Apricot

Last updated

Contents

Apricot
Apricot and cross section.jpg
Apricot and its cross-section
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Rosaceae
Genus: Prunus
Subgenus: Prunus subg. Prunus
Section: Prunus sect. Armeniaca
(Scop.) Koch
Type species
Prunus armeniaca L.
Species

See text.

An apricot ( US: /ˈæprɪkɒt/ ⓘ , UK: /ˈeɪprɪkɒt/ ⓘ ) is a fruit, or the tree that bears the fruit, of several species in the genus Prunus .

Usually an apricot is from the species P. armeniaca , but the fruits of the other species in Prunus sect. Armeniaca are also called apricots. [1]

Etymology

Map of the etymology of "apricot" from Latin via Late and Byzantine Greek to Arabic, Spanish and Catalan, Middle French, and so to English Apricot Etymology Map.svg
Map of the etymology of "apricot" from Latin via Late and Byzantine Greek to Arabic, Spanish and Catalan, Middle French, and so to English

Apricot first appeared in English in the 16th century as abrecock from the Middle French aubercot or later abricot, [2] from Spanish albaricoque and Catalan a(l)bercoc, in turn from Arabic الْبَرْقُوق‎ (al-barqūq, "the plums"), from Byzantine Greek βερικοκκίᾱ (berikokkíā, "apricot tree"), derived from late Greek πραικόκιον (praikókion, "apricot") from Latin [persica ("peach")] praecocia (praecoquus, "early ripening"). [3] [4] [5]

Description

The apricot is a small tree, 8–12 metres (26–39 feet) tall, with a trunk up to 40 centimetres (16 inches) in diameter and a dense, spreading canopy. The leaves are ovate, 5–9 cm (2–3+1⁄2 in) long, and 4–8 cm (1+1⁄2–3 in) wide, with a rounded base, a pointed tip, and a finely serrated margin. The flowers are 2–4.5 cm (3⁄4–1+3⁄4 in) in diameter, with five white to pinkish petals; they are produced singly or in pairs in early spring before the leaves. The fruit is a drupe (stonefruit) similar to a small peach, 1.5–2.5 cm (1⁄2–1 in) diameter (larger in some modern cultivars), from yellow to orange, often tinged red on the side most exposed to the sun; its surface can be smooth (botanically described as: glabrous) or velvety with very short hairs (botanically: pubescent). The flesh is usually succulent, but dry in some species such as P. sibirica . Its taste can range from sweet to tart. The single seed or "kernel" is enclosed in a hard shell, often called a "stone", with a grainy, smooth texture except for three ridges running down one side. [6] [7]

Phytochemistry

Apricots contain various phytochemicals, such as provitamin A beta-carotene and polyphenols, including catechins and chlorogenic acid. [8] Taste and aroma compounds include sucrose, glucose, organic acids, terpenes, aldehydes and lactones. [9]

Apricot leaves Healthy leaves of apricot.jpg
Apricot leaves

Species

Apricots are species belonging to Prunus sect. Armeniaca. The taxonomic position of P. brigantina is disputed. It is grouped with plum species according to chloroplast DNA sequences, [10] but more closely related to apricot species according to nuclear DNA sequences. [11]

Cultivation

Preparing apricots in the grounds of Alchi Monastery, Ladakh, India Preparing apricots. Alchi Monastery, Ladakh.jpg
Preparing apricots in the grounds of Alchi Monastery, Ladakh, India
David Packard's apricot orchard in Los Altos Hills, preserved by the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, is one of the few remaining in Santa Clara County, where apricots were a major crop before the urban sprawl of Silicon Valley. Packard apricots.jpg
David Packard's apricot orchard in Los Altos Hills, preserved by the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, is one of the few remaining in Santa Clara County, where apricots were a major crop before the urban sprawl of Silicon Valley.

Origin and domestication

Prunus armeniaca

The most commonly cultivated apricot P. armeniaca was known in Armenia during ancient times, and has been cultivated there for so long that it was previously thought to have originated there, hence the epithet of its scientific name. [14] However, this is not supported by genetic studies, which instead confirm the hypothesis proposed by Nikolai Vavilov that domestication of P. armeniaca occurred in Central Asia and China. [15] [16] The domesticated apricot then diffused south to South Asia, [15] west to West Asia (including Armenia), Europe and North Africa, and east to Japan. [16]

Prunus mume

Japanese apricot P. mume is another widely cultivated apricot species, usually for ornamental uses. Despite the common name, it originated from China, and was introduced to Japan in ancient times.

Cultivation practices

Drying apricot fruits (Fergana, Uzbekistan) Dried apricot fruits in the field (Fergana, Uzbekistan).jpg
Drying apricot fruits (Fergana, Uzbekistan)

Apricots have a chilling requirement of 300 to 900 chilling units. A dry climate is good for fruit maturation. The tree is slightly more cold-hardy than the peach, tolerating winter temperatures as cold as −30 °C (−22 °F) or lower if healthy. They are hardy in USDA zones 5 through 8. A limiting factor in apricot culture is spring frosts: They tend to flower very early (in early March in western Europe), meaning spring frost can kill the flowers. Furthermore, the trees are sensitive to temperature changes during the winter season. In China, winters can be very cold, but temperatures tend to be more stable than in Europe and especially North America, where large temperature swings can occur in winter. Hybridization with the closely related Prunus sibirica (Siberian apricot; hardy to −50 °C (−58 °F) but with less palatable fruit) offers options for breeding more cold-tolerant plants. [17] They prefer well-drained soils with a pH of 6.0 to 7.0. [18]

Apricot cultivars are usually grafted onto plum or peach rootstocks. The cultivar scion provides the fruit characteristics, such as flavor and size, but the rootstock provides the growth characteristics of the plant. Some of the more popular US apricot cultivars are 'Blenheim', 'Wenatchee Moorpark', 'Tilton', and 'Perfection'. Some apricot cultivars are self-compatible, so do not require pollinizer trees; others are not: 'Moongold' and 'Sungold', for example, must be planted in pairs so they can pollinate each other. [19]

Hybridisors have created what is known as a "black apricot" or "purple apricot", ( Prunus dasycarpa ), a hybrid of an apricot and the cherry plum ( Prunus cerasifera ). Other apricot–plum hybrids are variously called plumcots, apriplums, pluots, or apriums. [20]

Pests and diseases

Apricot production – 2020
Country2020
(millions of tonnes)
Flag of Turkey.svg  Turkey 0.83
Flag of Uzbekistan.svg  Uzbekistan 0.53
Flag of Iran.svg  Iran 0.33
Flag of Algeria.svg  Algeria 0.19
Flag of Italy.svg  Italy 0.17
World3.72
Source: FAOSTAT, United Nations [21]

Apricots are susceptible to various diseases whose relative importance differs in the major production regions as a consequence of their climatic differences. For example, hot weather as experienced in California's Central Valley often causes pit burn, a condition of soft and brown fruit around the pit. [22] Bacterial diseases include bacterial spot and crown gall. Fungal diseases include brown rot caused by Monilinia fructicola : infection of the blossom by rainfall leads to "blossom wilt" [23] whereby the blossoms and young shoots turn brown and die; the twigs die back in a severe attack; brown rot of the fruit is due to Monilinia infection later in the season. Dieback of branches in the summer is attributed to the fungus Eutypa lata , where examination of the base of the dead branch reveals a canker surrounding a pruning wound. [24] Other fungal diseases are black knot, Alternaria spot and fruit rot, and powdery mildew. [25] Unlike peaches, apricots are not affected by leaf curl, and bacterial canker (causing sunken patches in the bark, which then spread and kill the affected branch or tree) and silver leaf are not serious threats, which means that pruning in late winter is considered safe. [23]

Kernel

Due to their natural amygdalin content culinary uses for the kernel are limited. Oil made from apricot kernels is safe for human consumption without treatment because amygdalin is not oil soluble. Ground up shells are used in cosmetics as an exfoliant. [26] As an exfoliant it provides an environmentally friendly alternative to plastic microbeads. [27]

Production

In 2020, world production of apricots was 3.72 million tonnes, led by Turkey with 22% of the total. Other major producers (in descending order) were Uzbekistan, Iran, Italy, and Algeria. [21] Malatya is the center of Turkey's apricot industry. [28]

Toxicity

Apricot kernels (seeds) contain amygdalin, a poisonous compound. On average, bitter apricot kernels contain about 5% amygdalin and sweet kernels about 0.9% amygdalin. These values correspond to 0.3% and 0.05% of cyanide. Since a typical apricot kernel weighs 600 mg, bitter and sweet varieties contain, respectively, 1.8 and 0.3 mg of cyanide. [29]

Uses

Apricot kernels can be made into a plant milk. [30]

Nutrition

Apricots, dried
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy 1,009 kJ (241 kcal)
63 g
Sugars 53 g
Dietary fiber 7 g
Fat
0.5 g
3.4 g
Vitamins Quantity
%DV†
Vitamin A equiv.
20%
180 μg
20%
2163 μg
Thiamine (B1)
1%
0.015 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
6%
0.074 mg
Niacin (B3)
16%
2.589 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)
10%
0.516 mg
Vitamin B6
8%
0.143 mg
Folate (B9)
3%
10 μg
Vitamin C
1%
1 mg
Vitamin E
29%
4.33 mg
Vitamin K
3%
3.1 μg
Minerals Quantity
%DV†
Calcium
4%
55 mg
Iron
15%
2.66 mg
Magnesium
8%
32 mg
Manganese
10%
0.235 mg
Phosphorus
6%
71 mg
Potassium
39%
1162 mg
Sodium
0%
10 mg
Zinc
3%
0.29 mg
Link to USDA Database entry
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults, [31] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies. [32]
Apricots, raw
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy 201 kJ (48 kcal)
11 g
Sugars 9 g
Dietary fiber 2 g
Fat
0.4 g
1.4 g
Vitamins Quantity
%DV†
Vitamin A equiv.
11%
96 μg
10%
1094 μg
89 μg
Thiamine (B1)
3%
0.03 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
3%
0.04 mg
Niacin (B3)
4%
0.6 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)
5%
0.24 mg
Vitamin B6
3%
0.054 mg
Folate (B9)
2%
9 μg
Vitamin C
11%
10 mg
Vitamin E
6%
0.89 mg
Vitamin K
3%
3.3 μg
Minerals Quantity
%DV†
Calcium
1%
13 mg
Iron
2%
0.4 mg
Magnesium
2%
10 mg
Manganese
3%
0.077 mg
Phosphorus
2%
23 mg
Potassium
9%
259 mg
Sodium
0%
1 mg
Zinc
2%
0.2 mg
Other constituentsQuantity
Water86 g
Link to USDA Database entry
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults, [31] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies. [32]

In a 100-gram amount, raw apricots supply 48 Calories and are composed of 11% carbohydrates, 1% protein, less than 1% fat, and 86% water (table). Raw apricots are a moderate source of vitamin A and vitamin C (12% of the Daily Value each).

Dried apricots

Dried apricots are a type of traditional dried fruit. The world's largest producer of dried apricots is Turkey. [33] When treated with sulfur dioxide (E220), the color is vivid orange. Organic fruit not treated with sulfur dioxide is darker in color and has a coarser texture. When apricots are dried, the relative concentration of nutrients is increased, with vitamin A, vitamin E, potassium, and iron having Daily Values above 25% (table).[ citation needed ]

In culture

The apricot is the national fruit of Armenia, mostly growing in the Ararat plain. [34] [35] It is often depicted on souvenirs. [36]

The Chinese associate the apricot with education and medicine. For instance, the classical word 杏 壇 (literally: "apricot altar") (xìng tán 杏坛) which means "educational circle", is still widely used in written language. Chuang Tzu, a Chinese philosopher in the fourth century BC, told a story that Confucius taught his students in a forum surrounded by the wood of apricot trees. [37] The association with medicine in turn comes from the common use of apricot kernels as a component in traditional Chinese medicine, and from the story of Dong Feng (董奉), a physician during the Three Kingdoms period, who required no payment from his patients except that they plant apricot trees in his orchard upon recovering from their illnesses, resulting in a large grove of apricot trees and a steady supply of medicinal ingredients. [38] The term "expert of the apricot grove" (杏林高手) is still used as a poetic reference to physicians.[ citation needed ]

The fact that apricot season is short and unreliable in Egypt has given rise to the common Egyptian Arabic and Palestinian Arabic expression filmishmish ("in apricot [season]") or bukra filmishmish ("tomorrow in apricot [season]"), generally uttered as a riposte to an unlikely prediction, or as a rash promise to fulfill a request. [39] This adynaton has the same sense as the English expression "when pigs fly". [40]

In Middle Eastern and North African cuisines, apricots are used to make Qamar al-Din (lit. "Moon of the faith"), a thick apricot drink that is a popular fixture at Iftar during Ramadan. Qamar al-Din is believed to originate in Damascus, Syria, where the variety of apricots most suitable for the drink was first grown. [41] [42]

In Jewish culture, apricots are commonly eaten as part of the Tu Bishvat seder. [43]

The Turkish idiom bundan iyisi Şam'da kayısı (literally, "the only thing better than this is an apricot in Damascus") means "it doesn't get any better than this".[ citation needed ]

In the U.S. Marines it is considered exceptionally bad luck to eat or possess apricots, [44] especially near tanks. [45] This superstition has been documented since at least the Vietnam War and is often cited as originating in World War II. Even calling them by their name is considered unlucky, [46] so they are instead called "cots", [47] "Forbidden fruit" or "A-fruit". [48]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Almond</span> Species of nut

The almond is a species of small tree from the genus Prunus, cultivated worldwide for its seed, a culinary nut. Along with the peach, it is classified in the subgenus Amygdalus, distinguished from the other subgenera by corrugations on the shell (endocarp) surrounding the seed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Amygdalin</span> Cyanogenic glycoside present in kernels of fruit

Amygdalin is a naturally occurring chemical compound found in many plants, most notably in the seeds (kernels) of apricots, bitter almonds, apples, peaches, cherries and plums, and in the roots of manioc.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Peach</span> Type of fruit tree, or its fruit

The peach is a deciduous tree first domesticated and cultivated in Zhejiang province of Eastern China. It bears edible juicy fruits with various characteristics, most called peaches and others, nectarines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cherry</span> Fruit of some plants of the genus Prunus

A cherry is the fruit of many plants of the genus Prunus, and is a fleshy drupe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Plum</span> Edible fruit

A plum is a fruit of some species in Prunus subg. Prunus. Dried plums are most often called prunes, though in the United States they may be just labeled as 'dried plums', especially during the 21st century.

<i>Prunus</i> Genus of trees and shrubs

Prunus is a genus of trees and shrubs in the flowering plant family Rosaceae that includes plums, cherries, peaches, nectarines, apricots, and almonds. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution, being native to the North American temperate regions, the neotropics of South America, and temperate and tropical regions of Asia and Africa, There are 340 accepted species. Many members of the genus are widely cultivated for their fruit and for decorative purposes. Prunus fruit are drupes, or stone fruits. The fleshy mesocarp surrounding the endocarp is edible while the endocarp itself forms a hard, inedible shell called the pyrena. This shell encloses the seed, which is edible in some species, but poisonous in many others. Besides being eaten off the hand, most Prunus fruit are also commonly used in processing, such as jam production, canning, drying, and the seeds for roasting.

<i>Prunus mume</i> East Asian tree species

Prunus mume is a Chinese tree species classified in the Armeniaca section of the genus Prunus subgenus Prunus. Its common names include Chinese plum,Japanese plum, and Japanese apricot. The flower, long a beloved subject in the traditional painting and poetry of Sinospheric countries, is usually called plum blossom. This distinct tree species is related to both the plum and apricot trees. Although generally referred to as a plum in English, it is more closely related to the apricot. In East Asian cuisine, the fruit of the tree is used in juices, as a flavouring for alcohol, as a pickle, and in sauces. It is also used in traditional medicine.

<i>Prunus laurocerasus</i> Species of plant

Prunus laurocerasus, also known as cherry laurel, common laurel and sometimes English laurel in North America, is an evergreen species of cherry (Prunus), native to regions bordering the Black Sea in southwestern Asia and southeastern Europe, from Albania and Bulgaria east through Turkey to the Caucasus Mountains and northern Iran.

<i>Prunus armeniaca</i> Species of apricot

Prunus armeniaca is the most commonly cultivated apricot species. The native range is somewhat uncertain due to its extensive prehistoric cultivation. Genetic studies indicate Central Asia is the center of origin. It is extensively cultivated in many countries and has escaped into the wild in many places.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Loquat</span> Species of plant

The loquat, called biwa in Japan, is a large evergreen shrub or tree grown commercially for its orange fruit and for its leaves, which are used to make herbal tea. It is also cultivated as an ornamental plant.

<i>Prunus salicina</i> Species of tree

Prunus salicina, commonly called the Japanese plum or Chinese plum, is a small deciduous tree native to China. It is now also grown in fruit orchards in Vietnam, Korea, Japan, Israel, the United States, and Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Plum pox</span> Viral plant disease

Plum pox, also known as sharka, is the most devastating viral disease of stone fruit from the genus Prunus. The disease is caused by the plum pox virus (PPV), and the different strains may infect a variety of stone fruit species including peaches, apricots, plums, nectarine, almonds, and sweet and tart cherries. Wild and ornamental species of Prunus may also become infected by some strains of the virus.

<i>Prunus maritima</i> Species of tree

Prunus maritima, the beach plum, is a species of plum native to the East Coast of the United States. It is a choice wild edible and its few pests and salt tolerance make it a resilient fruit crop for degraded lands and urban soils.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Apricot oil</span>

Apricot oil or apricot kernel oil is pressed from the kernels of the Prunus armeniaca (apricot). Apricot kernels have an oil content of 40-50%. The oil is similar to almond oil and peach oil, both of which are also extracted from the kernels of the respective fruit.

<i>Prunus <span style="font-style:normal;">subg.</span> Prunus</i> Subgenus of plants

Prunus subg. Prunus is a subgenus of Prunus. This subgenus includes plums, apricots and bush cherries. Some species conventionally included in Prunus subg. Amygdalus are clustered with plum/apricot species according to molecular phylogenetic studies. Shi et al. (2013) has incorporated subg. Amygdalus into subg. Prunus, thereby including almonds and peaches in this subgenus. The species in this subgenus have solitary flowers or 2–3 in a fascicle.

<i>Prunus brigantina</i> Species of tree

Prunus brigantina, called Briançon apricot, Briançon plum, marmot plum, and Alpine apricot, is a wild tree species native to France and Italy. Its fruit is edible and similar to the commercial apricot P. armeniaca, but it is smooth unlike apricots. An edible oil produced from the seed, 'huile des marmottes', is used in France.

<i>Prunus sibirica</i> Species of plant

Prunus sibirica, commonly known as Siberian apricot, is a species of shrub or small tree native to northern China, Korea, Mongolia, and eastern Siberia. It is classified in the rose family, Rosaceae, and is one of several species whose fruit are called apricot, although this species is rarely cultivated for its fruit. The species was named by Carl Linnaeus in 1753.

<i>Prunus mandshurica</i> Tree in the genus Prunus

Prunus mandshurica, also called Manchurian apricot and scout apricot, is a tree in the genus Prunus.

<i>Prunus simonii</i> Species of tree

Prunus simonii, called apricot plum and Simon plum, is a tree in the genus Prunus. It was first described by Elie-Abel Carrière in 1872 and is native to Hebei province, China. The species is not known in a truly wild state. It has been important for breeding commercial plum cultivars from crosses with other species of the genus Prunus. The species is named for Gabriel Eugène Simon (1829–1896), a French botanist and diplomat who sent pits to the Paris Museum in the early 1860s while he was representing the French government in China. Beginning about 1881, the species became commonly known in the United States; having been introduced there from France.

<i>Prunus <span style="font-style:normal;">sect.</span> Prunus</i> Section of plants

Prunus sect. Prunus is a section of Prunus subg. Prunus. It contains species of Eurasian plum.

References

  1. ↑ Shi, Shuo; Li, Jinlu; Sun, Jiahui; Yu, Jing; Zhou, Shiliang (2013). "Phylogeny and classification of Prunus sensu lato (Rosaceae)". Journal of Integrative Plant Biology. 55 (11): 1069–1079. doi:10.1111/jipb.12095. ISSN   1744-7909. PMID   23945216. Archived from the original on 2021-01-28. Retrieved 2021-02-16.
  2. ↑ "abricot (French) Archived 2017-09-22 at the Wayback Machine ". Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales.
  3. ↑ "apricot". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary .
  4. ↑ "apricot". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins.
  5. ↑ Dean, Sam (9 May 2013). "On the Etymology of the Word Apricot". Bon Appetit. Archived from the original on 22 October 2018. Retrieved 22 October 2018.
  6. ↑ Flora of China: Armeniaca Archived 2021-09-06 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ↑ Rushforth, K. (1999). Trees of Britain and Europe. Collins ISBN   0-00-220013-9.
  8. ↑ Campbell, O. E.; Merwin, I. A.; Padilla-Zakour, O. I. (2013). "Characterization and the effect of maturity at harvest on the phenolic and carotenoid content of Northeast USA Apricot (Prunus armeniaca) varieties". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 61 (51): 12700–10. doi:10.1021/jf403644r. PMID   24328399.
  9. ↑ Xi, W; Zheng, H; Zhang, Q; Li, W (2016). "Profiling Taste and Aroma Compound Metabolism during Apricot Fruit Development and Ripening". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 17 (7): 998. doi: 10.3390/ijms17070998 . PMC   4964374 . PMID   27347931.
  10. ↑ Reales, Antonio; Sargent, Daniel J.; Tobutt, Ken R.; Rivera, Diego (2010-01-01). "Phylogenetics of Eurasian plums, Prunus L. section Prunus (Rosaceae), according to coding and non-coding chloroplast DNA sequences". Tree Genetics & Genomes. 6 (1): 37–45. doi:10.1007/s11295-009-0226-9. ISSN   1614-2950. S2CID   31215875. Archived from the original on 2023-01-16. Retrieved 2021-03-29.
  11. ↑ Liu, Shuo; Decroocq, Stephane; Harte, Elodie; Tricon, David; Chague, Aurelie; Balakishiyeva, Gulnara; Kostritsyna, Tatiana; Turdiev, Timur; Saux, Marion Fisher-Le; Dallot, Sylvie; Giraud, Tatiana (2021-01-05). "Genetic diversity and population structure analyses in the Alpine plum (Prunus brigantina Vill.) confirm its affiliation to the Armeniaca section". Tree Genetics & Genomes. 17 (1): 2. doi:10.1007/s11295-020-01484-6. ISSN   1614-2950. S2CID   230795948. Archived from the original on 2023-01-16. Retrieved 2021-03-29.
  12. ↑ Service, Statesman News (2022-12-19). "Ladakh got its first GI Tag for it's [sic] famous Raktsey Karpo Apricot". The Statesman. Retrieved 2024-02-10.
  13. ↑ Angmo, Phunchok; Angmo, Stanzin; Upadhyay, Shiv S.; Targais, Konchok; Kumar, Bhuvnesh; Stobdan, Tsering (2017-04-14). "Apricots (Prunus armeniaca L.) of trans-Himalayan Ladakh: Potential candidate for fruit quality breeding programs". Scientia Horticulturae. 218: 187–192. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2017.02.032. ISSN   0304-4238.
  14. ↑ "VII Symposium on Apricot Culture and Decline". International Society for Horticultural Science. Archived from the original on 2003-05-21. Retrieved 2012-06-22.
  15. 1 2 Liu, Shuo; Cornille, Amandine; Decroocq, Stéphane; Tricon, David; Chague, Aurélie; Eyquard, Jean-Philippe; Liu, Wei-Sheng; Giraud, Tatiana; Decroocq, Véronique (2019). "The complex evolutionary history of apricots: Species divergence, gene flow and multiple domestication events". Molecular Ecology. 28 (24): 5299–5314. doi:10.1111/mec.15296. ISSN   1365-294X. PMID   31677192. S2CID   207833328. Archived from the original on 2020-06-23. Retrieved 2021-02-17.
  16. 1 2 Bourguiba, Hedia; Scotti, Ivan; Sauvage, Christopher; Zhebentyayeva, Tetyana; Ledbetter, Craig; Krška, Boris; Remay, Arnaud; D’Onofrio, Claudio; Iketani, Hiroyuki; Christen, Danilo; Krichen, Lamia (2020). "Genetic structure of a worldwide germplasm collection of Prunus armeniaca L. reveals three major diffusion routes for varieties coming from the species' center of origin". Frontiers in Plant Science. 11: 638. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00638 . ISSN   1664-462X. PMC   7261834 . PMID   32523597.
  17. ↑ "Prunus sibirica Siberian Apricot PFAF Plant Database". pfaf.org. Archived from the original on 2021-11-16. Retrieved 2013-11-17.
  18. ↑ "Apricots". www.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 2023-01-27.
  19. ↑ Herrera, Sara; Lora, Jorge; Hormaza, José I.; Herrero, Maria; Rodrigo, Javier (2018). "Optimizing Production in the New Generation of Apricot Cultivars: Self-incompatibility, S-RNase Allele Identification, and Incompatibility Group Assignment". Frontiers in Plant Science. 9: 527. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00527 . ISSN   1664-462X. PMC   5935046 . PMID   29755489.
  20. ↑ "Adorable Apricots – The Essential Guide to probably everything you need to know about growing Apricot – Prunus armeniaca". The Permaculture Research Institute. 2023-01-10. Retrieved 2023-01-27.
  21. 1 2 "Production Quantities of Apricots by Country in 2020; Crops/World Regions/Production Quantity from picklists". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Statistics Division (FAOSTAT). 2022. Archived from the original on 12 November 2016. Retrieved 8 May 2022.
  22. ↑ Ingels, Chuck; et al. (2007). The Home Orchard: Growing Your Own Deciduous Fruit and Nut Trees. University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources. p. 27. ISBN   978-1-879906-72-3.
  23. 1 2 Hessayon, D.G. (2004). The Fruit Expert. London: Expert Books.
  24. ↑ Munkvold, Gary P. (2001). "Eutypa Dieback of Grapevine and Apricot". Plant Health Progress. 2: 9. doi: 10.1094/PHP-2001-0219-01-DG .
  25. ↑ Diseases of Apricot Archived 2016-06-24 at the Wayback Machine . The American Phytopathological Society
  26. ↑ Southey, Flora (14 May 2021). "Are fruit seeds the new nuts?". foodnavigator.com. Food Navigator. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
  27. ↑ Pierre-Louis, Kendra (8 October 2015). "800 Trillion Plastic Microbeads Go Down Drains Every Day". pbs.org. PBS. Archived from the original on 9 May 2022. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
  28. ↑ Denker, Joel (14 June 2016). "'Moon Of The Faith:' A History Of The Apricot And Its Many Pleasures". npr.org. National Public Radio. Archived from the original on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
  29. ↑ "Apricot kernels pose risk of cyanide poisoning | EFSA". www.efsa.europa.eu. 27 April 2016. Retrieved 2023-01-27.
  30. ↑ Cornall, Jim (10 March 2022). "The latest in dairy alternatives: Taiwan company debuts apricot kernel drink". dairyreporter.com. Dairy Reporter. Archived from the original on 14 March 2022. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
  31. 1 2 United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels" . Retrieved 2024-03-28.
  32. 1 2 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US). ISBN   978-0-309-48834-1. PMID   30844154.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  33. ↑ Smith, Andrew F. (ed.) (2007). The Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink. Oxford University Press. ISBN   9780195307962. p. 22.
  34. ↑ Lehmann, Maike (2015). "Apricot Socialism: The National Past, the Soviet Project, and the Imagining of Community in Late Soviet Armenia". Slavic Review . 74 (1): 13. doi:10.5612/slavicreview.74.1.9. S2CID   155915149. The apricot, being the Armenian national fruit...
  35. ↑ Grigoryan, Marianna (25 June 2010). "Apricot Farmers Struggling in Armenia amid Crop Failure". EurasiaNet. Archived from the original on 14 July 2018. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
  36. ↑ Schleifer, Yigal (2 July 2010). "More on Armenia's Bitter Apricot Harvest". EurasiaNet. Archived from the original on 14 July 2018. Retrieved 15 July 2018. As a symbol of national pride the image of apricots is included in Armenian souvenirs.
  37. ↑ "《莊子·漁父》". Ctext.org. Archived from the original on 2013-05-22. Retrieved 2012-06-22.
  38. ↑ Guo, Zhaojiang (1995). "Chinese Confucian culture and the medical ethical tradition". Journal of Medical Ethics. 21 (4): 239–246. doi:10.1136/jme.21.4.239. PMC   1376720 . PMID   7473645.
  39. ↑ Al Qasimi, Nouf (16 August 2012). "There's an old Arabic proverb: You can have apricots tomorrow". The National . Retrieved 18 August 2023.
  40. ↑ Al Qasimi, Nouf. "Mish Mish". Jewish Film Institute. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
  41. ↑ Robertson, Amy (2017-06-08). "All Over The World, Thirsty Muslims Have Their Ramadan Go-To Drinks". NPR. Archived from the original on 2019-08-07. Retrieved 2018-05-22.
  42. ↑ Denker, Joel (2016-06-14). "'Moon Of The Faith:' A History Of The Apricot And Its Many Pleasures". NPR. Archived from the original on 2019-08-08. Retrieved 2018-05-22.
  43. ↑ Administrator (2018-01-21). "The Tu B'Shevat Seder". Anglo-List. Retrieved 2023-01-27.
  44. ↑ S.SGT. Bob Donner. "Taste for Apricots Canned at Cua Viet". US Marines Armored Tractor Division. Archived from the original on 2017-09-06. Retrieved 2017-09-02.
  45. ↑ Cpl. Derek A. Shoemake (October 27, 2000). "Apricots, AAVs no happy pair". Archived from the original on September 2, 2017. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
  46. ↑ Michael M. Phillips (March 3, 2003). "Superstitions Abound at Camp As Soldiers Await War in Iraq". Archived from the original on September 2, 2017. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
  47. ↑ Paul Dickson (1994). War Slang: American Fighting Words & Phrases Since the Civil War . Pocket Books. p.  267. ISBN   9780671750220.
  48. ↑ Sicard, Sarah (2021-05-23). "Why tankers are terrified of apricots". Military Times . Retrieved 2023-01-27.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.