Prunus armeniaca

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Prunus armeniaca
Apricots.jpg
Apricot fruits
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Rosaceae
Genus: Prunus
Subgenus: Prunus subg. Prunus
Section: Prunus sect. Armeniaca
Species:
P. armeniaca
Binomial name
Prunus armeniaca
L.
Synonyms [2] [3]
  • Amygdalus armeniaca(L.) Dumort.
  • Armeniaca ansu(Maxim.) Kostina
  • Armeniaca vulgaris Lam.
  • Prunus ansu(Maxim.) Kom.
  • Armeniaca holosericea(Batalin) Kostina
  • Armeniaca armeniaca(L.) Huth
  • Prunus tiliifoliaSalisb.
  • Prunus xanthocarposHort. ex C.Koch

Prunus armeniaca is the most commonly cultivated apricot species. The native range is somewhat uncertain due to its extensive prehistoric cultivation. Genetic studies indicate Central Asia is the center of origin. [4] [5] It is extensively cultivated in many countries and has escaped into the wild in many places. [6] [7] [8]

Contents

The specific epithet armeniaca refers to the country of Armenia in Western Asia. [9]

Description

Prunus armeniaca is a small tree, 8–12 m (26–39 ft) tall, with a trunk up to 40 cm (16 in) in diameter and a dense, spreading canopy. The leaves are ovate, 5–9 cm (2.0–3.5 in) long and 4–8 cm (1.6–3.1 in) wide, with a rounded base, a pointed tip and a finely serrated margin. The flowers are 2–4.5 cm (0.8–1.8 in) in diameter, with five white to pinkish petals; they are produced singly or in pairs in early spring before the leaves. The fruit is a drupe similar to a small peach, 1.5–2.5 cm (0.6–1.0 in) diameter (larger in some modern cultivars), from yellow to orange, often tinged red on the side most exposed to the sun; its surface can be smooth (botanically described as: glabrous) or velvety with very short hairs (botanically: pubescent). The flesh (mesocarp) is succulent and its taste can range from sweet to tart. The single seed is enclosed in a hard, stony shell, often called a "stone", with a grainy, smooth texture except for three ridges running down one side. [10] [11]

Varieties

According to the Catalogue of Life and Flora of China, there are six varieties of P. armeniaca: [11] [12]

Cultivation and uses

Origin, domestication and diffusion

Preparing apricots in the grounds of Alchi Monastery, Ladakh, India Preparing apricots. Alchi Monastery, Ladakh.jpg
Preparing apricots in the grounds of Alchi Monastery, Ladakh, India
David Packard's apricot orchard in Los Altos Hills, preserved by the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, is one of the few remaining in Santa Clara County, where apricots were a major crop before the urban sprawl of Silicon Valley. Packard apricots.jpg
David Packard's apricot orchard in Los Altos Hills, preserved by the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, is one of the few remaining in Santa Clara County, where apricots were a major crop before the urban sprawl of Silicon Valley.

According to the Soviet botanist Nikolai Vavilov, the center of origin of P. armeniaca is Central Asia, where its domestication would have taken place, and China is another center of domestication. [13] His hypothesis has been confirmed by genetic studies. [4] [5]

There were at least three independent domestication events in the demographic history of P. armeniaca: [4]

The cultivated apricot diffused westward by two main routes: one is Central Asia → West Asia → Mediterranean Europe & North Africa, and the other is Central Asia → continental Europe. In addition, the cultivated apricot from Japan had a minor contribution to that in Mediterranean Europe. [5]

History of cultivation

The apricot was known in Armenia during ancient times, and has been cultivated there for so long that it was previously thought to have originated there. [14] An archaeological excavation at Garni in Armenia found apricot seeds in a Chalcolithic-era site. [15] Its scientific name Prunus armeniaca (Armenian plum) derives from that assumption. For example, Belgian arborist Baron de Poerderlé, writing in the 1770s, asserted, "Cet arbre tire son nom de l'Arménie, province d'Asie, d'où il est originaire et d'où il fut porté en Europe ..." ("this tree takes its name from Armenia, province of Asia, where it is native, and whence it was brought to Europe ..."). [16] A large variety of apricots, around 50, are grown in Armenia today. [14]

Apricots have been cultivated in China since no later than 1000 BC. [17] Beginning in about the seventh century, apricots in China have been preserved by various methods, including salting and smoking, and the more common drying. Hubei is noted for its black smoked apricots. [18]

Its introduction to Greece is attributed to Alexander the Great. [19]

Apricots have been cultivated in Persia since antiquity, and dried ones were an important commodity on Persian trade routes. Apricots remain an important fruit in modern-day Iran.[ citation needed ]

An article on Apricot cultivation in Andalusia of Spain is brought down in Ibn al-'Awwam's 12th-century agricultural work, Book on Agriculture. [20]

Egyptians usually dry apricots, add sweetener, and then use them to make a drink called amar al-dīn.[ citation needed ]

In England during the 17th century, apricot oil was used in herbalism treatments intended to act against tumors, swelling, and ulcers. [21]

In the 17th century, English settlers brought the apricot to the English colonies in the New World. Most of modern American production of apricots comes from the seedlings carried to the West Coast by Spanish missionaries. Almost all U.S. commercial production is in California, with some in Washington and Utah. [22]

Apricots drying on the ground in Turkey Apricots Drying In Cappadocia.JPG
Apricots drying on the ground in Turkey

Today, apricot cultivation has spread to all parts of the globe having climates that can support its growth needs.

Uses

Seeds or kernels of the apricot grown in central Asia and around the Mediterranean are so sweet, they may be substituted for almonds.[ citation needed ] The Italian liqueur amaretto and amaretti biscotti are flavoured with extract of apricot kernels rather than almonds.[ citation needed ] Oil pressed from these cultivar kernels, and known as oil of almond, has been used as cooking oil. Kernels contain between 2.05% and 2.40% hydrogen cyanide, but normal consumption is insufficient to produce serious effects. [23] [ clarification needed ]

Etymology

The scientific name armeniaca was first used by Gaspard Bauhin in his Pinax Theatri Botanici (page 442), referring to the species as Mala armeniaca "Armenian apple". It is sometimes stated that this came from Pliny the Elder, but it was not used by Pliny. Linnaeus took up Bauhin's epithet in the first edition of his Species Plantarum in 1753. [24]

The name apricot is probably derived from a tree mentioned as praecocia by Pliny. Pliny says "We give the name of apples (mala) ... to peaches (persica) and pomegranates (granata) ..." [25] Later in the same section he states "The Asiatic peach ripens at the end of autumn, though an early variety (praecocia) ripens in summer – these were discovered within the last thirty years ...".

The classical authors connected Greek armeniaca with Latin praecocia: [26] Pedanius Dioscorides' " ... Ἀρμενιακὰ, Ῥωμαιστὶ δὲ βρεκόκκια" [27] and Martial's "Armeniaca, et praecocia latine dicuntur". [28] Putting together the Armeniaca and the Mala obtains the well-known epithet, but there is no evidence the ancients did it; Armeniaca alone meant the apricot. Nonetheless, the 12th century Andalusian agronomist Ibn al-'Awwam refers to the species in the title of chapter 40 of his Kitab al-Filaha as والتفاح الارمني, "apple from Armenia", stating that it is the same as المشمش or البرقوق ("al-mishmish" or "al-barqūq").

Accordingly, the American Heritage Dictionary under apricot derives praecocia from praecoquus, "cooked or ripened beforehand" [in this case meaning early ripening], becoming Greek πραικόκιονpraikókion "apricot" and Arabic البرقوق al-barqūq, a term that has been used for a variety of different members of the genus Prunus (it currently refers primarily to the plum in most varieties of Arabic, but some writers use it as a catchall term for Prunus fruit).

The English name comes from earlier "abrecock" in turn from the Middle French abricot, from Catalan abercoc in turn from Spanish albaricoque. [29] The Spanish albaricoque were adaptation of the Arabic البرقوق (al-barqūq), dating from the Moorish rule of Spain. Al-barquq in its turn comes from the Aramaic/Syriac word of barquqyo.

However, in Argentina and Chile the word for "apricot" is damasco, which could indicate that, to the Spanish settlers of these countries, the fruit was associated with Damascus in Syria. [30] The word damasco is also the word for "apricot" in Portuguese (both European and Brazilian, though in Portugal the words alperce and albricoque are also used).

In culture

An Armenian stamp featuring Prunus armeniaca. ArmenianStamps-407.jpg
An Armenian stamp featuring Prunus armeniaca.

The Chinese associate the apricot with education and medicine. For instance, the classical word 杏壇 (literally: 'apricot altar') which means "educational circle", is still widely used in written language. Chuang Tzu, a Chinese philosopher in the 4th century BCE, told a story that Confucius taught his students in a forum surrounded by the wood of apricot trees. [31] The association with medicine in turn comes from the common use of apricot kernels as a component in traditional Chinese medicine, and from the story of Dong Feng (董奉), a physician during the Three Kingdoms period, who required no payment from his patients except that they plant apricot trees in his orchard on recovering from their illnesses, resulting in a large grove of apricot trees and a steady supply of medicinal ingredients. The term "Expert of the Apricot Grove" (杏林高手) is still used as a poetic reference to physicians.

In Armenia, the wood of the apricot tree is used for making wood carvings such as the duduk , which is a popular wind instrument in Armenia and is also called "apricot pipe" (Armenian : ծիրանափող, romanized: ciranap'oġ). Several hand-made souvenirs are also made from the apricot wood. The colour is used on the flag of Armenia.

See also

Related Research Articles

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The almond is a species of small tree from the genus Prunus, cultivated worldwide for its seed, a culinary nut. Along with the peach, it is classified in the subgenus Amygdalus, distinguished from the other subgenera by corrugations on the shell (endocarp) surrounding the seed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pluot</span> Hybrid fruit

Pluots, apriums, apriplums, plumcots or pluclots are some of the hybrids between different Prunus species that are also called interspecific plums. Whereas plumcots and apriplums are first-generation hybrids between a plum parent and an apricot, pluots and apriums are later-generations. Both names "plumcot" and "apriplum" have been used for trees derived from a plum seed parent, and are therefore equivalent.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Peach</span> Type of fruit tree, or its fruit

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Apricot</span> Cultivated fruit

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Plum</span> Edible fruit

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<i>Prunus</i> Genus of trees and shrubs

Prunus is a genus of trees and shrubs in the flowering plant family Rosaceae that includes plums, cherries, peaches, nectarines, apricots, and almonds. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution, being native to the North American temperate regions, the neotropics of South America, and temperate and tropical regions of Asia and Africa, There are 340 accepted species. Many members of the genus are widely cultivated for their fruit and for decorative purposes. Prunus fruit are drupes, or stone fruits. The fleshy mesocarp surrounding the endocarp is edible while the endocarp itself forms a hard, inedible shell called the pyrena. This shell encloses the seed, which is edible in some species, but poisonous in many others. Besides being eaten off the hand, most Prunus fruit are also commonly used in processing, such as jam production, canning, drying, and the seeds for roasting.

<i>Prunus mume</i> East Asian tree species

Prunus mume is a Chinese tree species classified in the Armeniaca section of the genus Prunus subgenus Prunus. Its common names include Chinese plum,Japanese plum, and Japanese apricot. The flower, long a beloved subject in the traditional painting and poetry of Sinospheric countries, is usually called plum blossom. This distinct tree species is related to both the plum and apricot trees. Although generally referred to as a plum in English, it is more closely related to the apricot. In East Asian cuisine, the fruit of the tree is used in juices, as a flavouring for alcohol, as a pickle, and in sauces. It is also used in traditional medicine.

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<i>Prunus americana</i> Species of tree

Prunus americana, commonly called the American plum, wild plum, or Marshall's large yellow sweet plum, is a species of Prunus native to North America from Saskatchewan and Idaho south to New Mexico and east to Québec, Maine and Florida.

<i>Prunus mahaleb</i> Species of cherry tree

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Prunus subg. Prunus is a subgenus of Prunus. This subgenus includes plums, apricots and bush cherries. Some species conventionally included in Prunus subg. Amygdalus are clustered with plum/apricot species according to molecular phylogenetic studies. Shi et al. (2013) has incorporated subg. Amygdalus into subg. Prunus, thereby including almonds and peaches in this subgenus. The species in this subgenus have solitary flowers or 2–3 in a fascicle.

<i>Prunus sibirica</i> Species of plant

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<i>Prunus <span style="font-style:normal;">×</span> dasycarpa</i> Species of plant

Prunus × dasycarpa, called purple apricot and black apricot, is a species of tree. It is in the genus Prunus in the rose family, Rosaceae. The species was named by Jakob Friedrich Ehrhart in 1791. The buds are reddish-orange, and the flower blossoms are white. It is likely a hybrid of P. armeniaca × P. cerasifera. There is disagreement about whether this is a human-cultivated cross or a naturally occurring cross from Western Asia.

<i>Prunus mandshurica</i> Tree in the genus Prunus

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<i>Prunus davidiana</i> Species of tree

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<i>Prunus <span style="font-style:normal;">sect.</span> Prunus</i> Section of plants

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Candidatus Phytoplasma pruni is a species of phytoplasma in the class Mollicutes, a class of bacteria distinguished by the absence of a cell wall. The specific epithet pruni means "living on Prunus", emphasizing the fact that the phytoplasma is a parasite of various Prunus species, otherwise known as stone fruits. The phytoplasma is commonly called the X-disease phytoplasma.

References

  1. ↑ Pollard, R.P.; Rhodes, L.; Maxted, N. & Rivers, M.C. (2000). "Prunus armeniaca". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2000: e.T50134200A50134213. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
  2. ↑ "Prunus armeniaca". Germplasm Resources Information Network . Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 2012-06-22.
  3. ↑ The Plant List, Prunus armeniaca L.
  4. 1 2 3 Liu, Shuo; Cornille, Amandine; Decroocq, Stéphane; Tricon, David; Chague, Aurélie; Eyquard, Jean-Philippe; Liu, Wei-Sheng; Giraud, Tatiana; Decroocq, Véronique (2019). "The complex evolutionary history of apricots: Species divergence, gene flow and multiple domestication events". Molecular Ecology. 28 (24): 5299–5314. doi:10.1111/mec.15296. ISSN   1365-294X. PMID   31677192. S2CID   207833328.
  5. 1 2 3 Bourguiba, Hedia; Scotti, Ivan; Sauvage, Christopher; Zhebentyayeva, Tetyana; Ledbetter, Craig; Krška, Boris; Remay, Arnaud; D’Onofrio, Claudio; Iketani, Hiroyuki; Christen, Danilo; Krichen, Lamia (2020). "Genetic structure of a worldwide germplasm collection of Prunus armeniaca L. reveals three major diffusion routes for varieties coming from the species' center of origin". Frontiers in Plant Science. 11: 638. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00638 . ISSN   1664-462X. PMC   7261834 . PMID   32523597.
  6. ↑ Flora of North America, Prunus armeniaca Linnaeus, 1753. Apricot
  7. ↑ Australia, Atlas of Living. "Prunus armeniaca : Apricot – Atlas of Living Australia". bie.ala.org.au.[ permanent dead link ]
  8. ↑ Altervista Flora Italiana, Albicocco, Prunus armeniaca L. includes photos and European distribution map
  9. ↑ The Oxford Companion to Food | apricot (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2006. ISBN   978-0-19-101825-1.
  10. ↑ Rushforth, K. (1999). Trees of Britain and Europe. Collins ISBN   0-00-220013-9.
  11. 1 2 Lu, Lingdi; Bartholomew, Bruce (2003). "Armeniaca vulgaris". In Wu, Z.Y.; Raven, P. H.; Hong, D.Y. (eds.). Flora of China. Vol. 9. Beijing & St. Louis: Science Press & Missouri Botanical Garden Press. pp. 396–401.
  12. ↑ "Prunus armeniaca L." Catalogue of Life. Retrieved 2021-02-17.
  13. ↑ Vavilov, Nikolai Ivanovich (1987) [1951]. Origin, Variation, Immunity and Breeding of Cultivated Plants: Phytogeographic Basis of Plant Breeding. Translated by Chester, K. Starr. Redwood City Seed Company. ISBN   9780933421189.
  14. 1 2 "VII Symposium on Apricot Culture and Decline". International Society for Horticultural Science. Retrieved 2012-06-22.
  15. ↑ Arakelyan, B. (1968). "Excavations at Garni, 1949–50", p. 29 in Contributions to the Archaeology of Armenia. Henry Field (ed.). Cambridge.
  16. ↑ De Poerderlé, M. le Baron (1788). Manuel de l'Arboriste et du Forestier Belgiques: Seconde Édition: Tome Premier. Brussels: Emmanuel Flon. p. 682.
  17. ↑ Zohary, Daniel; Hopf, Maria; Weiss, Ehud (2012). Domestication of Plants in the Old World. Oxford University Press. p. 144.
  18. ↑ Davidson, Alan. "Apricot" The Oxford Companion to Food, Oxford University Press, 2014 (unpaginated).
  19. ↑ Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Vol. 1, pp. 203–205. Macmillan. ISBN   0-333-47494-5.
  20. ↑ Ibn al-'Awwam, Yaḥyá (1864). Le livre de l'agriculture d'Ibn-al-Awam (kitab-al-felahah) (in French). Translated by J.-J. Clement-Mullet. Paris: A. Franck. pp. 313–315 (ch. 7 – Article 40). OCLC   780050566. (pp. 313–315 (Article XL)
  21. ↑ Lewis, W. H.; Elvin-Lewis, M. P. F. (2003). Medical botany: plants affecting human health. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. p. 214. ISBN   978-0-471-62882-8.
  22. ↑ Agricultural Marketing Resource Center: Apricots Archived 2007-06-07 at the Wayback Machine
  23. ↑ Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa – Watt & Breyer-Brandwijk (1962)
  24. ↑ Linnaeus, C. (1753). Species Plantarum 1:474.
  25. ↑ N.H. Book XV Chapter XI, Rackham translation from the Loeb edition.
  26. ↑ Holland, Philemon (1601). "The XV. Booke of the Historie of Nature, Written by Plinius Secundus: Chap. XIII". James Eason at penelope.uchicago.edu. pp. Note 31 by Eason relates some scholarship of Jean Hardouin making the connection. Holland's chapter enumeration varies from Pliny's.
  27. ↑ De Materia Medica Book I Chapter 165.
  28. ↑ Epigram XIII Line 46.
  29. ↑ Webster's Third New International Dictionary under Apricot.
  30. ↑ "DICTIONARY > english–latin american Spanish" (PDF).
  31. ↑ "《莊子·漁父》". Ctext.org. Retrieved 2012-06-22.
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