List of Ayyubid rulers

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Sultans of The Ayyubid Sultanate
Saladin's Standard.svg
Reconstruction of Saladin's personal standard, using a double headed eagle. The specific design of double headed eagle is taken from a coin of a later Ayyubid Sultan, Al-Adil I.
Details
Last monarch
Formation1171
Abolition1260/1340/1524
Residence
Family tree of the Ayyubid dynasty. AYYUBIDS 14218-The Mohammadan Dynasties Chronological And Genealogical Tables With Historical Introductions 0114.jpg
Family tree of the Ayyubid dynasty.

The Ayyubid dynasty ruled many parts of the Middle East and North Africa in the 12th, 13th and 14th centuries. The following is a list of Ayyubid rulers by county/province.

Contents

Sultans of Egypt

See Rulers of Islamic Egypt.

#SultanStartEndTitleFate
1 Saladin Dirham Saladin.jpg 10 September 11714 March 1193SultanDied in office (In 1171, he abolished Fatimid dynasty and realigned the country's allegiance with Abbasid calips)
2 Al-Aziz No picture available4 March 119329 November 1198SultanDied
3 Al-Mansur No picture available29 November 1198February 1200SultanDeposed
4 Al-Adil I Ayyubid al Adil 1201 Damascus.jpg February 120031 August 1218SultanDied
5 Al-Kamil Al-Kamil Muhammad al-Malik and Frederick II Holy Roman Emperor.jpg 2 September 12188 March 1238SultanDied
6 Al-Adil II No picture available8 March 123831 May 1240SultanDeposed by his brother and successor Salih
7 As-Salih Ayyub No picture available1 June 124021 November 1249SultanDied
- Shajar al-Durr Shajar al-durr (cropped).jpg 21 November 124927 February 1250RegentAbdicated
8 Turanshah AssassinationOfTuranShah.jpg 27 February 12502 May 1250SultanAssassinated by the Mamluks
9 Al-Ashraf Musa No picture available12501254Co-sultan with AybakDethroned / custody


Sultans and Emirs of Damascus

See Rulers of Damascus.

Takeover by Mongols, and then Mamluks following the battle of Ain Jalut, 1260.

Family Tree of the Rulers of Damascus

Ayyubid Dynasty
Al-Afdal
Najm al-Din
Ayyub
Al-Nasir
Salah al-Din
Yusuf
(1)
r. 1174-1193		 Al-Adil
Sayf al-Din
Abu Bakr I
(3)
r. 1196-1218
Al-Afdal
Ali
(2)
r. 1193-1196		 Al-Zahir
Ghiyath al-Din
Ghazi
Aleppo
r. 1193-1216		 Al-Kamil
Nasir al-Din
Muhammad
(8)
r. 1238		 Al-Mu'azzam
Sharaf al-Din
Isa
(4)
r. 1218-1227		 Al-Ashraf
Musa
(6)
r. 1229-1237		 Al-Salih
Imad al-Din
Isma'il
(7)
r. 1237,
1239–1245
Al-Aziz
Muhammad
Aleppo
r. 1216-1232		 Al-Adil
Sayf al-Din
Abu Bakr II
(9)
r. 1238-1239		 Al-Salih
Najm al-Din
Ayyub
(10)
r. 1239,
1245-1249		 Al-Nasir
Dawud
(5)
r. 1227-1229
An-Nasir
Salah al-Din
Yusuf
(12)
r. 1250-1260		 Al-Mu'azzam
Ghayath al-Din
Turanshah
(11)
r. 1249-1250

Emirs of Aleppo

See Rulers of Aleppo.

PortraitEpithetNameSultan FromSultan UntilRelationship with Predecessor(s)NotesTitle
Dirham Saladin.jpg Al-Nasir Salah al-Din Yusuf I11831193 •Married Mahmud III Widow Sultan of Halab
Ayyubid Az Zahir 1204 Aleppo.jpg Al-Zahir Ghazi11931216 •Son of Salah al-DinSultan of Halab
Al-Aziz Muhammad12161236 •Son of Al-Zahir GhaziSultan of Halab
Al-Nasir Yusuf II12361260 •Son of Al-Aziz
  • Regency council from 1236 to 1242, de facto regency of Dayfa Khatun [2]
  • Also sultan of Damascus
Sultan of Halab

Takeover by Mongols, and then Mamluks following the battle of Ain Jalut, 1260.

Emirs of Baalbek

See Baalbek, Middle Ages.

Takeover by Mongols, and then Mamluks following the battle of Ain Jalut, 1260.

Emirs of Hama

See Hama, Muslim Rule.

Formal takeover by Mamluk sultanate in 1341.

Emirs of Homs

See Homs, Seljuk, Ayyubid and Mamluk Rule.

Directly ruled by Mamluks under Alam al-Din Sanjar al-Bashqirdi, assigned by Baibars, sultan of Egypt and Syria, from 1263.

Emirs of Hisn Kaifa

See Hisn Kaifa, Ayyubid and Mongols.

Takeover by the Ottoman Empire in 1524.

Emirs of al-Karak

Also referred to as governors of Transjordan. [4] See al-Karak, Crusader, Ayyubid and Mamluk Periods.

Taken by Mamluks under Baibars, sultan of Egypt and Syria, in 1263.

Emirs of Al-Jazirah

See Upper Mesopotamia & Al-Jazirah.

Taken by Mongols in 1260.

Emirs of Yemen and Hejaz

See Yemen, Ayyubid Conquest.

Takeover by Rasulid dynasty of Yemen in 1229.

Emirs of Banyas

See Banyas.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ayyubid dynasty</span> Sultanate in Egypt from 1174 to 1341

The Ayyubid dynasty, also known as the Ayyubid Sultanate, was the founding dynasty of the medieval Sultanate of Egypt established by Saladin in 1171, following his abolition of the Fatimid Caliphate of Egypt. A Sunni Muslim of Kurdish origin, Saladin had originally served the Zengid ruler Nur ad-Din, leading Nur ad-Din's army in battle against the Crusaders in Fatimid Egypt, where he was made Vizier. Following Nur ad-Din's death, Saladin was proclaimed as the first Sultan of Egypt by the Abbasid Caliphate, and rapidly expanded the new sultanate beyond the frontiers of Egypt to encompass most of the Levant, in addition to Hijaz, Yemen, northern Nubia, Tarabulus, Cyrenaica, southern Anatolia, and northern Iraq, the homeland of his Kurdish family. By virtue of his sultanate including Hijaz, the location of the Islamic holy cities of Mecca and Medina, he was the first ruler to be hailed as the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques, a title that would be held by all subsequent sultans of Egypt until the Ottoman conquest of 1517. Saladin's military campaigns in the first decade of his rule, aimed at uniting the various Arab and Muslim states in the region against the Crusaders, set the general borders and sphere of influence of the sultanate of Egypt for the almost three and a half centuries of its existence. Most of the Crusader states, including the Kingdom of Jerusalem, fell to Saladin after his victory at the Battle of Hattin in 1187. However, the Crusaders reconquered the coast of Palestine in the 1190s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Al-Kamil</span> Ayyubid Sultan of Egypt (r. 1218–38)

Al-Kamil was a Kurdish Muslim ruler and the fourth Ayyubid sultan of Egypt. During his tenure as sultan, the Ayyubids defeated the Fifth Crusade. He was known to the Frankish crusaders as Meledin, a name by which he is still referred to in some older western sources. As a result of the Sixth Crusade, he ceded West Jerusalem to the Christians and is known to have met with Saint Francis.

Al-Malik as-Salih Najm al-Din Ayyub, nickname: Abu al-Futuh, also known as al-Malik al-Salih, was the Ayyubid ruler of Egypt from 1240 to 1249.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Al-Adil I</span> Ayyubid sultan of Egypt (r. 1200–1218)

Al-Adil I was the fourth Sultan of Egypt and Syria, and brother of Saladin, who founded both the Sultanate of Egypt, and the Ayyubid dynasty. He was known to the Crusaders as Saphadin, a name by which he is still known in the Western world. A gifted and effective administrator and organizer, Al-Adil provided crucial military and civilian support for the great campaigns of Saladin. He was also a capable general and strategist in his own right, and was instrumental in the transformation of the decayed Fatimid Caliphate of Cairo into the Ayyubid Sultanate of Egypt.

Cyril III, known as Cyril ibn Laqlaq, was the 75th Coptic Orthodox Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria.

Shams al-Din Abu al-Muzaffar Yusuf ibn Kizoghlu, popularly known as Sibṭ ibn al-Jawzī was a writer, preacher and historian.

An-Nasir Yusuf, fully al-Malik al-Nasir Salah al-Din Yusuf ibn al-Aziz ibn al-Zahir ibn Salah al-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub ibn Shazy, was the Ayyubid Kurdish Emir of Syria from his seat in Aleppo (1236–1260), and the Sultan of the Ayyubid Empire from 1250 until the sack of Aleppo by the Mongols in 1260.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Al-Ashraf Musa, Emir of Damascus</span> Emir of Damascus

Al-Ashraf or al-Ashraf Musa or Al-Ashraf Shah Arman, fully Al-Ashraf Musa Abu'l-Fath al-Muzaffar ad-Din, was a Kurdish ruler of the Ayyubid dynasty.

Al-Malik al-Salih Imad al-Din Ismail bin Saif al-Din Ahmad better known as al-Salih Ismail was the Ayyubid sultan based in Damascus. He reigned twice, once in 1237 and then again from 1239 to 1245.

Al-Ashraf Musa (1229–1263), fully Al-Ashraf Musa ibn al-Mansur Ibrahim ibn Shirkuh, was the last Ayyubid Kurdish prince (emir) of Homs, a city located in the central region of modern-day Syria. His rule began in June 1246, but was temporarily cut short in 1248 after he was forced to surrender Homs and then given Tall Bashir by his cousin an-Nasir Yusuf, the Emir of Aleppo. For a short period of time during Mongol rule in 1260, al-Ashraf served as Viceroy of Syria, although the position was largely nominal. He helped achieve the Mongols' defeat at the hands of the Egypt-based Mamluks by withdrawing his troops from the Mongol coalition during the Battle of Ain Jalut as part of a secret agreement with the Mamluk sultan Qutuz. Following the Mamluk victory, al-Ashraf was reinstated as Emir of Homs as a Mamluk vassal, but was stripped of his viceroy position. Since he left no heirs, after his death, Homs was incorporated into the Mamluk Sultanate.

Al-Malik al-Amjad Bahramshah was the Kurdish Ayyubid emir of Baalbek between 1182–1230.

Al-Mansur I Muhammad was the Ayyubid emir of Hama, son of Al Muzaffar Taqi ad-Din Umar and grandson of Nur ad-Din Shahanshah, brother of Saladin and Al-Adil. He ruled from 1191 to 1219.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Al-Mujahid</span> Ayyubid Emir of Homs (1186–1240)

Al Malik Al-Mujahid Asad ad-Din Shirkuh II or ShirkuhII, was the Kurdish Ayyubid emir of Homs from 1186 to 1240. He was the son of An-Nasir Muhammad ibn Shirkuh, grandson of Shirkuh and first cousin once removed of Saladin. His domains also included Palmyra and ar-Rahba. Al Mujahid became emir at the age of thirteen when his father died unexpectedly in Homs on 4 March 1186.

Al-Nasir Kilij Arslan was the Ayyubid emir of Hama from 1221 to 1229 (617AH–626AH). He was the son of al-Mansur I Muhammad and the younger brother of al-Muzaffar II Mahmud. The name Kilij Arslan was presumably homage to the Sultans of Rûm, four of whom bore this name.

Al-Muzaffar II Mahmud was the Ayyubid emir of Hama first in 1219 and then restored in 1229–1244. He was the son of al-Mansur Muhammad and the older brother of al-Nasir Kilij Arslan.

Al-Mansur II Muhammad was the Ayyubid emir of Hama 1244–1284, son of al-Muzaffar II Mahmud and grandson of al-Mansur I Muhammad. He was the great-great grandson of Saladin’s brother Nur ad-Din Shahanshah. His mother was Ghaziya Khatun.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Al-Ayoubi family</span>

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Fakhr al-Din ibn al-Shaykh was an Egyptian emir of the Ayyubid dynasty. He served as a diplomat for sultan al-Kamil from 1226 to 1228 in his negotiations with the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II leading to the end of the Sixth Crusade. He later commanded forces during the Seventh Crusade, dying at the Battle of al-Mansura in 1250.

The siege of Damascus of 1229 was part of an Ayyubid succession war over Damascus that broke out following the death of al-Muʿaẓẓam I in 1227. The late ruler's son, al-Nāṣir Dāʾūd, took de facto control of the city in opposition to al-Kāmil, the Ayyubid sultan in Egypt. In the ensuing war, al-Nāṣir lost Damascus but preserved his autonomy, ruling from al-Karak.

The Qaymariyya were a Kurdish tribe that formed an important military unit under the late Ayyubids and early Mamluks between the 1240s and 1260s. They played a secondary role in the Khwarazmian invasion of Palestine in 1244 and a leading role in the pro-Ayyubid coup d'état in Damascus in 1250.

References

  1. ↑ Lane-Poole, Stanley (1894), "Ayyūbids", The Mohammadan Dynasties: Chronological and Genealogical Tables with Historical Introductions, Westminster: Archibald Constable and Company, pp. 74–79, OCLC   1199708
  2. ↑ According to Stephen Humphreys, From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193–1260 (State University of New York Press, 1977), p. 229, the council consisted of the emirs Shams al-Dīn Luʾluʾ al-Amīnī and ʿIzz al-Dīn ʿUmar ibn Mujallī, the vizier Ibn al-Qifṭī and Dayfa Khatun's representative, Jamāl al-Dawla Iqbāl al-Khātūnī.
  3. 1 2 Meinecke 1996, p. 66.
  4. ↑ Wolff, Robert L. and Hazard, H. W., A History of the Crusades: Volume Two, The Later Crusades 1187-1311, The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 1977, pg. 814

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