Judeo-Tat literature is the literature of the Mountain Jews in the Juhuri language.
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Judeo-Tat literature is the literature of the Mountain Jews in the Juhuri language.
Judeo-Tat literature is rich in folklore. [1] The most popular narrators of folklore at the beginning of the 20th century were Mordecai ben Avshalom (1860–1925), [2] [3] Shaul Simandu (1856–1939), [4] Khizgil Dadashev (1860–1945) [5] and Aibolo of Tarki. [6] [7] [8]
In 1904, Rabbi Yeshayahu Rabinovich was among the first [6] to create literary works in the Juhuri language for a Judeo-Tat theatre group in the city of Derbent. [9] [10]
In the 1920s, theatre was the main form of Judeo-Tat literature. Playwrights who wrote for the first Mountain-Jewish amateur theatrical troupes include Yakov Agarunov (1907–1992), [11] (Juhuri: Падшох, рабби ва ошир) - Tsar, rabbi and the rich man, Herzl Gorsky (Ravvinovich) (1904–1937?), [12] [6] (Juhuri:Бахар дас баба-дадай) - "The fruits of the hands of the father and mother", P. Shcherbatov, (Juhuri: Кук савдогар-революционер) - The merchant's son is a revolutionary and Yuno Semenov (1899–1961), [13] [14] who wrote plays (Juhuri: Амалданэ илчи) - The wise matchmaker, 1924, (Juhuri: Дю алатфуруххо) - Two junkies, 1924 and (Juhuri: Махсюм) - Makhsum, 1927.
Since the appearance on 3 June 1928 in Derbent of a newspaper in the Judeo-Tat language Захметкеш - The Toiler , whose editor-in-chief was Asail Binaev (1882–1958), [15] [16] one of the first mountain-Jewish professional literati; poems in the Judeo-Tat language were published regularly. All the mountain-Jewish poets of the 1920s - Ehil Matatov (1888–1943), [17] Rachamim Ruvinov (1893-1955), [18] Yakov Agarunov, Boris Gavrilov (1908–1990), [19] Neten Solomonov and Z. Nabinovich - were poets of Civic poetry. The theme of women's equality recurs throughout poetry of Yakov Agarunov (Juhuri: Духдар доги) - "Mountain Girl", 1928, Iskhog Khanukhov (1903–1973) (Juhuri: Джофокашэ дадай) - "Mother-toiler" and (Juhuri: Ай зан Мизрах) - "About the Woman of the East", both were written in 1928, a series of poems were written by Ehil Matatov (1888–1943) and Boris Gavrilov.
The formation and development of Mountain-Jewish artistic prose started by the end of the 20th century. One of its founders was Yuno Semenov. His biggest story was (Juhuri: Ошнахой ан раби Хасдил) - "Familiar people of Rabbi Hasdil", 1928–29.
In the early 1930s a Mountain Jewish literary circle was formed in Moscow, headed by I. Ben-Ami (Benyaminov) (d. ca. 1937?). [6] The poet, playwright and prose writer Mishi Bakhshiev (1910–1972), [20] poets Manuvakh Dadashev (1913–1943) [21] and Daniel Atnilov (1913–1968), [22] the first professional literary translator Zovolun Bakhshiev (1896–1968) and others quickly took the leading place in the Judeo-Tat literature. In the mid-1930s, this literary circle in Moscow ceased functioning.
From the end of 1934 until the termination of publishing and cultural activities in the Judeo-Tat language in Azerbaijan in 1938, a Judeo-Tat literary circle existed in Baku under the newspaper Kommunist (editor-in-chief Yakov Agarunov) and the Mountain-Jewish department of the Azerbaijan State Publishing House, which was headed by Yakov Agarunov and Yuno Semenov.
In 1932, poet Mishi Bakhshiev wrote his first book - Komsomol, the main theme was the social disintegration of the Mountain Jews. Another theme in his work was the involvement of Mountain-Jewish women in the Soviet reality (Juhuri: Ма‘ни духдару) - "Song of a Girl", 1933, (Juhuri:Рапорт) - "Report", 1933 and (Juhuri:Хумор) - "Gamble", 1933-34. In the second half of the 1930s the playwright Mishi Bakhshiev wrote a play (Juhuri: Бесгуни игидхо) - Victory of the Heroes (1936) about the civil war in Dagestan. It was the first heroic drama in the Judeo-Tat language. Later Mishi Bakhshiev wrote (Juhuri: Хори) - "Earth", 1939 and in 1940, he created a play in verse for folklore motifs: (Juhuri: Шох угли, шох Аббас ва хомбол Хасан) - "Shah's son, Shah Abbas and loader Hasan". Bakhshiyev's first novel was (Juhuri:Э пушорехьи тозе зиндегуни) - "Towards a New Life", 1932, in which he followed the Azerbaijani narrative models. The second, his biggest story was (Juhuri: Ватагачихо) - ("Fishermen", 1933, about the life of the Mountain Jewish fishermen from Derbent.
Poet Dubiya Bakhshiev (1914–1993), [23] in his poem (Juhuri: Занхо а колхоз) - "Woman in the collective farm", 1933, combines the theme of women with the theme of the creation of the Mountain-Jewish collective farms.
Yuno Semenov continued to play a significant role in the dramaturgy of the 1930s, writing his drama (Juhuri: Дю бирор) - "Two brothers".
In the late 1930s, novelist, poet and playwright Hizgil Avshalumov published a large story (Juhuri: Басгуни джовонхо) - "The Victory of the Young", 1940, it appeared with essays and feuilletons. Avshalumov dedicated a number of his works to the modern hero of the Mountain Jewish’s village (Juhuri: Маслахат на хингар) - "Council and Khinkal", (Juhuri:Аджал занхо) - "Death to wives", (Juhuri: Шюваран дю хову) - "Bigamist”, essays about the Hero of Socialist Labour Gyulboor Davydov (1892–1983) and Solomon (Shelmun) Rabaev (1916–1963) and others. The story (Juhuri: Занбирор) - "Sister-in-law" is about the life of the Mountain Jews social elite in Derbent on the eve and during the revolution and in the first years of Soviet Union power. In his novel (Juhuri: Кук гудил) - "The son of the mummer", 1974, Avshalumov gave a detailed description of the Mountain Jew farmer and his centuries-old traditional way of life. Later, Hizgil Avshalumov created a folklore image of the witty (Juhuri:Шими Дербенди) - Shimi from Derbent [24] [25] (Mountain Jewish analogue of Hershel of Ostropol) [26]
The Great Purge of 1936–38 caused a cruel blow to the Judeo-Tat literature. Herzl Gorsky (Ravvinovich), Ekhil Matatov, I. Ben-Ami (Benyaminov, I.) and Asail Binaev were arrested. With the exception of Asail Binaev, they all died in Soviet prisons and gulags.
During the World War II years of the Soviet Union with Germany (1941-45), most figures of the Judeo-Tat literature were drafted into the army. Poet Manuvakh Dadashev was killed in the war. During the four years of the war, not a single literary and artistic book in the Judeo-Tat language was published.
In the 1940s, the authorities closed in Derbent the Mountain Jewish newspaper Vatan . [27] From 1946 to the end of 1953, Judeo-Tat literature existed only implicitly. All these years the Mountain-Jewish section of the writers' organization did not function, and the creative issues of the Judeo-Tat literature disappeared from the agenda of the Dagestan Writers' Union. Only at the end of 1953 the publication of a small collection of poems by Daniil Atnilov (Juhuri: Чихрат вахд) - "The Image of Time" renewed the functioning of the Judeo-Tat literature as one of the literatures of Dagestan.
Since 1955 began to appear in the Judeo-Tat language almanac (Juhuri:Ватан советиму) - "The Soviet Homeland". In 1946, in Dagestan, the circle of readers of the Jewish-Tat literature is constantly narrowing due to the termination of school education in the Jewish-Tat language.
Since the 1950s, prose has been predominant in Judeo-Tat literature. The leading role in it belongs to Misha Bakhshiyev [28] and Hizgil Avshalumov. Mishi Bakhshiyev originally published his works in Russian ("Stories about My Countrymen", 1956, a collection of essays and short stories "Simple People", 1958 and "Noisy gardens", 1962). In these books, the author spoke not so much specifically as the Mountain-Jewish, but as a general Dagestan writer. In 1963 Mishi Bakhshiyev published a novel (Juhuri:Хушахой онгур) - "Bunches of grapes".
The Judeo-Tat children writer in the post-Stalin period was Amaldan (Amal) Kukullu (1935-2000). He released a collection of stories (Juhuri:Синемиши) - "Testing", 1968, and others.
Poetry in the Jewish-Tat literature of the 1950s-70s was mostly from achievements of the 1930s. Most prolific and famous poet of that period was Daniil Atnilov. Permanently living in Moscow, in isolation from the everyday elements of the Mountain-Tat language. His collection (Juhuri:Гюлхой инсони) - "The Color of Mankind", 1971 was published posthumously that summarized his work of the 1950s and 1960s.
A number of poets of the 20th century created their works in the Juhuri language, such as Sergey Izgiyayev, [29] created poems and plays: (Juhuri: Иму гъэлхэнд шолуминим) - We are the defenders of the World (1952), (Juhuri:Фикиргьой шогьир) - Thoughts of the Poet (1966), (Juhuri:Муьгьбет ве гьисмет) - The fate and love (1972) and a number of other works. Shimshun Safonov, in 1968, created a collection of poetry (Juhuri:Парза, ма‘ни ма) - "Fly, my verse". [6] [30] [31] [32] Poet Zoya Semenduev released a collection (Juhuri:Войгей дуьл) - "The Command of the Heart". In 2007, published the book (Juhuri: Духдер эн дуь бебе) "Daughter of two fathers", which includes the play of the same name and fairy tales. [33]
At the end of the 20th century, a number of Mountain Jewish writers wrote only in Russian, such as the poet Lazar Amirov (1936–2007), [34] novelist Felix Bakhshiev (1937), [6] literary critic and novelist Manashir Azizov (1936–2011), [35] [36] and Asaf Mushailov. Mushailov published the book Poems Poems Stories in 2017. [37] [38]
Derbent, formerly romanized as Derbend, is a city in Dagestan, Russia, located on the Caspian Sea. It is the southernmost city in Russia, and it is the second-most important city of Dagestan. Derbent occupies the narrow gateway between the Caspian Sea and the Caucasus Mountains connecting the Eurasian Steppe to the north and the Iranian Plateau to the south; covering an area of 69.63 square kilometres (26.88 sq mi), with a population of roughly 120,000 residents.
Mountain Jews or Caucasus Jews, also known as Juhuro,Juvuro,Juhuri,Juwuri, Juhurim,Kavkazi Jews or Gorsky Jews, are Jews of the eastern and northern Caucasus, mainly Azerbaijan, and various republics in the Russian Federation: Chechnya, Ingushetia, Dagestan, Karachay-Cherkessia, and Kabardino-Balkaria. The Mountain Jews comprise Persian-speaking Jewry along with the Jews of Iran, Afghanistan, and Central Asia. The Mountain Jews are the descendants of Persian Jews from Iran, and fall within the Mizrachi category of Jews. Mountain Jews took shape as a community after Qajar Iran ceded the areas in which they lived to the Russian Empire as part of the Treaty of Gulistan of 1813.
Judeo-Tat or Juhuri is a Judeo-Persian dialect of the Tat language historically spoken by the Mountain Jews, primarily in Azerbaijan, Dagestan, and today in Israel. It belongs to the southwestern group of the Iranian division of the Indo-European languages with heavy influence from the Hebrew language. In the era of Soviet historiography, the Mountain Jews were mistakenly considered to be related to the Muslim Tats of Azerbaijan. However, they do not share a common linguistic heritage, as the Mountain Jews kept their native language, while the Muslim Tats eventually adopted Persian. The words Juvuri and Juvuro translate as "Jewish" and "Jews".
Sergey Davidovich Izgiyayev was a member of the Union of Soviet Writers, the author of nine books of poetry and five plays, the translator and creator of lyrics for more than thirty songs. He was of Mountain Jew descent.
Hizgil Davidovich Avshalumov was a Soviet novelist, poet and playwright. He wrote in languages of the Mountain Jews (Juhuri) and Russian. He was awarded the Suleyman Stalsky award. He was a USSR Union of Writers member.
Zoya Yunoevna Semenduyeva was a Soviet and Israeli poet. She wrote in a language of the Mountain Jew (Juhuri). She was a member of Dagestan Writers' Union.
Daniil Atnilov was a Soviet poet of Mountain Jew origin. He wrote in a language of the Mountain Jew (Juhuri). He was a USSR Union of Writers member.
Mishi Bakhshiev was a Soviet writer and poet of Mountain Jew origin. He wrote in languages of the Mountain Jews (Juhuri) and Russian.
Boris Gavrilovich Gavrilov was a Soviet writer, poet, dramatist and teacher of Mountain Jew origin. He wrote in a language of the Mountain Jews (Juhuri). He was the founder of the Mountain Jews school. He was a compiler of the first grammar, textbooks and dictionary in Judeo-Tat.
Manuvakh Dadashev was a Soviet poet of Mountain Jew origin. He wrote in a language of the Mountain Jew (Juhuri).
Mikhail Gavrilov was a Soviet writer and poet of Mountain Jew descent. He wrote in Judeo-Tat and Russian. Mikhail Gavrilov held the title of Honored Worker of Culture of Dagestan.
Yakov Agarunov was a Mountain Jew poet, playwright, political and public figure of Azerbaijan, author of the new Mountain Jewish alphabet. He wrote in Judeo-Tat.
The Judeo-Tat Theatre in Derbent, Dagestan, Russia specializes in staging plays with themes related to the lives of Mountain Jews, which are created mainly by Mountain Jews. The plays are performed in the Judeo-Tat language (Juhuri).
Vatan is a socio-political newspaper in the Judeo-Tat and Russian languages. The newspaper covers the social and political events taking place in Dagestan, Russia, and also publishes materials on the history and culture of the Mountain Jews.
Roman Savievich Izyaev was a Soviet, Russian and Israeli stage actor, artistic director, screenwriter and scenic designer of the Judeo-Tat theatre. For his contributions to the development of domestic theatrical art and many years of creative activity awarded with the Order of the Badge of Honour (1985). Founder and artistic director of the first Judeo-Tat language theater "Rambam" in Israel (2001-2017). He has performed with his theater in many cities in Russia, Israel, Azerbaijan, Canada and the United States.
Yuno Shaulovich Semyonov was a Soviet Union prose writer, playwright and artistic director. He wrote in the Judeo-Tat language. His work was characterized by plays on the topics of the day, full of sarcasm and humor. He was one of the founders of the Judeo-Tat theatre in Derbent.
Khanzhalkala (Khandzhel-Kala), also known as Khanjal-Kala is an abandoned Lezgin aul in the Magaramkentsky District of Dagestan. The name comes from Judeo-Tat and means "fortress of the dagger". It was protected not only by the steep slopes of the mountain on which it was located, but also by its fortress walls. It was abolished in 1968.
The Jewish community of Derbent, a city in the Russian Republic of Dagestan, is the oldest in the North Caucasus and dates back to the 7th century. A large influx of Jewish immigrants occurred during the Russian Civil War (1917-1923). Most Derbent Jews immigrated from the mountain and steppe villages of the northern Caucasus.
Mordecai ben Avshalom was a Mountain Jew poet, abrek. He produced poetry, and songs with themes that included brotherhood, equality, justice, love, peace, rebellion against the existing system. His poetry called for social protest. Mordecai ben Avshalom wrote his poems and songs in the Hebrew alphabet, in the Judeo-Tat and Azerbaijani languages.
The Jewish community of Makhachkala are Jews who have ever lived on the territory of modern Makhachkala, a city in the Russian Republic of Dagestan. During the Persian campaign in 1722 in Makhachkala was a camp for the troops of the Russian Emperor Peter I. Mountain Jews and Ashkenazi Jews were allowed to settle there.
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