Timeline of Armenian history

Last updated

This is a timeline of Armenian history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Armenia and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of Armenia. See also the list of Armenian kings.

Contents

Millennia: 3rd BC  · 2nd BC–1st BC  · 1st–2nd  · 3rd
Centuries: 24th BC  · 23rd BC  · 22nd BC  · 21st BC

24th century BC

YearDateEvent
2400 BCThe Book of Genesis identifies the land of Ararat as the resting place of Noah's Ark after the "great deluge" described there. The Indo-Europeans were people who presumably spread from the Caucasus, settling on lands along the way. Armenian is one of the Indo-European language branches.

23rd century BC

YearDateEvent
2300 BCThe legendary figure Hayk creates the Armenian nation in the Ararat region. (Akkadians mention Armani in 2300 BC)

22nd century BC

21st century BC

Centuries: 20th BC  · 19th BC  · 18th BC  · 17th BC  · 16th BC  · 15th BC  · 14th BC  · 13th BC  · 12th BC  · 11th BC  · 10th BC  · 9th BC  · 8th BC  · 7th BC  · 6th BC  · 5th BC  · 4th BC  · 3rd BC  · 2nd BC  · 1st BC

20th century BC

YearDateEvent
2000 BC Trialeti culture

19th century BC

18th century BC

17th century BC

YearDateEvent
1700 BC Aram, Armenian patriarch mentioned in the History of Armenia (Moses of Chorene) (dated 5th century AD)

16th century BC

15th century BC

YearDateEvent
1450 BC Artatama I (Thutmose III of Egypt, mentions the people of Ermenen in 1446 BC)

14th century BC

YearDateEvent
1400 Artashumara
1384 Artatama II

13th century BC

12th century BC

YearDateEvent
1200 BC Nairi, a confederation of tribes in the Armenian Highlands, roughly corresponding to the modern Van and Hakkâri provinces of modern Turkey.

11th century BC

10th century BC

9th century BC

YearDateEvent
860 BCFoundation of the Kingdom of Urartu with Aramé.
834 BCReign of Sarduri I who constructs Tushpa (Van). (to 828 BC)
810 BCReign of Menuas who conquers the Araratian fields. (to 785 BC)

8th century BC

YearDateEvent
785 BCReign of Argishtis I.
782 BCConstruction of the fortress of Erebuni (modern Yerevan).

7th century BC

6th century BC

YearDateEvent
585 BCConquest of Urartu by the Medes.
570 BCReign of Orontes I Sakavakyats.
512 BC Armenia is annexed to Persia by Darius I. Urartu is officially called Armenia in the Behistun inscription.

5th century BC

YearDateEvent
401 BC Orontes I (Yervand I).

4th century BC

YearDateEvent
331 BC Alexander the Great attacks Persia and defeats Darius III, but never conquers Armenia. As a result, Armenia regains its independence from Persia.

3rd century BC

2nd century BC

YearDateEvent
190 BC Artaxias I reclaims the sovereignty of Armenia from the Seleucids by establishing the Artaxiad dynasty with Artaxata as the capital.

1st century BC

YearDateEvent
95 BCAccession of power by Tigranes the Great.
93 BCInvasion of Cappadocia
88 BCConquest of Atropatene, Gordyene, and Osrhoene
83 BCConquest of Syria, Phoenicia, and Cilicia
69 BC Tigranes' army is defeated at the Battle of Tigranocerta against Lucullus' Roman army.
68 BCLucullus is beaten off from Artaxata.
67 BCLucullus is recalled to Rome.
66 BC Pompey invades Armenia, but returns to Roman land after being offered a generous sum of money by Tigranes.
55 BC Death of Tigranes the Great. Artavasdes II continues to rule Armenia.
Reign of Artavasdes. (to 34 BC)

Centuries: 1st  · 2nd  · 3rd  · 4th  · 5th  · 6th  · 7th  · 8th  · 9th  · 10th  · 11th  · 12th  · 13th  · 14th  · 15th  · 16th  · 17th  · 18th  · 19th  · 20th

1st century

YearDateEvent
1End of the Artaxiad dynasty in Armenia. Arsacid dynasty of Parthia incorporates Armenia.
53 Tiridates I reaffirms Armenian independence by founding the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia
58Roman general Corbulo invades Armenia with the assistance of the Iberians and Commagenians.
66Tiridates is crowned in Rome by Nero, after he and Corbulo came to an agreement.
72War against the Alans

2nd century

3rd century

YearDateEvent
228 Tiridates II repels Sassanid invasion.
287Beginning of the reign of Tiridates III.

4th century

YearDateEvent
301 Armenia becomes the first official Christian state in the world, King Tiridates III proclaims Christianity as the official state religion of Armenia. Zoroastrianism starts to decline gradually.
330End of Tiridates III's reign.
387Division of Armenia into Western and Eastern parts per the Peace of Acisilene between the Sassanid Persians and Byzantines.
392 Armenia regains its might by the coronation of King Vramshapuh in 392.

5th century

YearDateEvent
405 Mesrop Mashtots invents the Armenian alphabet.
428End of the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia. Marzpanate Armenia era as part of the Sassanid Empire begins.
451The Battle of Avarayr, led by Vartan Mamikonian, secures the Christian religion in Armenia.

6th century

7th century

YearDateEvent
639The first Arab invasion under the leadership of Abd ar-Rahman ibn Rabiah devastates the region of Taron.
642Arabs storm the city of Dvin killing 12,000 its inhabitants and taking 35,000 into slavery.
645Theodorus Rshtuni and other Armenian nakharars accepted Muslim rule over Armenia.
650Armenia becomes the main battleground of the Khazar–Arab Wars & Byzantine–Arab Wars which leaves the lands depopulated. (to 750)

8th century

YearDateEvent
790The Principality of Hamamshen is established in the modern day area of eastern Rize Province, Turkey.

9th century

YearDateEvent
861 Ashot I Bagratuni is recognized as prince of princes by the Baghdad court, followed by a war against local Muslim emirs. (to 862)
885Ashot wins and is thus recognized King of the Armenians by Baghdad in 885.
886Formal recognition of Armenian sovereignty by Constantinople.
891King Ashot I dies and is succeeded by his son Smbat I, in 892.

10th century

YearDateEvent
961King Ashot III (953–977) transfers the capital from Kars to Ani, which came to be considered the "City of a 1001 Churches" which rivaled other metropolises like Baghdad and Constantinople.

11th century

YearDateEvent
1016 Seljuk Turks first appear in the region.
1045Armenia falls to Byzantine troops, and an exodus from the Armenian lands begins.
1064 Byzantine Ani, once the capital of Bagratid Armenia, is conquered and destroyed by the Seljuk Turks.
1071After the Battle of Manzikert, Seljuk dominance is established over Anatolia and a large number of Turkish tribes migrate to the region.
1072The Seljuks sell Ani to the Shaddadid, a Kurdish tribe ruling a territory coinciding with modern-day Armenia.
1078Establishment of the Armenian Principality of Cilicia, led by the Rubenid dynasty.
1095The First Crusade is launched by Pope Urban I.

12th century

YearDateEvent
1187Debut of Leon II's reign as prince.
1194After the decline of the Seljuk dominance in the region, Eastern Anatolia is ruled by a slew of Turkish emirates and tribes, such as the Ahlatshahs, Mengujekids, Saltukids and the Artuqids. (to 1241)
1198Leon II "the Magnificent" managed to secure his crown, becoming the first King of Armenian Cilicia.

13th century

YearDateEvent
1219Death of Leon II.
1241 Mongol Invasion of Anatolia, much of the sedentary population of Armenia is slaughtered. (to 1244)
1256 Turco-Mongol rule continues in Eastern Anatolia under the Ilkhanate rulers and their Turkish and Kurdish vassals. (to 1335)

14th century

YearDateEvent
1335The decline of Mongol power leads Armenia to be dominated once again by Anatolian Turkoman tribes such as the Chobanids. (to 1400)
1375Fall of the Armenian kingdom of Cilicia to the Mameluks of Egypt and their Ramadanid vassals.
1400 Tamerlane's devastating invasion of Georgia, Armenia and Central Anatolia leads to the slaughter of large portions of the population of Armenia and the enslavement of over 60,000 people from Anatolia and the Caucasus.

15th century

YearDateEvent
1405After Tamerlane's death, Anatolia becomes a battleground between the rival tribal confederations of the Ak Koyunlu and the Kara Koyunlu.
1461 Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople established by the then Ottoman Emperor, Mehmed II.
1478Armenian migration to Bruges, Belgium.

16th century

YearDateEvent
1502The Safavid dynasty is established in Persia, that conquers Armenia.
1512Printing of first Armenian books.
1514The Ottoman-Persian Wars rage in the Armenian Highlands for the first time, the Ottomans temporarily gain Western Armenia.
1519Decree of King Sigismund I that Armenians in Poland be governed under code of laws by Mkhitar Gosh.
The first Jelali revolts; clashes between Sunnite Turks and Kurds and Shi'ite Qizilbash cause friction in Eastern Anatolia. (to 1528)
1520Large portions of Armenia are conquered by Selim I.
1532 Ottoman-Safavid War (1532-1555) commences.
1555 Peace of Amasya signed between the Ottomans and Safavids. Western Armenia falls in Ottoman hands, Eastern Armenia stays under Persian rule.
1567Establishment of Armenian printing press in Constantinople.
1598Continuation of the devastating Jelali revolts in Anatolia. (to 1611)

17th century

YearDateEvent
1603 Shah Abbas of Persia invades Ottoman Armenia (to 1618) and reestablishes full control over Eastern Armenia and large parts of Western Armenia as part of his empire.
1605When forced to abandon the siege of Kars, Shah Abbas orders the complete destruction of many Armenian towns and villages and deports over 300,000 Armenians to Persia, of which only half survive.
1623The final Ottoman-Safavid War rages in both parts of historic Armenia.
1639 Treaty of Zuhab signed between the Ottomans and Safavids. Western Armenia falls decisively under Ottoman rule. Safavids remain in possession of Eastern Armenia.
1648Major earthquake in Van.

18th century

YearDateEvent
1712 Sayat Nova, renowned Armenian poet troubadour.
1722 David Bek leads the national liberation movement in 1722, but passes away in 1728.
1747The Persians establish the Karabakh Khanate.
1759Arrival of Hovsep Emin in Armenia
1778Establishment of Nor Nakhichevan

19th century

YearDateEvent
180915 October Khachatur Abovian, renowned novelist, poet, and playwright, is born.
1810Zeitountsi revolts.
1811Mkhitarist order of Vienna founded.
1813 Treaty of Gulistan. All of Eastern Armenia remains under Persian rule, except for the Armenians in Karabakh, which had already de facto become part of the Russian Empire.
1824Founding of Nersessian Academy in Tiflis
1826Nickolas Balian, architect in Constantinople (to 1858)
1827Occupation of Yerevan by Russian forces
1828 Treaty of Turkmanchay. Eastern Armenia is forcefully ceded by Persia to Russia per the Russo-Persian War (1826-1828), strengthening Russian control of Transcaucasus.
1836The Russian government enacts the Polozhenie, a statute greatly restricting the power of the Armenian Church. [1]
1894–1896 Hamidian massacres; an estimated 80,000–300,000 are killed.

20th century

YearDateEvent
1909 Adana massacre: An estimated 15,000–30,000 are killed.
1915 Armenian genocide: An estimated 1,500,000 are killed. (to 1923)
19183 MarchThe Treaty of Brest-Litovsk gives Kars, Ardahan and Batum regions to the Ottoman Empire.
22 May Battle of Sardarapat
28 MayThe Armenian Congress of Eastern Armenians declares the first Republic of Armenia.
4 June Treaty of Batum
30 October Armistice of Mudros, the Ottoman Empire agreeing to leave the Transcaucasus. The Democratic Republic of Armenia assumes control of Western Armenia, now that the Ottomans are forced to leave.
19202 DecemberSoviet-aligned Armenian SSR established (distinct from and opponent of the first Republic of Armenia).
6 DecemberFall of the first Republic of Armenia, fully occupied by the Turkish National Movement and the Red Army (Soviet Union). [2]

Soviet rule

YearDateEvent
192230 DecemberEstablishment of the Soviet Union; Armenian SSR joins the Soviet Union.
19237 July Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast is created granting Armenian autonomy for Nagorno-Karabakh within Azerbaijan SSR.
196524 April 1965 Yerevan demonstrations
198820 February First Nagorno-Karabakh War commences.
7 December Spitak earthquake.

Independence; last decade of the 20th century

YearDateEvent
199121 September Armenian independence referendum
17 OctoberFirst-ever Armenian presidential election, Levon Ter-Petrosyan elected president with overwhelming popular support.
21 DecemberArmenia joins the Commonwealth of Independent States
19929 May Victory in the battle of Shushi
25 JuneArmenia joins the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation
199412 MayFirst Nagorno-Karabakh War formally ends
19955 July Armenian constitutional referendum
19991 July EU-Armenia Partnership and Cooperation Agreement enters into force
27 October Armenian parliament shooting

21st century

YearDateEvent
200125 January Armenia's accession to the Council of Europe
200412 April Robert Kocharyan's government dispersed massive, peaceful protest using excessive force [3]
200819 February 2008 Armenian presidential election
20126 May 2012 Armenian parliamentary election
201318 February 2013 Armenian presidential election
20152 January Armenia's accession to the Eurasian Union
12 January 2015 Gyumri massacre
20161–5 April 2016 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes
20172 April 2017 Armenian parliamentary election
24 NovemberThe Armenia-EU Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement is ratified in Brussels
20182 March 2018 Armenian presidential election
8 May 2018 Armenian Velvet Revolution
9 December 2018 Armenian parliamentary election
202027 September Second Nagorno-Karabakh War commences
10 November 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War formally ends
202120 June 2021 Armenian parliamentary election
202224 JuneArmenia joins the European Political Community
202323 January European Union Mission in Armenia began operations
2023NovemberArmenia joins the International Solar Alliance
202412 MarchThe European Parliament passed a resolution confirming Armenia meets Maastricht Treaty Article 49 requirements and that the country may apply for EU membership.
202412 JuneArmenia joins the Artemis Accords

See also

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References

  1. Suny, Ronald Grigor; "Eastern Armenians under Tsarist Rule" in Armenian People, p. 115
  2. "armenicum". www.conflicts.rem33.com. Archived from the original on 2017-09-14. Retrieved 2018-05-26. Two days later, on December 4, Dro left Erevan for the lake Sevan area where he welcomed the Revkom and, in turn, gave up his power to the new Bolshevik administration. Two more days later, the first units of the red Army entered the Armenian capital. That was the end of the First republic, and independent Armenian statehood was interrupted for more than 70 years until August 1991. (Hovannisian, pp. 386–390)
  3. "Armenia Events of 2004". Human Rights Watch . Retrieved 10 April 2013.

Further reading