| Part of a series on |
| Anarchism |
|---|
 |
Anarchism in Nicaragua emerged during the United States occupation of Nicaragua, when the workers' movement was first organized against the interests of foreign capital. This led to a synthesis of Latin American anarchism with the goals of national liberation, which influenced the early Sandinista movement.
In 1918, several of Nicaragua's mutual societies came together to found the Federación Obrera Nicaragüense. [1] Until then, the Conservative and Liberal parties were primarily in control of the country's trade unions. Although no major anarcho-syndicalist unions were established in the country, in 1919, foreign libertarians were active in the stevedore strikes in Corinto.
Militant workers formed the Grupo Socialista and published a newspaper El Socialista, which criticized intellectual opportunism in the Federación. [2] Although the group displayed militant tendencies, it was largely made up of reformists and social democrats. [3] Salomón de la Selva attempted to integrate the Federación Obrera Nicarangüense into the AFL-affiliated Confederación Obrera Panamericana. Although Sofonías Salvatierra was critical of such a relationship with American trade unionism, he was ultimately opposed to revolutionary internationalism. [4]
The Nicaraguan revolutionary leader Augusto Sandino developed a sympathy for anarchism during his time in the Mexican Revolution. After meeting some Spanish anarchists, he even adopted their red and black colours for the design of his own flag. According to Sandino, “only the workers and peasants will go all the way, only their organized force will attain victory” for the social revolution. [5] Upon returning to Nicaragua, Sandino actively fought against the United States occupation, eventually forcing their withdrawal. [6]
After the assassination of Sandino, Anastasio Somoza García seized power from the elected government of Juan Bautista Sacasa and established a right-wing dictatorship. The workers' movement was suppressed by the Nationalist Liberal government, until the Nicaraguan Revolution finally overthrew Somoza regime. Wide-scale social reforms were implemented throughout the country, including the redistribution of land, vaccination campaigns, free healthcare and literacy campaigns which reduced illiteracy from 80 percent to 12 percent. But after the 2006 re-election of Daniel Ortega, rising authoritarianism and political corruption in the country, anarchists and other Sandinistas began to turn against the FSLN government. This culminated in the 2018–2020 Nicaraguan protests, in which anarchists have participated. [7] [8]
The Sandinista National Liberation Front is a socialist political party in Nicaragua. Its members are called Sandinistas[sandiˈnistas] in both English and Spanish. The party is named after Augusto César Sandino, who led the Nicaraguan resistance against the United States occupation of Nicaragua in the 1930s.
Anarchism in Mexico, the anarchist movement in Mexico, extends from Plotino Rhodakanaty's organization of peasant workers in the 1890s, to Ricardo Flores Magón's activism prior to the Mexican Revolution, to the punk subcultures of the 1990s.
Sandinista ideology or Sandinismo is a series of political and economic philosophies instituted by the Nicaraguan Sandinista National Liberation Front throughout the late twentieth century. The ideology and movement acquired its name, image and most crucially, its military style from Augusto César Sandino, a Nicaraguan revolutionary leader who waged a guerrilla war against the United States Marines and the conservative Somoza National Guards in the early twentieth century. Despite using the Sandino name, the principals of modern Sandinista ideology were mainly developed by Carlos Fonseca, inspired by the leaders of the Cuban Revolution in the 1950s, sought to inspire socialist populism among Nicaragua's peasant population. One of these main philosophies involved the institution of an educational system that would "free" the population from the perceived historical fallacies spouted by the ruling Somoza family. By awakening political thought among the people, proponents of Sandinista ideology believed that human resources would be available to not only execute a guerrilla war against the Somoza regime but also build a society resistant to economic and military intervention imposed by foreign entities.
Tomás Borge Martínez, often spelled as Thomas Borge in United States newspapers) was a cofounder of the Sandinista National Liberation Front in Nicaragua and was Interior Minister of Nicaragua during one of the administrations of Daniel Ortega. He was also a renowned statesman, writer, and politician. Tomás Borge also held the titles of "Vice-Secretary and President of the FSLN", member of the Nicaraguan Parliament and National Congress, and Ambassador to Peru. Considered a hardliner, he led the "prolonged people's war" tendency within the FSLN until his death.
Anarchism as a social movement in Cuba held great influence with the working classes during the 19th and early 20th century. The movement was particularly strong following the abolition of slavery in 1886, until it was repressed first in 1925 by President Gerardo Machado, and more thoroughly by Fidel Castro's Marxist–Leninist government following the Cuban Revolution in the late 1950s. Cuban anarchism mainly took the form of anarcho-collectivism based on the works of Mikhail Bakunin and, later, anarcho-syndicalism. The Latin American labor movement, and by extension the Cuban labor movement, was at first more influenced by anarchism than Marxism.
The Argentine Regional Workers' Federation, founded in 1901, was Argentina's first national labor confederation. It split into two wings in 1915, the larger of which merged into the Argentine Syndicates' Union (USA) in 1922, while the smaller slowly disappeared in the 1930s.
Pan-American Federation of Labor was an international trade union organization, promoted by the American Federation of Labor. The organization was founded at a conference in Laredo, Texas, United States in December 1918. At the conference, 72 delegates took part, 46 from USA, 21 from Mexico and five from Guatemala, Costa Rica, El Salvador and Colombia. The conference elected Samuel Gompers as the president of the organization.
Confederación Sindical Latinoamericana was a Latin American revolutionary trade union confederation 1929–1936, being the Latin American branch of the Red International of Labour Unions. The affiliates of CSLA led significant labour struggles during the period 1935–1936.
Anarchism in Ecuador appeared at the end of the 19th century. At the beginning of the 20th century it started to gain influence in sectors of organized workers and intellectuals.
Anarchism in Bolivia has a relatively short but rich history, spanning over a hundred years, primarily linked to syndicalism, the peasantry, and various social movements. Its heyday was during the 20th century's first decades, between 1910 and 1930, but a number of contemporary movements still exist.
Anarchism in Venezuela has historically played a fringe role in the country's politics, being consistently smaller and less influential than equivalent movements in much of the rest of South America. It has, however, had a certain impact on the country's cultural and political evolution.
Federación Obrera de Magallanes was a trade union movement based in Punta Arenas, Chile, active between 1911 and the mid-1920s. FOM was targeted in a deadly arson attack in 1920.
Eli Altamirano Pérez (1934-2006) was a Nicaraguan politician and trade unionist. He served as the general secretary of the Communist Party of Nicaragua for a quarter century.
Anarchism in Paraguay has held influence among the urban and rural working classes since the end of the 19th century. Its main figure was the writer and journalist Rafael Barrett.
Anarchism in Colombia was a political movement that emerged from the disparate social movements of the 19th-century, becoming an organized force in the 1910s and 1920s. After a period of recession, the movement re-emerged in the late 20th century, with the rise of counter-cultural, left-wing and indigenous resistance movements.
Anarchism in Panama began as an organized movement among immigrant workers, brought to the country to work on the numerous megaprojects throughout its history.
Anarchism in Costa Rica emerged in the 1890s, when it first came to the attention of the country's ruling elites, including the Catholic Church.
Anarchism in the Dominican Republic first surfaced in the late 19th century, as part of the nascent workers' movement.
Anarchism in El Salvador reached its peak during the labour movement of the 1920s, in which anarcho-syndicalists played a leading role. The movement was subsequently suppressed by the military dictatorship before experiencing a resurgence in the 21st century.
Anarchism in Guatemala emerged from the country's labor movement in the late 19th century. Anarcho-syndicalism rose to prominence in the early 20th century, reaching its peak during the 1920s, before being suppressed by the right-wing dictatorship of Jorge Ubico.
Anarchism in Central America | ||
|---|---|---|
| Sovereign states |  | |
