West Point, New York

Last updated

West Point, New York
CDP
Aerial view of West Point and Hudson River 02 - white balanced (9614194870).jpg
Aerial view of West Point (at the center), the Hudson River, Highland Falls (on right), Cold Spring (on left) across the river in Putnam County
Orange County New York incorporated and unincorporated areas West Point highlighted.svg
Location of West Point in Orange County, New York (right) and of Orange County in New York state (left)
USA New York location map.svg
Red pog.svg
West Point, New York
Location in the state of New York
Coordinates: 41°23′42″N73°57′18″W / 41.39500°N 73.95500°W / 41.39500; -73.95500
CountryUnited States
State New York
County Orange
Town Highlands
Area
[1]
 • Total19.34 sq mi (50.08 km2)
 • Land18.43 sq mi (47.75 km2)
 • Water0.90 sq mi (2.33 km2)
Population
 (2020)
 • Total7,341
 • Density398.21/sq mi (153.75/km2)
Time zone UTC−5 (Eastern (EST))
 • Summer (DST) UTC−4 (EDT)
ZIP Codes
10996–10997
Area code 845
FIPS code 36-80747 [2]

West Point is the oldest continuously occupied military post in the United States. Located on the Hudson River in New York, General George Washington stationed his headquarters in West Point in the summer and fall of 1779 during the American Revolutionary War, and later called it "the most important Post in America" in 1781 following the war's end. West Point also was the site of General Benedict Arnold's infamous and failed attempt at treason during the Revolutionary War.

Contents

West Point was first occupied by the United States Armed Forces in January 1778, when Brigadier General Samuel Holden Parsons and his brigade occupied West Point. From then to the present, West Point has been occupied by the United States Army. It comprises 25.1 sq mi (65 km2) land and water including the campus of the United States Military Academy, which is commonly called "West Point" as well.

West Point is a census-designated place (CDP) located in the town of Highlands in Orange County, located on the western bank of the Hudson River. The population was 7,341 at the 2020 census. It is part of the New York–Newark–Jersey City, NY–NJ–PA Metropolitan Statistical Area as well as the larger New York–Newark, NY–NJ–CT–PA Combined Statistical Area.

History

American Revolutionary War

Construction

The site for West Point was originally picked because of the pronounced S-curve in the Hudson River at that point during the American Revolutionary War, and was the subject of a committee reporting on fortifications in the Hudson River in November 1775, which first recommended occupying the land. [3] Construction of the fort was begun under Captain Louis de la Radiere [4] as chief engineer of the fort, however, New York Governor George Clinton thought that Radiere was "lacking" in the knowledge needed to hold his position. [3] Thus it was completed under Polish Colonel Tadeusz Kościuszko between 1778–1780; it was a key defensive fortification, overlooking the turn in the Hudson River and the Great Chain. [5] On January 27, 1778, Brigadier General Samuel Holden Parsons and his brigade, including elements of Connecticut Colony's patriot militia, crossed an iced over Hudson River and climbed to the plain on West Point. [6]

General George Washington watched the construction of the fort closely and considered the fort to be General Alexander McDougall's "first priority". [3]

In 1778, Major General Israel Putnam wrote, "The place agreed upon to obstruct the navigation of Hudson river was at West Point." A fort there, Fort Clinton, named after the governor's brother, Colonel James Clinton [lower-alpha 1] (whose brigade built the main fort), was built as well. The southern and western walls were nine feet high and twenty feet thick. Three redoubts and batteries on the south were named Forts Meigs, Wyllys, and Webb. [8] : 53, 55 

Map of West Point, 1780. Plan des forts, batteries et poste de West-Point, 1780 (2674338525).jpg
Map of West Point, 1780.

After construction

West Point was staffed by a small garrison of Continental Army Soldiers from early in 1776 through the end of the war. A great iron chain was laid across the Hudson at this point in 1778 in order to prevent British Navy vessels from sailing further up the Hudson River, which was never tested by the British. [9]

The site comprised multiple redoubts, as well as Fort Putnam, situated on a high hill overlooking the river. Named after its builder, Revolutionary War General and engineer Rufus Putnam, the fort is still preserved in its original design. [10] [11]

Near losses
Capture of Stony Point and Verplanck's Point

Parliament sent instructions to General Sir Henry Clinton to force George Washington out of West Point. Clinton decided to capture the strategically important posts Stony Point and Verplanck's Point, [12] which were twelve miles south of West Point. Clinton captured the forts on June 1, 1779. To block the British advance, Washington moved his troops further up the Hudson. [3] [13]

Betrayal of Benedict Arnold

Early on in May 1779, General Benedict Arnold had met with a Philadelphia merchant named Joseph Stansbury. Afterwards, Stansbury had gone to Sir Henry Clinton, to whom he offered Arnold's "services". Clinton had been pursuing a campaign to take control of the Hudson River, so he had been interested in the plans and information of the defenses of West Point and other defenses on the Hudson River. Arnold wrote a series of letters to Clinton, one of which was written on July 12, making explicit the offer to surrender West Point to the British, later for a finalized offer of £20,000. On August 3, 1780, Arnold obtained command of West Point, which also gave him command of the American-controlled portion of the Hudson. Arnold then intentionally started weakening the fort's defenses, and through a letter sent to Clinton, proposing a meeting with British Major John André to discuss information on West Point. A meeting was set for September 11, however, Arnold and André did not meet until September 21. Carrying the plans for West Point, André was captured on September 23 by three militiamen, and the information to West Point was found. [14] After Arnold's betrayal, the fort, which was also known as Fort Arnold at the time, was renamed to Fort Clinton after General James Clinton. [15]

Post-war

After the conclusion of the American Revolution, West Point was used as a storage facility for cannon and other military property used by the Continental Army [16] and until November 28, 1779, was used as the temporary headquarters to George Washington, who called it "the most important Post in America" in 1781. Viewing a standing army as "dangerous", Congress demobilized American forces but left fewer than a hundred men at West Point. [3] However, it was still the largest post in the army in the immediate years after the Revolutionary War. [17]

View of the West Point area from Fort Putnam, c. 1865 West Point, from Fort Putnam. (3990857882) crop.jpg
View of the West Point area from Fort Putnam, c. 1865

Favoring West Point due to its location and defenses, Henry Knox and Alexander Hamilton made the first official recommendation to establish a military academy at West Point in 1790. However, Congress rejected the proposal, although earlier in 1790, New York merchant and American Revolution patriot Stephen Moore sold his estate (known as "Moore's Folly") to the United States, following an Act of Congress that solidified the sale [18] on September 10, 1790, for $11,085, [19] which meant Congress had gained full possession of the fort. [3] The United States Military Academy was established at West Point in 1802 [20] [21] is the nation's oldest service academy, [22] and is commonly called "West Point" as well. [23] West Point has the distinction of being the longest continuously occupied United States military installation. [7]

Geography and climate

Looking north on the Hudson River from West Point (Seth Eastman, 1875) West point painting.jpg
Looking north on the Hudson River from West Point (Seth Eastman, 1875)

West Point is located at 41° 23′ 42" N 73° 57' 18" W (41.395° N 73.955° W). According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 25.1 sq mi (65 km2); 24.3 sq mi (63 km2) land and 0.7 sq mi (1.8 km2) water. It is located in the town of Highlands and is in Orange County. [24] [25] West Point and the contiguous village of Highland Falls are on the western bank of the Hudson River. [26]

West Point has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa), [27] with four distinct seasons. [28] Summers are hot and humid, while winters are cold with moderate snowfall. [29] The monthly daily average temperature ranges from 27.5 °F (−2.5 °C) in January to 74.1 °F (23.4 °C) in July. [30] The average annual precipitation was approximately 51.47 in (1,310 mm) from 1991-2020; snow averaged at 35.7 in (91 cm) from 1991-2020, although this total may vary considerably from year to year. [31] Extremes in temperature range from 106 °F (41 °C) on July 22, 1926, down to −7 °F (−22 °C) on January 22, 1984. [30]

Climate data for West Point, New York (1991–2010 normals, extremes 1890–present)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °F (°C)71
(22)		77
(25)		86
(30)		96
(36)		97
(36)		102
(39)		106
(41)		105
(41)		105
(41)		92
(33)		82
(28)		72
(22)		106
(41)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)35.8
(2.1)		38.9
(3.8)		47.4
(8.6)		60.4
(15.8)		71.5
(21.9)		79.9
(26.6)		85.2
(29.6)		83.3
(28.5)		76.0
(24.4)		63.4
(17.4)		51.4
(10.8)		40.7
(4.8)		61.2
(16.2)
Daily mean °F (°C)28.2
(−2.1)		30.6
(−0.8)		38.5
(3.6)		50.4
(10.2)		61.1
(16.2)		69.8
(21.0)		75.3
(24.1)		73.6
(23.1)		66.4
(19.1)		54.5
(12.5)		43.5
(6.4)		33.9
(1.1)		52.1
(11.2)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)20.7
(−6.3)		22.4
(−5.3)		29.5
(−1.4)		40.5
(4.7)		50.6
(10.3)		59.8
(15.4)		65.4
(18.6)		63.9
(17.7)		56.7
(13.7)		45.6
(7.6)		35.5
(1.9)		27.1
(−2.7)		43.1
(6.2)
Record low °F (°C)−15
(−26)		−17
(−27)		−2
(−19)		8
(−13)		25
(−4)		40
(4)		40
(4)		35
(2)		28
(−2)		20
(−7)		5
(−15)		−16
(−27)		−17
(−27)
Average precipitation inches (mm)3.82
(97)		2.95
(75)		4.04
(103)		4.00
(102)		3.84
(98)		4.61
(117)		4.57
(116)		4.96
(126)		4.57
(116)		5.29
(134)		4.23
(107)		4.59
(117)		51.47
(1,307)
Average snowfall inches (cm)11.1
(28)		7.1
(18)		9.6
(24)		0.4
(1.0)		0.0
(0.0)		0.0
(0.0)		0.0
(0.0)		0.0
(0.0)		0.0
(0.0)		0.0
(0.0)		0.5
(1.3)		7.0
(18)		35.7
(91)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)9.88.39.310.511.811.49.89.68.29.69.010.4117.7
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)3.82.42.00.20.00.00.00.00.00.00.21.910.5
Source: NOAA [32] [30]


Demographics

Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
2010 6,763—
2020 7,3418.5%
U.S. Decennial Census [33]

As of the census of 2020, there were 7,341 people, and 860 households residing in the CDP, with the average household size being 3.79 persons per household. The population density was 398.2 inhabitants per square mile (153.7/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 69.3% white, 5.4% African American, 0.2% Native American, 4.4% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, and 10.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 12.0% of the population. The age distribution is 23.5% under the age of 18, and 0.4% who were 65 years of age or older. [34]

View of West Point from the eastern shore of the Hudson River West Point On Hudson.JPG
View of West Point from the eastern shore of the Hudson River

There were 860 households, out of which 79.5% were a married couple family household, 16.4% had a female householder with no spouse present, and 3.3% had a male householder with no spouse present. [35] The average household size was 3.79. The median income for a household in the CDP was $121,219. [34]

About 2.3% of the population is below the poverty line. [34]

West Point Mint

In 1937, the West Point Bullion Depository was constructed and in 1938 opened to store silver bullion. [36] In 1988, it became the West Point Mint, as a branch of the United States Mint [37] and gained official status as a branch of the United States Mint on March 31 of that year. [38] The West Point Mint has a deep storage of 54,067,331.379 fine troy ounces of gold. [39] It sits on a 4-acre (1.6 ha) parcel of land. [40]

Notable people

Transportation

U.S. Route 9W, combined with NY Route 218 run north-south through West Point. New York Route 293 also runs northeast-southwest through the post. Running through the lower portion of the town is U.S. Route 6, combined with the upper extent of the Palisades Interstate Parkway.

The New York Central Railroad well into the 1950s operated several passenger trains a day on the West Shore Railroad through the academy's Gothic style station; both the limited stop trains bound for Albany and the local trains to Newburgh and Kingston made stops at the station. Service finally ended in 1958. [47] [48] [49]

Education

Highland Falls-Fort Montgomery Central School District is the local school district. [50] James I. O'Neill High School is its high school. [51]

The Department of Defense Education Activity (DoDEA) maintains elementary and middle schools for children of military personnel on-post at USMA, [52] but sends high school aged students who are dependents of on-base military personnel to O'Neill. [51] In March 2022 USMA's contract with O'Neill was renewed. [53]

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ↑ Fort Clinton was originally named Fort Arnold, however, with Benedict Arnold's defection to the British Army, the fort was renamed to Fort Clinton. [7]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Westchester County, New York</span> County in New York, United States

Westchester County is located in the U.S. state of New York. It is the seventh most populous county in the State of New York and the most populous north of New York City. According to the 2020 United States Census, the county had a population of 1,004,456, its highest decennial count ever and an increase of 55,344 (5.8%) from the 949,113 counted in 2010. Located in the Hudson Valley, Westchester covers an area of 450 square miles (1,200 km2), consisting of six cities, 19 towns, and 23 villages. Established in 1683, Westchester was named after the city of Chester, England. The county seat is the city of White Plains, while the most populous municipality in the county is the city of Yonkers, with 211,569 residents per the 2020 census.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dutchess County, New York</span> County in New York, United States

Dutchess County is a county in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, the population was 295,911. The county seat is the city of Poughkeepsie. The county was created in 1683, one of New York's first twelve counties, and later organized in 1713. It is located in the Mid-Hudson Region of the Hudson Valley, north of New York City.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Washington County, New York</span> County in New York

Washington County is a county in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, the population was 61,302. The county seat is Fort Edward. The county was named for U.S. President George Washington.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Putnam County, New York</span> County in New York, United States

Putnam County is a county located in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, the population was 97,668. The county seat is Carmel, located within one of six towns comprising the county.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Orange County, New York</span> County in New York, United States

Orange County is a county located in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, the population was 401,310. The county seat is Goshen. This county was first created in 1683 and reorganized with its present boundaries in 1798.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rockland County, New York</span> County in New York, United States

Rockland County is the second-southernmost county on the west side of the Hudson River in the U.S. state of New York, after Richmond County. It is part of the New York metropolitan area. As of the 2020 U.S. census, the county's population is 338,329, making it the state's third-most densely populated county outside New York City after Nassau and neighboring Westchester Counties. The county seat and largest hamlet is New City. Rockland County is accessible via the New York State Thruway, which crosses the Hudson to Westchester at the Tappan Zee Bridge ten exits up from the NYC border, as well as the Palisades Parkway five exits up from the George Washington Bridge. The county's name derives from "rocky land", as the area has been aptly described, largely due to the Hudson River Palisades.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Battles of Saratoga</span> Part of the American Revolutionary War

The Battles of Saratoga marked the climax of the Saratoga campaign, giving a decisive victory to the Americans over the British in the American Revolutionary War. British General John Burgoyne led an invasion army of 7,200–8,000 men southward from Canada in the Champlain Valley, hoping to meet a similar British force marching northward from New York City and another British force marching eastward from Lake Ontario; the goal was to take Albany, New York. The southern and western forces never arrived, and Burgoyne was surrounded by American forces in upstate New York 15 miles (24 km) short of his goal. He fought two battles which took place 18 days apart on the same ground 9 miles (14 km) south of Saratoga, New York. He gained a victory in the first battle despite being outnumbered, but lost the second battle after the Americans returned with an even larger force.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pasco County, Florida</span> County in Florida, United States

Pasco County is located on the west central coast of the U.S. state of Florida. According to the 2020 census, the population was 561,691. Its county seat is Dade City, and its largest city is Zephyrhills. The county is named after Samuel Pasco.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Staatsburg, New York</span> Hamlet and CDP in New York, United States

Staatsburg is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) in Hyde Park, a town in Dutchess County, New York, United States. The population was 703 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Poughkeepsie–Newburgh–Middletown, NY Metropolitan Statistical Area as well as the larger New York–Newark–Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rome, New York</span> City in upstate New York

Rome is a city in Oneida County, New York, United States, located in the central part of the state. The population was 32,127 at the 2020 census. Rome is one of two principal cities in the Utica–Rome Metropolitan Statistical Area, which lies in the "Leatherstocking Country" made famous by James Fenimore Cooper's Leatherstocking Tales, set in frontier days before the American Revolutionary War. Rome is in New York's 22nd congressional district.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fort Montgomery, New York</span> CDP in New York, United States

Fort Montgomery is a hamlet in Orange County, New York, United States. The population was 1,627 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Poughkeepsie–Newburgh–Middletown, NY Metropolitan Statistical Area as well as the larger New York–Newark–Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Highlands, New York</span> Town in New York, United States

Highlands is a town on the eastern border of Orange County, New York. The population was 12,939 at the 2020 census. West Point, including the United States Military Academy, is located alongside the Hudson River in Highlands, and the military reservation occupies a large part of the town.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Upstate New York</span> Region of New York state

Upstate New York is a geographic region consisting of the area of New York State that lies north and northwest of the New York City metropolitan area. Although the precise boundary is debated, upstate New York excludes New York City and Long Island, and most definitions of the region also exclude all or part of Westchester and Rockland counties, which are typically included in downstate New York. Major cities across upstate New York from east to west include Albany, Utica, Binghamton, Syracuse, Rochester, and Buffalo.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ticonderoga (CDP), New York</span> Census-designated place in New York, United States

Ticonderoga is a hamlet in the southeast part of the town of Ticonderoga, in Essex County, New York, United States. The name is derived from the Haudenosaunee term for "between the two waters", the two waters being Lake George and Lake Champlain. The hamlet became a census-designated place (CDP) in 2008. As of the 2010 census, the population was 3,382, out of a total 5,042 residents in the town of Ticonderoga.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pierre Van Cortlandt Jr.</span> American politician

Pierre Van Cortlandt Jr. was a United States representative from New York. A member of New York's Van Cortlandt family, he was the son of Pierre Van Cortlandt, an early New York political figure, and brother of Philip Van Cortlandt, who was also a U.S. Representative from New York.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery</span> Battle of the American Revolutionary War

The Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery was an American Revolutionary War battle fought in the Hudson Highlands of the Hudson River valley, not far from West Point, on October 6, 1777. British forces under the command of General Sir Henry Clinton captured Fort Clinton and Fort Montgomery and then dismantled the first iteration of the Hudson River Chains. The purpose of the attack was to create a diversion to draw American troops from the army of General Horatio Gates, whose army was opposing British General John Burgoyne's attempt to gain control of the Hudson.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kiryas Joel-Poughkeepsie-Newburgh metropolitan area</span> Metropolitan statistical area in New York, United States

The Kiryas Joel-Poughkeepsie-Newburgh, NY Metropolitan Statistical Area, as defined by the United States Office of Management and Budget, is an area consisting of two counties in New York's Hudson Valley, with the municipalities of Kiryas Joel, Poughkeepsie, and Newburgh as its principal cities. As of the 2020 census, the MSA had a population of 679,221. The area was centered on the urban area of Poughkeepsie-Newburgh. Prior to July 2023, it was known as the Poughkeepsie-Newburgh-Middletown, NY Metropolitan Statistical Area; whereupon it was renamed to its current name, to reflect population changes among its largest municipalities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Constitution Island</span> Island on the Hudson river opposite West Point

Constitution Island is in the northeastern United States, located in New York on the east side of the Hudson River, north of New York City. It is directly opposite the U.S. Military Academy Reservation at West Point and is connected to the east shore by Constitution Marsh.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fort Putnam</span>

Fort Putnam was a military garrison during the Revolutionary War at West Point, New York, United States. Built by a regiment of Colonel Rufus Putnam's 5th Massachusetts Regiment, it was completed in 1778 with the purpose of supporting Fort Clinton, which sat on the edge of the Hudson River about 3/4 of a mile away. The fort was rebuilt and enlarged in 1794 before falling into disuse and disrepair as the military garrison at West Point became obsolete in the early mid-19th century. It underwent a major preservation as a historical site in 1909, and has been continually in the process of preservation since. Sitting at an elevation of 500 feet, it was West Point's largest garrison during the Revolutionary War. The Fort is under the supervision of the West Point Museum Director, David M. Reel, and is operated by the United States Army Garrison, West Point. Access to the Fort is seasonal and as summer staff are available.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hyde Park (CDP), New York</span> Census-designated place in New York, United States

Hyde Park is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Hyde Park, Dutchess County, New York, United States. Its population was 1,908 as of the 2010 census.

References

  1. ↑ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 19, 2022. Retrieved September 20, 2022.
  2. ↑ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on December 27, 1996. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "West Point". George Washington's Mount Vernon. Archived from the original on July 5, 2023. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
  4. ↑ J. E. Kaufmann (2004). Fortress America . Tomasz Idzikowski (illus.). Da Capo Press. p.  117. ISBN   978-0-306-81294-1. de la radiere.
  5. ↑ "West Point". A Revolutionary Day. Archived from the original on March 11, 2009. Retrieved February 11, 2009.
  6. ↑ Crackel (1991), p. 41.
  7. 1 2 "Fort Clinton". American Battlefield Trust. Archived from the original on July 7, 2023. Retrieved July 7, 2023.
  8. ↑ Storozynski, A., 2009, The Peasant Prince, New York: St. Martin's Press, ISBN   9780312388027
  9. ↑ Diamant, Chaining the Hudson, p. 122
  10. ↑ Hubbard, Robert Ernest. Major General Israel Putnam, pp. 157–158, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina, 2017. ISBN   978-1476664538.
  11. ↑ Livingston, William Farrand. Israel Putnam: Pioneer, Ranger, and Major-General, 1718–1790, pp. 373–375, G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York and London, 1901.
  12. ↑ "Battle of Stony Point". George Washington's Mount Vernon. Archived from the original on July 7, 2023. Retrieved July 7, 2023.
  13. ↑ Philbrick, Nathaniel (2016). Valiant Ambition: George Washington, Benedict Arnold, and the Fate of the American Revolution (6th ed.). Penguin Random House. pp. 247–249. ISBN   9780143110194.
  14. ↑ Randall, Willard Sterne (1990). Benedict Arnold: patriot and traitor. New York, N.Y: Morrow. ISBN   978-1-55710-034-4.
  15. ↑ "Benedict Arnold". www.ushistory.org. Archived from the original on February 27, 2023. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
  16. ↑ "A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774 - 1875". memory.loc.gov. Archived from the original on February 23, 2023. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
  17. ↑ Ambrose, pages 9–10.
  18. ↑ Miller, Agnes (1952). "Owner of West Point". New York History. 33 (3): 303–312. ISSN   0146-437X. JSTOR   23153463. Archived from the original on February 18, 2023. Retrieved February 18, 2023.
  19. ↑ Boynton, Edward Carlisle (1871). History of West Point: And Its Military Importance During the American Revolution: and the Origin and Progress of the United States Military Academy. D. Van Nostrand.
  20. ↑ McDonald (2004), p. 184
  21. ↑ Ambrose (1966), p. 22.
  22. ↑ Wolf, Zachary (June 6, 2019). "West Point has an outsize importance in US history". CNN . Archived from the original on July 11, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
  23. ↑ Wire, S. I. "Army unveils new name, uniforms and logo in athletics rebrand". SI.com. Archived from the original on April 1, 2019. Retrieved July 11, 2023.
  24. ↑ Highlands town, New York.[ permanent dead link ] U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on August 25, 2011.
  25. ↑ "West Point CDP, New York".[ permanent dead link ] U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on August 25, 2011.
  26. ↑ Cheslow, Jerry (May 15, 1994). "If You're Thinking of Living In/ Highland Falls; In the U.S. Military Academy's Shadow". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 13, 2023. Retrieved July 13, 2023.
  27. ↑ "West Point, New York Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase. Archived from the original on July 13, 2023. Retrieved July 13, 2023.
  28. ↑ "Overview". American Museum of Natural History. Archived from the original on July 13, 2023. Retrieved July 13, 2023.
  29. ↑ "Climate in West Point, New York". bestplaces. Archived from the original on July 13, 2023. Retrieved July 13, 2023.
  30. 1 2 3 "Station: West Point, NY". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on August 11, 2021. Retrieved August 11, 2021.
  31. ↑ "NOAA NCEI U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access". www.ncei.noaa.gov. Archived from the original on May 5, 2021. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
  32. ↑ "NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on January 18, 2022. Retrieved August 11, 2021.
  33. ↑ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Archived from the original on September 12, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
  34. 1 2 3 "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: West Point CDP, New York". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on October 9, 2023. Retrieved July 13, 2023.
  35. ↑ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Archived from the original on July 13, 2023. Retrieved July 13, 2023.
  36. ↑ "History of the U.S. Mint". United States Mint. April 3, 2018. Archived from the original on July 5, 2018. Retrieved July 11, 2023.
  37. ↑ "The United States Mint at West Point". usmint.gov. Archived from the original on December 18, 2016. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  38. ↑ "The West Point Mint Facility". Gold Coins Trader. Archived from the original on March 31, 2012. Retrieved January 19, 2013.
  39. ↑ "U.S. Treasury-Owned Gold | U.S. Treasury Fiscal Data". fiscaldata.treasury.gov. Archived from the original on June 2, 2023. Retrieved July 11, 2023.
  40. ↑ Daddio, William F. (May 28, 1987). "National Register of Historic Places nomination, U.S. Bullion Despository, West Point". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved July 28, 2010.
  41. ↑ Myers, Marc (March 26, 2019). "Tony Hale Turned His Childhood Anxieties Into Comic Relief". Wall Street Journal. ISSN   0099-9660. Archived from the original on July 13, 2023. Retrieved July 13, 2023.
  42. ↑ "Artists in Canada". Canadian Heritage. Government of Canada. Archived from the original on March 29, 2019. Retrieved December 18, 2018.
  43. ↑ "Mahan, Alfred Thayer". public2.nhhcaws.local. Retrieved July 13, 2023.[ permanent dead link ]
  44. ↑ "Ricky Steamboat: Profile & Match Listing - Internet Wrestling Database (IWD)". www.profightdb.com. Archived from the original on July 13, 2023. Retrieved July 13, 2023.
  45. ↑ "Gore Vidal". Academy of Achievement. Archived from the original on March 29, 2023. Retrieved July 13, 2023.
  46. ↑ "Gore Vidal | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Archived from the original on July 13, 2023. Retrieved July 13, 2023.
  47. ↑ 'Official Guide of the Railways,' December 1954, New York Central section, Table 80
  48. ↑ "Comments On The West Shore from James Knecht". Nyc.railfan.net. Archived from the original on September 12, 2018. Retrieved January 19, 2018.
  49. ↑ "New York Central Railroad, Table 80". Official Guide of the Railways. 82 (3). National Railway Publication Company. August 1949.
  50. ↑ "2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Orange County, NY" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 22, 2022. Retrieved July 4, 2022.
  51. 1 2 Wang, Helu (September 27, 2021). "Could Highland Falls lose its West Point students?". Times Herald-Record . Archived from the original on July 5, 2022. Retrieved July 5, 2022.
  52. ↑ "West Point Community". Department of Defense Education Activity. Archived from the original on July 5, 2022. Retrieved July 4, 2022. - Elementary site Archived July 6, 2022, at the Wayback Machine and Middle site Archived July 5, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
  53. ↑ Randall, Mike (March 21, 2022). "Highland Falls' contract to educate West Point high school students is renewed". Times Herald-Record . Archived from the original on September 23, 2022. Retrieved July 5, 2022.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.