History of the Jews in Armenia

Last updated
Armenian Jews
  • יהדות ארמניה
  • Հրեաներ
A Jew from Armenia (Ermakov).jpg
An Armenian Jew
Total population
127 (2011 census data)
Languages
Religion
Judaism
Related ethnic groups
Other Jews (Ashkenazi, Sephardic, Mizrahi), German Jews, Czech Jews, Polish Jews, Hungarian Jews, Russian Jews, Ukrainian Jews

The history of the Jews in Armenia is one of the Jewish communities in the Caucasus region. There is evidence of Jewish settlement in the Armenian Highlands dating as early 1st century BC.

Contents

Historical Armenia

There are historical records that attest to the presence of Jews in pagan Armenia, before the spread of Christianity in the region by St. Gregory the Illuminator in 301 AD. Early medieval Armenian historians, such as 5th century historian Moses Khorenatsi, held that during the conquest of Armenian King Tigranes the Great (95–55 BC) he brought with him 10,000 Jewish captives to the ancient Kingdom of Armenia (which encompassed what is commonly known as Greater Armenia) when he retreated from Judea, because of the Roman attack on Armenia in 69 BC. Tigranes II invaded Syria, and probably the northern (Roman province of) Palestine as well. [1] A large Jewish population was settled in Armenia from the 1st century BC. One city in particular, Vartkesavan, became an important commercial center. [2] Like the rest of Armenia's population, they suffered the consequences of regional powers trying to divide and conquer the country. [3] By 360–370 AD, there was a massive increase in Jewish Hellenistic immigration into Armenia; many Armenian towns became predominately Jewish. After the conquest of Armenia in the 4th century AD by the Sassanid King Shapur II, he deported thousands of Jewish families from Persian Armenia and resettled them at Isfahan in modern Iran. [4] [ unreliable source? ]

Jewish cemetery in Yeghegis, 13th century Hreaneri gerezman 13-rd dar, Eghegis10.JPG
Jewish cemetery in Yeghegis, 13th century

In 1912 the archaeologist Nikolai Marr announced the discovery in 1910 of a tombstone in the village of Yeghegis that carried a Hebrew inscription. [5] In 1996 investigations at Yeghegis, in Armenia's province of Vayotz Dzor, discovered the remains of a medieval Jewish cemetery from a previously unknown Jewish community. In 2000, a team from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem excavated on the southern side of the Yeghegis river, opposite the village, a Jewish cemetery with 40 gravestones with Hebrew inscriptions dating between 1266 and 1497. One non-Hebrew word in the inscriptions may indicate the origin of the community. Michael Nosonovsky has stated that "The word khawajah is of Persian origin and it probably indicates that the Jews who settled in Yeghegis came from Persia and kept Persian as their spoken language. Biblical quotations and Talmudic formulas are evidence of a high learning standard in the community." [6] A group of Armenian and Israeli archaeologists and historians excavated the site in 2001 and 2002 and found 64 more tombstones. Some are decorated with motifs of the Orbelian kingdom. The archaeological team also found three mills, which the bishop says show that the community had a business because one mill could feed several families. Twenty of these tombstones had inscriptions, all in Hebrew except for two, which were in Aramaic. The oldest dated stone was from 1266 and the latest date was 1336/7. [7] [ better source needed ]

Modern period

Historical Armenian Jewish population
YearPop.±%
1926335—    
1939512+52.8%
19591,042+103.5%
19701,049+0.7%
1979962−8.3%
1989747−22.3%
2001109−85.4%
2011127+16.5%
Source:

In 1828, the Russo-Persian War came to an end and Eastern Armenia (currently the Republic of Armenia) was annexed to the Russian Empire with the Treaty of Turkmenchai. Polish and Iranian Jews began arriving, as well as Sabbatarians ( Subbotniks , Russian peasants who were banished to the outskirts of Imperial Russia during the reign of Catherine II. They were Judaizing Christians and mostly converted to mainstream Judaism or assimilated). Since 1840 they started creating Ashkenazi and Mizrahi communities respectively in Yerevan. [4] Up to 1924, the Sephardic synagogue, Shiek Mordechai, was a leading institution among the Jewish community.

According to the 1897 Russian Empire Census, there were some 415 people in Alexandropol (Gyumri) [12] and 204 in Erivan (Yerevan) [13] whose native language was "Jewish" and significantly smaller numbers elsewhere 6 in Vagharshapat, [14] 15 in Novo-Bayazet. [15] The number of self-reported Jewish-speakers was the following in other Armenian-populated areas of the Russian Empire that now lie outside Armenia: 4 in Shusha (Azerbaijan), [16] 93 in Elizavetpol (Ganja, Azerbaijan), [17] 4 in Iğdır (now Turkey), [18] 424 in Kars (Turkey), [19] 111 in Ardahan (Turkey), [20] 189 in Akhalkalaki (Georgia), [21] 438 in Akhaltsikhe (Georgia), [22] 72 in Shulaveri (Georgia). [23]

An Armenian Jew, photographed in the Bourne and Shepherd Calcutta studio Armenian Jew and child (of Calcutta).jpg
An Armenian Jew, photographed in the Bourne and Shepherd Calcutta studio

As for Western Armenia (Turkish Armenia), according to official Ottoman figures from 1914, 3,822 Jews lived in the "Six vilayets" that had significant Armenian population: 2,085 in Diyarbekir Vilayet, 1,383 in Van Vilayet, 344 in Sivas Vilayet, 10 in Erzurum Vilayet, and none in Bitlis and Mamuret-ul-Aziz (Harput). There were further 317 Jews in historical Cilicia: 66 in Adana Vilayet and 251 in Maraş Sanjak. [24]

The Russian Jewish communities moved to Armenia on a larger scale during the Soviet period, looking for an atmosphere of tolerance in the area that was absent in the Russian SSR or Ukrainian SSR.

Following World War II, the Jewish population rose to approximately 5,000. In 1959, the Jewish population peaked in Soviet Armenia at approximately 10,000 people. Another wave of Jewish immigrants arrived in the country between 1965 and 1972, mainly intelligentsia, military, and engineers. These Jews arrived from Russia and Ukraine, attracted to the more liberal society. However, with the dissolution of the Soviet Union many of them left due to the First Nagorno-Karabakh War. Between 1992 and 1994, more than 6,000 Jews immigrated to Israel because of Armenia's political isolation and economic depression. Today the country's Jewish population has shrunk to around 750. [3] In 1995, the Chabad House was established in Yerevan.

Present day

Jewish Holocaust Memorial in Yerevan Jewish holocaust memorial yerevan armenia.jpg
Jewish Holocaust Memorial in Yerevan

There are about 500–1000 [25] Jews presently living in Armenia, mainly in the capital Yerevan. [25]

There is a tiny community of Subbotniks (believed to be a Judaizing community that evolved from the Molokan Spiritual Christians) whose ancestors converted to Judaism, and who are quickly dwindling. [26]

The Jewish Community in Yerevan is currently headed by Chief Rabbi Gershon Burshtein from the Chabad Lubavitch, and the sociopolitical matters are run by the Jewish Council of Armenia.

2022 influx of Russian Jews

The Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 triggered mass emigration from Russia caused by fear of mobilization and political repression. Over 40,000 Russians moved to Armenia thanks to its geographic proximity, relatively low cost of living and lax immigration rules. At least several hundred of these immigrants identify as Jewish. As a result, Armenia's Jewish population has at least doubled. A Russian Jewish community club called "Yerevan Jewish Home" was established by Nathaniel Trubkin, a Moscow journalist who immigrated to Armenia in March 2022. [27] [28]

Human rights

The President of the Jewish Community in Armenia, Rima Varzhapetyan-Feller, has stated on January 23, 2015, that "The Jewish community feels itself protected in Armenia, and the authorities respect their rights, culture, and traditions. There is no anti-Semitism in Armenia, and we enjoy good relations with the Armenians. Of course, the community has certain problems that originate from the general situation of the country." [29]

In 2005, Armen Avetisian, the openly anti-Semitic leader of the Armenian Aryan Union, a small ultranationalist party, alleged that there are as many as 50,000 "disguised" Jews in Armenia. He promised that he would work to have them expelled from the country. He was arrested in January 2005 on charges of inciting ethnic hatred. [30]

There have been two recorded incidents, in 2007 and in 2010, of vandalism by unknown individuals on the Jewish side of the Joint Tragedies Memorial in Aragast Park, Yerevan that commemorates both the Armenian genocide and the Holocaust. This monument had replaced a smaller monument that had been defaced and toppled several times. [31] [32] [33]

An Armenian Jew on Ellis Island, 1926. Armenian-Jewish-Immigrant.jpg
An Armenian Jew on Ellis Island, 1926.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lom people</span> Ethnic group in Transcaucasia

The Lom people, also known by non-Loms as Bosha or Posha or as Armenian Romani or Caucasian Romani, are an ethnic group originating from the Indian subcontinent. Their Lomavren language is a mixed language, combining an Indo-Aryan substrate with Armenian.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sharur</span> City + Municipality in Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan

Sharur is a city in the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan. It is the administrative centre of the Sharur District. The city is located 66 km northwest of Nakhchivan city, on the Sharur plain.

The following is a summary of censuses carried out in the Soviet Union:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Black Sea Governorate</span> Governorate in Caucasus, Russian Empire

The Black Sea Governorate was an administrative-territorial unit (guberniya) of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire, established in 1896 on the territory of the Black Sea Okrug of the Kuban Oblast. The administrative center of the governorate was the Black Sea port of Novorossiysk. In 1905, the population of the governorate was approximately 70,000 and its area was 6,455 square versts, making it the smallest Russian governorate by both measures. The governorate ceased to exist when the Black Sea Soviet Republic was established on its territory in the spring of 1918—later the governorate was incorporated into the Kuban-Black Sea Oblast of the Russian SFSR in March 1920.

Moscow is the most populous city in Europe and Russia, population of which is mostly made up of ethnic Russians, but it also hosts a significant population of ethnic minorities. The last census of 2021 reported 69.7% of the population was Russian.

Dagestan <i>Oblast</i> Province of the Russian Empire from 1860 to 1917

The Dagestan Oblast was a province (oblast) of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire. It roughly corresponded to most of present-day southeastern Dagestan within the Russian Federation. The Dagestan oblast was created in 1860 out of the territories of the former Caucasian Imamate, bordering the Terek Oblast to the north, the Tiflis Governorate and Zakatal Okrug to the west, the Elizavetpol Governorate to the south, and Baku Governorate to the east. The administrative center of the oblast was Temir-Khan-Shura.

Kuban <i>oblast</i> Oblast in Caucasus, Russian Empire

The Kuban oblast was a province (oblast) of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire. It roughly corresponded to most of the Kuban and Circassia regions. It was created in 1860 out of Kuban Cossack territories that had once been part of the Crimean Khanate and the land of the Circassians. It was dissolved upon the assumption of supreme authority by the Kuban Rada in 1917 and the independence of the Kuban People's Republic in 1918. Its capital was the city of Yekaterinodar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Terek Oblast</span> Oblast in Caucasus, Russian Empire

The Terek Oblast was a province (oblast) of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire, roughly corresponding to the central part of Russia's North Caucasian Federal District. Тhe оblast was created out of the former territories of the North Caucasian Peoples, following their conquests by Russia throughout the 19th century. The Terek Oblast bordered the Astrakhan and Stavropol governorates to the north, the Kuban Oblast to the west, the Kutaisi and Tiflis governorates to the south, and the Dagestan Oblast to the east. The administrative center of the oblast was Vladikavkaz, the current capital of North Ossetia–Alania within Russia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nova Ushytsia</span> Urban locality in Khmelnytskyi Oblast, Ukraine

Nova Ushytsia is an urban-type settlement in Kamianets-Podilskyi Raion, Khmelnytskyi Oblast, western Ukraine. It hosts the administration of Nova Ushytsia settlement hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. The settlement's population was 4,557 as of the 2001 Ukrainian Census. Current population: 3,880.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1959 Soviet census</span> National census of the Soviet Union

The 1959 Soviet census conducted in January 1959 was the first post-World War II census held in the Soviet Union.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1970 Soviet census</span> Census in the Soviet Union

The Soviet census conducted in January 1970 was the first census held in Soviet Union (USSR) in eleven years.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1979 Soviet census</span> Census in the Soviet Union

In January 1979, the Soviet Union conducted its first census in nine years. Between 1970 and 1979, the total Soviet population increased from 241,720,134 to 262,084,654, an increase of 8.4%.

The census in Azerbaijan is a process of collecting, summarizing, analyzing and publishing the demographic, economic and social data of the population living in the territory of Azerbaijan. The next census in the Republic is expected to be held in 2029.

Akkermansky County was an uezd, one of the subdivisions of the Bessarabia Governorate of the Russian Empire. It was situated in the southeastern part of the governorate. Its administrative centre was Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi (Akkerman).

Beletsky County was an uezd, one of the subdivisions of the Bessarabia Governorate of the Russian Empire. It was situated in the northwestern part of the governorate. Its administrative centre was Bălți (Beltsy).

Kishinyovsky County was an uezd, one of the subdivisions of the Bessarabia Governorate of the Russian Empire. It was situated in the central part of the governorate. Its administrative centre was Chișinău.

Orgeyevsky County was an uezd, one of the subdivisions of the Bessarabia Governorate of the Russian Empire. It was situated in the central part of the governorate. Its administrative centre was Orhei.

Between 1929 and 1995, Armenia's administrative subdivisions consisted of up to 37 raions and 22 cities. Originally formed from the territory of the tsarist uezds (counties) between 24 June 1929 and 1930, the districts of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic and later the independent Republic of Armenia were combined on 11 April 1995 into ten provinces known as marzes, in addition to Yerevan which, being the capital of the country, was granted a special administrative status. Prior to the establishment of the raions, Soviet Armenia consisted of nine uezds, three of which were formed after the Sovietization of Armenia and the 1921 delineation of the South Caucasian republics' frontiers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Noyemberyan District</span> District in Armenian SSR

The Noyemberyan District was a raion (district) of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic from 1937 to 1991 and of the Republic of Armenia from 1991 to 1995. It now constitutes the northeastern part of the Tavush Province (marz) of Armenia. Its administrative center was the town of the same name.

References

  1. ↑ Jan Retsö, The Arabs in Antiquity: Their History from the Assyrians to the Umayyads, 2003. p. 347.
  2. ↑ Movses Khorenatsi II, 65
  3. 1 2 Advocates on Behalf of Jews in Russia, Ukraine, the Baltic States, and Eurasia: Armenia and Jews Archived 2011-07-06 at the Wayback Machine
  4. 1 2 "Բեն Օլանդերի հատուկ ներկայացումը Նյու Յորքում նվիրված Ռաուլ Վալլենբերգին,Երեքշաբթի 9 Նոյեմբերի 2010 թ." www.friends-of-armenia.org.
  5. ↑ Michael E. Stone, "Journal of Jewish Studies", 2006, page 108.
  6. ↑ Yeghegis, International Jewish Cemetery Project – International Association of Jewish Genealogical Societies [ dead link ]
  7. ↑ Hagopian, Arthur (8 May 2009). "Armenians Renovate Unknown Jewish Cemetery". Armenian Weekly .
  8. ↑ "Приложение Демоскопа Weekly". Demoscope.ru. 2013-01-15. Archived from the original on 2013-10-12. Retrieved 2013-04-14.
  9. ↑ "World Jewish Population, 2002" (PDF).
  10. ↑ "Jewish Data Bank – World Jewish Population 2010" . Retrieved 2013-04-14.
  11. ↑ YIVO | Population and Migration: Population since World War I. Yivoencyclopedia.org. Retrieved on 2013-04-14.
  12. ↑ "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". www.demoscope.ru. Retrieved 2019-09-25.
  13. ↑ "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". www.demoscope.ru. Retrieved 2019-09-25.
  14. ↑ "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". www.demoscope.ru. Retrieved 2019-09-25.
  15. ↑ "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". www.demoscope.ru. Retrieved 2019-09-25.
  16. ↑ "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". www.demoscope.ru. Retrieved 2019-09-25.
  17. ↑ "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". www.demoscope.ru. Retrieved 2019-09-25.
  18. ↑ "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". www.demoscope.ru. Retrieved 2019-09-25.
  19. ↑ "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". www.demoscope.ru. Retrieved 2019-09-25.
  20. ↑ "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". www.demoscope.ru. Retrieved 2019-09-25.
  21. ↑ "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". www.demoscope.ru. Retrieved 2019-09-25.
  22. ↑ "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". www.demoscope.ru. Retrieved 2019-09-25.
  23. ↑ "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". www.demoscope.ru. Retrieved 2019-09-25.
  24. ↑ Karpat, K.H. (1985). Ottoman population, 1830-1914: demographic and social characteristics . Madison, Wis: University of Wisconsin Pres. pp.  189–190, 242. ISBN   9780299091606.
  25. 1 2 Irena Vladimirsky (2009). "Jews in Armenia". In Mark Avrum Ehrlich (ed.). Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture. Vol. 3. ABC-Clio. p. 1107. ISBN   9781851098736.
  26. ↑ Advocates on Behalf of Jews in Russia, Ukraine, the Baltic States, and Eurasia: Small community in Armenia strives to preserve its heritage Archived 2006-09-29 at the Wayback Machine
  27. ↑ Shabashewitz, Dor (28 September 2023). "Jews escaping from Russia find a home in Armenia". The Forward .
  28. ↑ Mejlumyan, Ani (15 June 2022). "Following war, Russian Jews congregate in Yerevan". Eurasianet .
  29. ↑ World Jewry Cannot Become a Tool in the Hands of Anti-Armenian Propagators. Rimma Varzhapetyan-Feller, Armenian Weekly, January 23, 2015
  30. ↑ Danielyan, Emil (8 April 2008). "Armenia: Country's Jews Alarmed Over Nascent Anti-Semitism". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty.
  31. ↑ Who continues to destruct the Holocaust monument in Yerevan? February 2, 2006
  32. ↑ Vandals deface Holocaust memorial in Armenia. Michael Freund, The Jerusalem Post, December 23, 2007
  33. ↑ "2010 Anti-Semitism Compendium".
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.