Jewish left

Last updated
Jews protest the Trump travel ban at San Francisco International Airport SFO -noban Protest -Jan 29, 2016 (31793128663).jpg
Jews protest the Trump travel ban at San Francisco International Airport

The Jewish left consists of Jews who identify with, or support, left-wing or left-liberal causes, consciously as Jews, either as individuals or through organizations. There is no one organization or movement which constitutes the Jewish left, however. Jews have been major forces in the history of the labor movement, the settlement house movement, the women's rights movement, anti-racist and anti-colonialist work, and anti-fascist and anti-capitalist organizations of many forms in Europe, the United States, Australia, Algeria, Iraq, Ethiopia, South Africa, and modern-day Israel. [1] [2] [3] [4] Jews have a history of involvement in anarchism, socialism, Marxism, and Western liberalism. Although the expression "on the left" covers a range of politics, many well-known figures "on the left" have been of Jews who were born into Jewish families and have various degrees of connection to Jewish communities, Jewish culture, Jewish tradition, or the Jewish religion in its many variants.

Contents

History

Jewish leftism has its philosophic roots in the Jewish Enlightenment, or Haskalah, led by thinkers such as Moses Mendelssohn, as well as the support of many European Jews such as Ludwig Börne for republican ideals in the aftermath of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, a movement for Jewish Emancipation spread across Europe, strongly associated with the emergence of political liberalism, based on the Enlightenment principles of rights and equality under the law. Because liberals represented the political left of the time (see left-right politics), emancipated Jews, as they entered the political culture of the nations where they lived, became closely associated with liberal parties. Thus, many Jews supported the American Revolution of 1776, the French Revolution of 1789, and the European Revolutions of 1848; while Jews in England tended to vote for the Liberal Party, which had led the parliamentary struggle for Jewish Emancipation [5] — an arrangement called by some scholars "the liberal Jewish compromise". [6]

The emergence of a Jewish working class

In the age of industrialisation in the late nineteenth century, a Jewish working class emerged in the cities of Eastern and Central Europe. Before long, a Jewish labour movement emerged too. The Jewish Labour Bund was formed in Lithuania, Poland, and Russia in 1897. [7] Distinctive Jewish socialist organizations formed and spread across the Jewish Pale of Settlement in the Russian Empire. There were also a significant number of people of Jewish origin who did not explicitly identify as Jews per se, but were active in anarchist, socialist, and social democratic as well as communist organizations, movements, and parties.[ citation needed ]

As Zionism grew in strength as a political movement, socialist Zionist parties were formed, such as Ber Borochov's Poale Zion. There were non-Zionist left-wing forms of Jewish nationalism, such as territorialism (which called for a Jewish national homeland, but not necessarily in Palestine), autonomism (which called for non-territorial national rights for Jews in multinational empires), and the folkism, advocated by Simon Dubnow, (which celebrated the Jewish culture of the Yiddish-speaking masses).[ citation needed ]

As Eastern European Jews migrated West from the 1880s, these ideologies took root in growing Jewish communities, such as London's East End, Paris's Pletzl, New York City's Lower East Side, and Buenos Aires. There was a lively Jewish anarchist scene in London, a central figure of which was, the non-Jewish German thinker and writer Rudolf Rocker. The important Jewish socialist movement in the United States, with its Yiddish-language daily, The Forward , and trade unions such as the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union and the Amalgamated Clothing Workers. Important figures in these milieux included Rose Schneiderman, Abraham Cahan, Morris Winchevsky, and David Dubinsky.

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Jews played a major role in the Social Democratic parties of Germany, Russia, Austria-Hungary, and Poland. Historian Enzo Traverso has used the term "Judeo-Marxism" to describe the innovative forms of Marxism associated with these Jewish socialists. These ranged from strongly cosmopolitan positions hostile to all forms of nationalism (as with Rosa Luxemburg and, to a lesser extent, Leon Trotsky) to positions more sympathetic to cultural nationalism (as with the Austromarxists or Vladimir Medem).

In Soviets and against fascism

As with the American Revolution of 1776, the French Revolution of 1789, and the German revolution of 1848, many Jews worldwide welcomed the Russian Revolution of 1917, celebrating the fall of a regime that had presided over antisemitic pogroms, and believing that the new order in what was to become the Soviet Union would bring improvements in the situation of Jews in those lands. Many Jews became involved in Communist parties, constituting large proportions of their membership in many countries, including Great Britain and the U.S. There were specifically Jewish sections of many Communist parties, such as the Yevsektsiya in the Soviet Union. The Communist regime in the USSR pursued what could be characterised as ambivalent policies towards Jews and Jewish culture, at times supporting their development as a national culture (e. g., sponsoring significant Yiddish language scholarship and creating an autonomous Jewish territory in Birobidzhan), at times pursuing antisemitic purges, such as that in the wake of the so-called Doctors' plot. (See also Komzet.)

With the advent of fascism in parts of Europe in the 1920s and 1930s, many Jews responded by becoming actively involved in the left, and particularly the Communist parties, which were at the forefront of the anti-fascist movement. For example, many Jewish volunteers fought in the International Brigades in the Spanish Civil War (for instance in the American Abraham Lincoln Brigade and in the Polish-Jewish Naftali Botwin Company). Jews and leftists fought Oswald Mosley's British fascists at the Battle of Cable Street. This mass movement was influenced by the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee in the Soviet Union.

In World War II, the Jewish left played a major part in resistance to Nazism. For example, Bundists and left Zionists were key in Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa and the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising.[ citation needed ]

Radical Jews in Central and Western Europe

As well as the movements rooted in the Jewish working class, relatively assimilated middle class Jews in Central and Western Europe began to search for sources of radicalism in Jewish tradition. For example, Martin Buber drew on Hasidism in articulating his anarchist philosophy, Gershom Scholem was an anarchist and a kabbalah scholar, Walter Benjamin was equally influenced by Marxism and Jewish messianism, Gustav Landauer was a religious Jew and a libertarian communist, Jacob Israël de Haan combined socialism with Haredi Judaism, while left-libertarian Bernard Lazare became a passionately Jewish Zionist in 1897, but wrote two years later to Herzl – and by extension to the Zionist Action Committee – "You are bourgeois in thoughts, bourgeois in your feelings, bourgeois in your ideas, bourgeois in your conception of society." [8] In Weimar Germany, Walther Rathenau was a leading figure of the Jewish left.

Socialist Zionism and the Israeli left

In the twentieth century, especially after the Second Aliyah, socialist Zionism – first developed in Russia by the Marxist Ber Borochov and the non-Marxists Nachman Syrkin and A. D. Gordon – became a powerful force in the Yishuv, the Jewish settlement in Palestine. Poale Zion, the Histadrut labour union and the Mapai party played a major part in the campaign for an Israeli state, with socialist politicians like David Ben-Gurion and Golda Meir amongst the founders of the nation. At the same time, the kibbutz movement was an experiment in practical socialism.

In the 1940s, many on the left advocated a binational state in Israel/Palestine, rather than an exclusively Jewish state. (This position was taken by Hannah Arendt and Martin Buber, for example). Since independence in 1948, there has been a lively Israeli left, both Zionist (the Labour Party, Meretz) and anti-Zionist (Palestine Communist Party, Maki). The Labour Party and its predecessors have been in power in Israel for significant periods since 1948.

There are two worldwide groupings of left-wing Zionist organizations. The World Labour Zionist Movement, associated with the Labor Zionist tendency, is a loose association, including Avoda, Habonim Dror, Histadrut and Na'amat. The World Union of Meretz, associated with what was historically known as the Socialist Zionist tendency, is a loose association of the Israeli Meretz party, the Hashomer Hatzair Socialist Zionist youth movement, the Kibbutz Artzi Federation and the Givat Haviva research and study center. Both movements exist as factions within the World Zionist Organization, as well as regional or country-specific Zionist movements; the two roughly correspond to the interwar split between the Poale Zion Right (the tradition that led to Avoda) and the Poale Zion Left (Hashomer Hatzair, Mapam, Meretz).

Apartheid South Africa

South Africa's Jewish left-wing was heavily involved in left-wing causes such as the anti-apartheid movement. The most famous member of the anti-apartheid Jewish left-wing was Helen Suzman, DBE. There were also several liberal left-wing Jewish defendants in the Rivonia Trial: Joe Slovo, Denis Goldberg, Lionel Bernstein, Bob Hepple, Arthur Goldreich, Harold Wolpe, and James Kantor.

Contemporary Jewish left

1960s–1990s

As the Jewish working class died out in the years after the Second World War, its institutions and political movements did too. The Arbeter Ring in England, for example, came to an end in the 1950s and Jewish trade unionism in the US ceased to be a major force at that time. There are, however, still some remnants of the Jewish working class organizations left today, including the Workmen's Circle, Jewish Labor Committee, and The Forward (newspaper) in New York, the International Jewish Labor Bund in Australia, and the United Jewish People's Order in Canada.

The 1960s–1980s saw a renewal of interest among Western Jews in Jewish working class culture and the various radical traditions of the Jewish past. This led to the growth of a new sort of radical Jewish organization that was both interested in Yiddish culture, Jewish spirituality, and social justice. In the US, for example, between 1980 and 1992, New Jewish Agenda functioned as a national, multi-issue progressive membership organization with the mission of acting as a "Jewish voice on the Left and a Left voice in the Jewish Community". In 1990, Jews for Racial and Economic Justice formed to fight for "equitable distribution of economic and cultural resources and political power" in New York City. And in 1999, leftists broke from the LA chapter of the American Jewish Congress to form the Progressive Jewish Alliance. In Britain, the Jewish Socialists' Group and Rabbi Michael Lerner's Tikkun have similarly continued this tradition, while more recently groups like Jewdas have taken an even more eclectic and radical approach to Jewishness. In Belgium, the Union des progressistes juifs de Belgique is, since 1969, the heir of the Jewish Communist and Bundist Solidarité movement in the Belgian Resistance, embracing the Israeli refuseniks cause as well as of the undocumented immigrants in Belgium.

21st century

During the first decade of the 2000s, the Israeli–Palestinian conflict became a defining element in the composition of the diasporic Jewish left. A new wave of grassroots leftist Jewish organizations formed to support Palestinian causes. Groups such as Jewish Voice for Peace, Independent Jewish Voices (Canada), Independent Jewish Voices (UK) and the International Jewish Anti-Zionist Network gave renewed voice to leftist Jewish Anti-Zionism. This perspective continues to be reflected in media outlets such as Mondoweiss and the Treyf Podcast. [9]

2014-2016: Jewish Left vs the Jewish Establishment

Following the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict, some leftist Jewish organizations in the US and Canada focused on directly challenging establishment Jewish organizations [10] [11] [12] [13] such as the Jewish Federation, American Israel Public Affairs Committee, the Anti-Defamation League, and Centre for Israel and Jewish Affairs, for their support for Israel's actions during the conflict. In the US, this intra-community conflict expanded to domestic politics following the 2016 United States presidential election. [14] Groups such as IfNotNow, Jewish Voice for Peace, and Jews for Racial and Economic Justice (JFREJ) began organizing under the banner of #JewishResistance to "challenge institutional Jewish support for the Trump administration and affiliated white nationalists". [15]

Melbourne Jews protest Australia's policy on refugees in July 2013. Jews for Refugees - Refugee Action protest 27 July 2013 Melbourne (9374720561).jpg
Melbourne Jews protest Australia's policy on refugees in July 2013.

According to exit polls, 71% of American Jews voted Democrat during the 2016 US presidential election. [16] Over the last decade, the Jewish vote has gone to Democrats by 76–80% [17] in each election. A large majority of American Jews also report feeling somewhat or very attached to Israel. [18] Increasingly, however, young Jews are becoming more critical of the Israeli government and feel more sympathetic towards Palestinians than older American Jews. [19]

Post-2016 Growth

Since 2016, the Jewish left has seen a significant upsurge in the US. [20] New Jewish initiatives such as Never Again Action formed to address the US government's expanding practice of migrant detention. [21] Many Jewish organizations, such as Bend the Arc, T'ruah, JFREJ, Jewish Voice for Peace, and IfNotNow joined this effort under the banner of #JewsAgainstICE. [22] New Jewish initiatives also formed to specifically address rising antisemitism and white nationalism in the US, such as the Outlive Them network, [23] Fayer, [24] and the Muslim-Jewish Anti-Fascist Front. [25]

This period saw the creation of new leftist Jewish media outlets as well. Protocols, [26] a journal of culture and politics, began publishing in 2017. Jewish Currents , first published in 1946, gained a new editorial team of millennial Jews who relaunched the publication in 2018. And the Treyf Podcast, started in 2015, documented much of the growth of the US Jewish left during this period.

This period also saw a renewed interest in Jewish Anarchism among the US Jewish left. This interest was aided by the publication of new books on the subject, such as Kenyon Zimmer's 2015 Immigrants against the State, and the reissuing of documentaries such as The Free Voice of Labor, [27] which details the final days of the Fraye Arbeter Shtime. In January 2019, The YIVO Institute for Jewish Research organized a special conference on Yiddish anarchism in New York City, which drew over 450 people. [28] Following this conference, a national Jewish Anarchist convergence was called in Chicago. [29]

2023 Upsurge

A new wave of Jewish left activity began in late 2023. This upsurge was part of an international mobilization for a ceasefire in response to the Israeli Invasion of the Gaza Strip (2023-present) and Allegations of genocide in the 2023 Israeli attack on Gaza, following the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel. [30] [31] According to Jay Ulfeder, research project manager at Harvard’s Nonviolent Action Lab, this period saw "the largest and broadest pro-Palestinian mobilization in U.S. history." [32] This included the largest-ever Jewish American demonstration in support of Palestine [33] and the largest-ever pro-Palestine demonstration in US history. Many new Jewish leftist groups and coalitions were formed during this period, including Jews Say No to Genocide (Toronto, ON), [34] [35] the Tzedek Collective (Victoria, BC), [36] [37] Gliklekh in Goles (Vancouver, BC), [38] Shoresh (US), [39] [40] and Rabbis for Ceasefire (US), [41] [42] while groups like Jewish Voice for Peace experienced an influx of thousands of new members. [43]

Liberal Zionist Jewish groups generally took an opposing position to the Jewish left during this period, moving closer to the Jewish mainstream. [44] J Street and the Anti-Defamation League, for example, both opposed a ceasefire and voiced support for the Israeli Invasion of the Gaza Strip (2023-present), positions that led to waves of staff dissent and resignations. [45] [46] [47] [48] By January 2024, J Street had called for a qualified end to Israel's military campaign [49] while the Anti-Defamation League continued to oppose anti-Zionist & other Jewish left groups calling for a ceasefire, characterizing them as 'hate groups' [50] and working with law enforcement to crack down on campus activism critical of Israel. [51] [52] [53]

Ten liberal and progressive Zionist Jewish organizations, Ameinu, Americans for Peace Now, Habonim Dror North America, Hashomer Hatzair, The Jewish Labor Committee, J Street, The New Israel Fund, Partners for Progressive Israel, Reconstructing Judaism, and T’ruah, formed the Progressive Israel Network in 2019. [54] Many of these groups experienced internal dissent related to their support for Israel in the years leading up to the Israel–Hamas War [55] [56] [57] [58] and staff at almost all Progressive Israel Network groups signed an open letter calling for a ceasefire following the Israeli Invasion of the Gaza Strip (2023-present). [59] [60] [46] Despite this, many Progressive Israel Network groups attended the March for Israel during the 2023 Israel-Hamas war under the flag of a "Peace Bloc". [61] [62] Mari Cohen, reporting on the march for Jewish Currents, wrote that by "attending the November 14th March for Israel and refusing to call for a ceasefire, many progressive Jewish groups have cast their lot with the Jewish mainstream." [44]

Contemporary Israeli left

Operating in a parliamentary governmental system based on proportional representation, left-wing political parties and blocs in Israel have been able to elect members of the Knesset with varying degrees of success. Over time, those parties have evolved, with some merging, others disappearing, and new parties arising.

Israeli left-wing parties have included:

Notable figures in these parties have included: Amir Peretz, Meir Vilner, Shulamit Aloni, Uri Avnery, Yossi Beilin, Ran Cohen, Matti Peled, Amnon Rubinstein, Dov Khenin and Yossi Sarid.

British Jewish left

British Jews have been influential in the left-wing politics of the United Kingdom for many years, especially in the main social democratic/socialist party, the Labour Party, but also in the socially liberal Liberal Democrats.

During the years when the Liberal Party was Britain's main party of the left, two Jews in particular attained high office: Herbert Samuel, who led the Liberal Party from 1930 to 1935, and Rufus Isaacs, the only British Jew to have been created a Marquess. Other notable Liberal Jews of the 1800s and early 1900s included: Lionel de Rothschild, the first Jew to serve as an MP, Sir David Salomons, Sir Francis Goldsmid, Sir George Jessel, Arthur Cohen, The Lord Swaythling, Sir Edward Sassoon, The Lord Hore-Belisha, Edwin Samuel Montagu, Ignaz Trebitsch-Lincoln, and The Lord Wandsworth.

In the early part of the twentieth century, the Liberal Party gave way to the more radical and socialist Labour Party. Leonard Woolf and Hugh Franklin were among the figures influential in the early Labour Party, and Jewish MPs like Barnett Janner, Sir Percy Harris and The Lord Nathan were among the radical Liberal MPs, many of whom switched from Liberal to Labour, economists like Harold Laski and Nicholas Kaldor and intellectuals like Victor Gollancz and Karl Mannheim provided the intellectual impetus for British socialism to take hold. Prominent early Labour MPs included The Lord Silkin, who became a Minister in Clement Attlee's government, Sydney Silverman, who abolished capital punishment in Britain, and The Lord Shinwell, one of the leaders of Red Clydeside who later became Secretary of State for War.

At the end of the Second World War, the Labour Party entered government again, and several newly elected Labour MPs were Jewish, and often on the socialist left of the Party, radicalised by incidents like the Battle of Cable Street. Those MPs included Herschel Lewis Austin, Maurice Edelman, and Ian Mikardo, as well as Phil Piratin, one of only four MPs in British history to have represented the Communist Party of Great Britain. Several MPs elected in the 1940s and 1950s went on to be Ministers in Harold Wilson's governments of the 1960s and 1970s: The Lord Barnett, Edmund Dell, John Diamond, Reg Freeson, The Baroness Gaitskell, Myer Galpern, Gerald Kaufman, The Lord Lever of Manchester, Paul Rose, The Lord Segal, The Baroness Serota, The Lord Sheldon, John and Samuel Silkin, Barnett Stross, and David Weitzman. A prominent Jewish Labour politician in this era was Leo Abse, who put forward the private members' bill which decriminalised homosexuality and reformed the divorce laws in Britain. Robert Maxwell, a Labour MP during the 1964–66 Wilson government, eventually became a leading newspaper publisher when his holding company purchased Mirror Group Newspapers in 1984.

In the 1970s and 1980s, the Labour Party experienced significant turbulence with the rise of the entryist Militant tendency (a Trotskyist group led by Ted Grant), and the centre-left Social Democratic Party (SDP) breaking away and forming an Alliance with the Liberal Party (who had two Jewish MPs, The Lord Carlile of Berriew and Clement Freud), later to unite as the Liberal Democrats. One such parliamentary defector to the SDP was Neville Sandelson, and the Keynesian economist The Lord Skidelsky also defected. Those Jewish Labour MPs who stuck with the party included Harry Cohen, Alf Dubs, Millie Miller, Eric Moonman, and David Winnick.

During the late 1980s and 1990s, with the shift away from the socialist left of the party, and during Tony Blair's leadership of the Labour Party, notable senior Jewish politicians included Peter Mandelson, one of the architects of "New Labour", Peter Goldsmith, Baron Goldsmith, The Lord Beecham, and The Lord Gould of Brookwood. Mandelson, party fund-raiser The Lord Levy and Jack Straw (who is of partial Jewish ancestry), were accused by Tam Dalyell, MP, of being a "cabal of Jewish advisers" around Blair. [63] Several of Blair's Ministers and Labour backbenchers were Jewish or partially Jewish, including Barbara Roche, Dame Margaret Hodge, Fabian Hamilton, Louise Ellman, The Baroness King of Bow, and Gillian Merron. Labour donors during the 1990s and 2000s who were Jewish included David Abrahams, The Lord Bernstein of Craigweil, Richard Caring, Sir Trevor Chinn, Sir David Garrard, The Lord Gavron, Sir Emmanuel Kaye, Andrew Rosenfeld, The Lord Sainsbury of Turville, and Barry Townsley. Several of these were caught up in the Cash for Honours scandal.[ citation needed ]

Under the government of Blair's successor, Gordon Brown, brothers David Miliband and Ed Miliband became members of the Cabinet. Their father was the Marxist academic Ralph Miliband. The brothers differed in their view of the party's future direction, and they fought a bitter leadership election against each other in 2010. Ed Miliband won the election and became the first Jewish leader of the Labour Party. One of Miliband's Shadow Cabinet members, Ivan Lewis, as well as advisers David Axelrod, Arnie Graf, and The Lord Glasman are all Jewish.

Current Jewish Labour politicians include: William Bach, The Lord Bassam of Brighton, Michael Cashman, The Lord Grabiner, Ruth Henig, Margaret Hodge, The Lord Kestenbaum, Jonathan Mendelsohn, Janet Neel Cohen, Meta Ramsay, Ruth Smeeth, Alex Sobel, Catherine Stihler, Andrew Stone, Leslie Turnberg, and Robert Winston.

Since the foundation of the Liberal Democrats, several Jews have achieved prominence: David Alliance, Luciana Berger, the aforementioned Alex Carlisle, Miranda Green, Olly Grender, Sally Hamwee, Evan Harris, Susan Kramer, Anthony Lester, Jonathan Marks, Julia Neuberger, Monroe Palmer, Paul Strasburger, and Lynne Featherstone, who became a Minister in the Coalition government 2010–15.

Jewish groups on the left include Independent Jewish Voices, Jewdas, the Jewish Socialists' Group, Jewish Voice for Labour and Jews for Justice for Palestinians. The Jewish Labour Movement is affiliated to the Labour Party.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jewish Voice for Peace</span> American anti-Zionist activist group

Jewish Voice for Peace is an anti-Zionist left-wing Jewish activist organization in the United States that supports the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) campaign against Israel.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yachad (NGO)</span> Jewish NGO in the United Kingdom (est. 2011)

Yachad is a non-governmental organization based in the United Kingdom. It describes itself as "pro-Israel, pro-peace".

Religious socialism is a type of socialism based on religious values. Members of several major religions have found that their beliefs about human society fit with socialist principles and ideas. As a result, religious socialist movements have developed within these religions. Those movements include Buddhist socialism, Christian socialism, Islamic socialism, and Jewish socialism. According to the Encyclopedia Britannica Online, socialism is a "social and economic doctrine that calls for public rather than private ownership or control of property and natural resources. According to the socialist view, individuals do not live or work in isolation but live in cooperation with one another. Furthermore, everything that people produce is in some sense a social product, and everyone who contributes to the production of a good is entitled to a share in it. Society as a whole, therefore, should own or at least control property for the benefit of all its members. [...] Early Christian communities also practiced the sharing of goods and labour, a simple form of socialism subsequently followed in certain forms of monasticism. Several monastic orders continue these practices today".

Jewish political movements refer to the organized efforts of Jews to build their own political parties or otherwise represent their interest in politics outside the Jewish community. From the time of the siege of Jerusalem by the Romans to the foundation of Israel the Jewish people had no territory, and, until the 19th century they by-and-large were also denied equal rights in the countries in which they lived. Thus, until the 19th century effort for the emancipation of the Jews, almost all Jewish political struggles were internal, and dealt primarily with either religious issues or issues of a particular Jewish community.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ameinu</span> American progressive Jewish organization

Ameinu is a left-wing American Jewish Zionist organization. Established in 2004 as the successor to the Labor Zionist Alliance, it is the continuation of Labor Zionist activity in the United States that began with the founding of Poale Zion, which came together in the period 1906.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United Jewish People's Order</span>

The United Jewish People's Order is a secular socialist Jewish cultural, political and educational fraternal organization in Canada. The UJPO traces its history to the founding of the Jewish Labour League Mutual Benefit Society in 1926.

As an organized nationalist movement, Zionism is generally considered to have been founded by Theodor Herzl in 1897. However, the history of Zionism began earlier and is intertwined with Jewish history and Judaism. The organizations of Hovevei Zion, held as the forerunners of modern Zionist ideals, were responsible for the creation of 20 Jewish towns in Palestine between 1870 and 1897.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anti-Zionism</span> Opposition to Jewish nationalism

Anti-Zionism is opposition to Zionism. Although anti-Zionism is a heterogeneous phenomenon, all its proponents agree that the creation of the modern State of Israel, and the movement to create a sovereign Jewish state in the region of Palestine—a region partly coinciding with the biblical Land of Israel—was flawed or unjust in some way.

The Jewish Labour Movement (JLM), known as Poale Zion (Great Britain) from 1903 to 2004, is one of the oldest socialist societies affiliated to the UK Labour Party. It is a member of the progressive coalition of Avodah/Meretz/Arzenu/Ameinu within the World Zionist Organization. Its sister parties are the Israeli Labor Party (Havodah) and Meretz.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Types of Zionism</span> Different approaches to the subject of creating a Jewish homeland

The common definition of Zionism was principally the endorsement of the Jewish people to return to their homeland, secondarily the claim that due to a lack of self-determination, this territory must be re-established as a Jewish state. Zionism was produced by various philosophers representing different approaches concerning the objective and path that Zionism should follow.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bundism</span> Secular Jewish socialist movement

Bundism is a secular Jewish socialist movement whose first organizational manifestation was the General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Belarus, Poland, and Russia, founded in the Russian Empire in 1897.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Democratic Socialists of America</span> American political organization

The Democratic Socialists of America (DSA) is a multi-tendency, democratic socialist political organization in the United States. After the Socialist Party of America (SPA) transformed into Social Democrats USA, Michael Harrington formed the Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee (DSOC). The DSOC later merged with the New American Movement to form the DSA. The organization is headquartered in New York City and has about 80,000 members. It leads organizing and protest campaigns, and has members in the House of Representatives, state legislatures, and other local offices.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Poale Zion</span> 20th-century Jewish political party and organisation

Poale Zion was a movement of Marxist–Zionist Jewish workers founded in various cities of Poland, Europe and the Russian Empire at about the turn of the 20th century after the Bund rejected Zionism in 1901.

Labor Zionism or socialist Zionism refers to the left-wing, socialist variation of Zionism. For many years, it was the most significant tendency among Zionists and Zionist organizations, and was seen as the Zionist sector of the historic Jewish labour movements of Eastern Europe and Central Europe, eventually developing local units in most countries with sizable Jewish populations. Unlike the "political Zionist" tendency founded by Theodor Herzl and advocated by Chaim Weizmann, Labor Zionists did not believe that a Jewish state would be created by simply appealing to the international community or to powerful nations such as the United Kingdom, Germany, or the former Ottoman Empire. Rather, they believed that a Jewish state could only be created through the efforts of the Jewish working class making aliyah to the Land of Israel and raising a country through the creation of a Labor Jewish society with rural kibbutzim and moshavim, and an urban Jewish Proletariat.

Partners for Progressive Israel is an American non-governmental organization and registered 501(c)(3) dedicated to the achievement of a durable, secure, and just peace between Israel and its neighbors, including a two-state solution to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Partners for Progressive Israel is devoted to civil rights in Israel and to human rights throughout the area under Israel’s control, as well as to social justice, equality, religious freedom, and environmentalism. Partners for Progressive Israel seeks to deepen American Jews’ understanding of the complexities of Israeli society in order to enhance their advocacy for a progressive Israel.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">IfNotNow</span> American Jewish advocacy group

IfNotNow is an American Jewish group which opposes the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Its membership demonstrates against politicians, United States policies, and institutions it perceives as supporting occupation, usually seeking to apply pressure through direct action and media appearances. It has been characterized variously as progressive or far-left.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jewish Voice for Labour</span> British political organisation

Jewish Voice for Labour (JVL) is a British organisation formed in 2017 for Jewish members of the Labour Party. Its aims include a commitment "to strengthen the party in its opposition to all forms of racism, including anti-Semitism ... to uphold the right of supporters of justice for Palestinians to engage in solidarity activities", and "to oppose attempts to widen the definition of antisemitism beyond its meaning of hostility towards, or discrimination against, Jews as Jews".

The progressive Muslim vote refers to the support that the majority of Muslims make in the West for electoral options of the political left. Different demographic and statistical studies have shown a consistent tendency for Muslims in Western countries to vote for progressive parties, usually social democrats, socialists or social liberals. This is despite the fact that some Western Muslims tend to be socially conservative, and thus opposed to certain issues often supported by the left such as LGBT rights, feminism, and abortion. This phenomenon has been analyzed by different scholars and academics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Na'amod</span> British Jewish organisation

Na'amod is a movement of British Jews seeking to end the British Jewish community's support for the Israeli occupation of the West Bank, East Jerusalem and the Gaza Strip. They state their aim as "to work for freedom, equality and justice for all Palestinians and Israelis". Members are active in many parts of the country including London, Bristol, Manchester, Leicester, Leeds and Newcastle. They estimate they have over 250 members.

Zionist antisemitism or antisemitic Zionism refers to a phenomenon in which antisemites express support for Zionism and the State of Israel. In some cases, this support may be promoted for explicitly antisemitic reasons. Historically, this type of antisemitism has been most notable among Christian Zionists, who may perpetrate religious antisemitism while being outspoken in their support for Jewish sovereignty in Israel due to their interpretation of Christian eschatology. Similarly, people who identify with the political far-right, particularly in Europe and the United States, may support the Zionist movement because they seek to expel Jews from their country and see Zionism as the least complicated method of achieving this goal and satisfying their racial antisemitism.

References

  1. "The New Left." Jewish Virtual Library (2008); retrieved 6 June 2015.
  2. "Henri Alleg, auteur de "La Question", est mort". Le Monde.fr. July 18, 2013 via Le Monde.
  3. Naeim Giladi, "The Jews of Iraq": "In many countries, including the United States and Iraq, Jews represented a large part of the Communist party. In Iraq, hundreds of Jews of the working intelligentsia occupied key positions in the hierarchy of the Communist and Socialist parties."
  4. Hannah Borenstein, "Savior Story": "The violence of the late 1970s and early 1980s Ethiopia spurred many forms of active and comprehensive resistance. Ethiopian Jews participated widely; many, for instance, were members of the Marxist-Leninist EPRP."
  5. Geoffrey Alderman (1983) The Jewish Community in British Politics, Oxford: Clarendon.
  6. see Sharman Kadish Bolsheviks and British Jews, London: Frank Cass. (1992, e. g., pp. 55–60, 132); Jonathan Hyman Jews in Britain During the Great War, Manchester: University of Manchester Working Papers in Economic and Social History No. 51, October (2001, e. g., p. 11). The phrase was coined by Steven Bayme.
  7. Mendes, Philip. "The Rise and Fall of the Jewish Labor Bund" Archived 2014-07-01 at the Wayback Machine , Jewish Currents (Autumn 2013); accessed 8 June 2015.
  8. Gabriel Piterberg (2008), The Returns of Zionism: Myths, Politics, and Scholarship in Israel, London: Verso, p. 10
  9. "Weinfeld: In praise of radical Jewish anarchist radio". The Canadian Jewish News. 2019-08-15. Retrieved 2024-02-18.
  10. "Direct action disrupts Jewish-Canadian complicity in settler colonialism – Canadian Dimension". Canadiandimension.com. Retrieved 2017-01-09.
  11. "The rise of 'If Not Now' and the collapse of the pro-Israel consensus". Mondoweiss.net. 2014-09-10. Retrieved 2017-01-09.
  12. "17 Jewish Activists Protesting Israeli Occupation Arrested at ADL Headquarters". Forward.com. 21 April 2016. Retrieved 2017-01-09.
  13. "St. Louis Jews call on ADL to cancel honor to police". Mondoweiss.net. 2015-07-18. Retrieved 2017-01-09.
  14. "PHOTOS: Young Jews march on Trump HQ: #StopBannon: Will the Jewish Federations of North America follow suit?". Jewschool.com. 17 November 2016. Retrieved 2017-01-09.
  15. "Hundreds join #JewishResistance protest against Trump chief strategist Steve Bannon". Mic.com. 2016-11-21. Retrieved 2017-01-09.
  16. Strickland, Produced By Jon Huang, Samuel Jacoby, Michael; Lai, K. k Rebecca (8 November 2016). "Election 2016: Exit Polls". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 December 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. "Jewish Voting Record in U.S. Presidential Elections". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 2017-01-09.
  18. "A Portrait of Jewish Americans". Pew Research Center. October 2013. Retrieved 2017-01-09.
  19. Dov Waxman (2017). "Young American Jews and Israel: Beyond Birthright and BDS". Israel Studies. 22 (3): 177–199. doi:10.2979/israelstudies.22.3.08. JSTOR   10.2979/israelstudies.22.3.08. S2CID   148971751.
  20. Goldberg, Michelle (24 August 2019). "Opinion | Mazel Tov, Trump. You've Revived the Jewish Left". The New York Times.
  21. "Making "Never Again" More Than a Slogan". 11 July 2019.
  22. Treyf [@treyfpodcast] (August 12, 2019). "An enormous shkoyach to everyone who participated in #JewsAgainstIce actions today for Tisha B'Av!" (Tweet). Retrieved 2020-12-31 via Twitter.
  23. "Outlive Them Network – For a World without Pogroms, for a Future without Fascism".
  24. ""Fayer" Twitter account". Twitter. Retrieved 2022-04-08.
  25. "'MuJews': Muslims and Jews band together against hate". NBC News. 15 February 2017.
  26. "Issue #10: TEMPLE - PROTOCOLS".
  27. Pacific Street Films, "Free Voice of Labour: The Jewish Anarchists"
  28. Andrew Silow-Carroll, "A YIVO conference finds a new audience for Yiddish anarchism" Jewish Telegraphic Agency, January 22, 2019
  29. "HOME | Mysite".
  30. "A Surge in American Jewish Left Organizing". Jewish Currents. Retrieved 2024-02-18.
  31. "Israeli War on Gaza Sparks 'Largest Mass Mobilization of Jews' for Palestine in US History". www.commondreams.org. Retrieved 2024-02-19.
  32. Maltz, Judy (December 5, 2023). "'Largest pro-Palestinian Mobilization in U.S. History'". Haaretz. Archived from the original on December 12, 2023.
  33. Burch, Sarah (2023-10-19). "The largest ever Jewish protest in solidarity with Palestinians". JVP. Retrieved 2024-02-19.
  34. "Jews Say No to Genocide".
  35. Smith, Louise (2024-02-01). "Jews Against Genocide". The Grind Magazine. Retrieved 2024-02-19.
  36. "The Tzedek Collective".
  37. "Tzedek Collective: 'On NCCM's Lawsuit Against Hillel BC' Feb 8/24" . Retrieved 2024-02-19.
  38. "Gliklekh in Goles".
  39. "Shoresh: the anti-Zionist Israeli movement in the U.S." Action Network.
  40. "Shoresh US".
  41. "Rabbis for Ceasefire".
  42. Singh, Kanishka (2024-01-09). "Rabbis protest at United Nations asking for ceasefire in Gaza". Reuters.
  43. Burley, Shane (2024-01-15). "Jewish Activists Mobilizing Against War Are Finding a New Community". New Lines Magazine. Retrieved 2024-02-19.
  44. 1 2 Cohen, Mari (2023-12-08). "Progressive Zionists Choose a Side". Jewish Currents. Retrieved 2024-02-19.
  45. Cohen, Mari (2014-02-09). "J Street's Pro-War Stance Prompts Staff Departures". Jewish Currents. Retrieved 2024-02-19.
  46. 1 2 Rosenfeld, Arno (2024-02-02). "'Clear violation of our policies': Jewish nonprofit workers face pushback calling for Gaza cease-fire". The Forward. Retrieved 2024-02-19.
  47. Harpaz, Beth (2023-10-19). "ADL researcher quits over Greenblatt blasting of Jewish left on Israel and Hamas". The Forward. Retrieved 2024-02-19.
  48. Zhang, Sharon (2024-01-05). "ADL Staff Internally Dissent Over Group's Targeting of Pro-Palestine Advocates". Truthout. Retrieved 2024-02-19.
  49. "'Time for Diplomacy'". J Street. 2024-01-22. Retrieved 2024-02-19.
  50. Lee, Micah (2023-11-11). "Anti-Defamation League Maps Jewish Peace Rallies With Antisemitic Attacks". The Intercept. Archived from the original on 2023-12-03.
  51. Guyer, Jonathan; Perkins, Tom (2024-01-05). "Anti-Defamation League staff decry 'dishonest' campaign against Israel critics". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 2024-02-19.
  52. Dickson, EJ (2023-11-26). "Musk Endorsement Has a Top ADL Advisor Ready to Quit". Rolling Stone.
  53. Kane, Alex (2023-11-21). "The Push to "Deactivate" Students for Justice in Palestine". Jewish Currents. Retrieved 2024-02-19.
  54. "Ten Organizations Launch New Progressive Israel Network". New Israel Fund . 2019-06-24. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  55. Cohen, Mari (2021-04-19). "Revising The Dream: Members of the socialist-Zionist youth group Habonim Dror North America are increasingly pushing back on Zionism's centrality in the movement". Jewish Currents.
  56. Kampeas, Ron (2019-04-15). "Reconstructionist Movement Backs Anti-BDS Measure – But 60 Rabbis Disagree". The Forward.
  57. "Reconstructionist Judaism and Zionism", Wikipedia, 2023-11-27, retrieved 2024-02-19
  58. Alex Kane, Mari Cohen (2022-02-10). "Why Liberal Zionist Groups Won't Say "Apartheid"". Jewish Currents.
  59. Seitz-Wald, Alex (2023-12-07). "Hundreds of Jewish organization staffers call for White House to back Gaza cease-fire". NBC News. Retrieved 2024-02-19.
  60. "Open Letter from Professionals at Jewish Organizations to President Biden and Congress". docs.google.com. Retrieved 2024-02-19.
  61. Cohen, Mari. "Progressive Zionists Choose a Side". Jewish Currents . Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  62. Kampeas, Ron (2023-11-11). "Organizers of mass pro-Israel rally in Washington seek to pitch broad tent for Jews". Times of Israel . Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  63. "Dalyell's 'Jewish cabal' remarks denied". BBC News. Retrieved 9 January 2017.