 October 1926
11. "R.33 as Aircraft Carrier" (PDF), Flight: 703, 28 October 1926
12. Unmanned And Manned Aircraft Will Have To Learn To Rely On Each Other – Aviationweek.com, 25 November 2014
13. Norris, G.; Profile Publications Number 84: The Short Empire Boats, Profile Publications 1966.
14. Gatland, Kenneth (1976). Manned Spacecraft (Second ed.). New York: Macmillan. pp. 63–85.
15. Hall, Mark A. and Wendy Connors. "Alfred Loedding & the Great Flying Saucer Wave of 1947", p. 55, quoting from the Palmdale South Antelope Valley Press, 10 July 1947, p. 1
16. Scott-Blair, Michael (13 August 2003). "Palomar campground expanding its universe". The San Diego Union-Tribune . Retrieved 3 January 2016.
17. Evans, Claire L (20 June 2014). "A History of the Mothership, or Why Tom Cruise Blows Up Wombs to Save the World". motherboard.vice.com. Vice Media LLC. Retrieved 3 January 2016.