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Anarchism in Uruguay held a major importance in the organization of the labor movement. The history of the libertarian movement in Uruguay was closely linked to issues circulating internationally: the immigration of Spanish and Italian workers in particular had a major influence in its development, but the relations between revolutionary movements across Latin America, and in particular with Argentina and Brazil were equally significant.
The predecessors of anarchism appeared as early as June 1841, in which author Marcelino Pareja published an anti-capitalist article in a Montevideo newspaper that cited William Godwin. Said article advocated for a pre-Marxist theory of surplus value. In 1851 the botanist and friend of Proudhon José Ernesto Gibert was exiled to Uruguay from France due to his participation in the revolution of 1848. [1]
In 1872, the Uruguayan section of the First International was formed, with an office on Florida street, Montevideo. It ideologically aligned with the Jura Federation and in 1875 published a manifesto inspired by the writings of Mikhail Bakunin. [1]
In 1875, the "Regional Federation of the Eastern Republic of Uruguay" was founded in Montevideo on the initiative of French and Spanish revolutionaries, exiled following the destruction of the Paris Commune and the Cantonal Revolution respectively. [2] Influenced by Mikhail Bakunin, the Federation of Montevideo officially joined the Anti-authoritarian International at the first session of the Congress of Verviers in September 1877, [3] although it had already participated in a correspondence with the International for more than a year. [4]
In 1883, anarchists celebrated the anniversary of the Paris Commune on March 18 and collected 40 pesos to be delivered to prisoners in Lyon, France. [1]
In the first years of the 20th century, the Uruguayan proletariat strengthened its organization by founding the country's first trade unions. This movement led, in 1905, to the founding of the Uruguayan Regional Workers' Federation (Spanish: Federación Obrera Regional Uruguaya, FORU), based on the anarcho-syndicalist model of the FORA in Argentina. [5] Many notable writers in this period flirted with the anarchist movement, such as Florencio Sánchez, Ernesto Herrera, Julio Herrera y Reissig, Leopoldo Lugones and Horacio Quiroga. [1]
The FORU dominated the Uruguayan labor movement. By 1911 they had 90,000 members out of 117,000 industrial workers in Uruguay. There was also a small tendency of anarchists called the "anarcho-Battlists" who supported the President José Batlle y Ordóñez, owing to his support of trade unions. Virginia Bolten was a notable supporter of this while she lived in Uruguay. However, the FORU began to lose strength after the Russian Revolution in 1917, as the newly founded Communist Party of Uruguay divided the workers. But the FORU continued to be the strongest union in Uruguay until the early 1930s. [1]
In 1929, Italian anarchist and friend of Errico Malatesta Luigi Fabbri and his daughter Luce Fabbri fled across Europe and eventually to Uruguay to escape fascist Italy. During the Spanish Civil War, Pedro Tufró (1904–1937) was executed by the communists for his membership in the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT). [1]
In 1947 Eugen Relgis arrived in Uruguay, having been persecuted by both the Nazis and communists. [1]
In the 1950s a mixed community was established, Comunidad del Sur, made up of anarchists and anabaptist Christians. [6] In 1956 the Uruguayan Anarchist Federation was founded in Montevideo, suffering a split in 1963 over whether or not to support the Cuban Revolution. [7] The FAU was declared illegal in 1968 and the Comunidad del Sur was dissolved by the Civic-military dictatorship of Uruguay (1973–1985). Former members of the Comunidad del Sur went into exile in Peru, Spain and Sweden. [1]
Several Uruguayan anarchists were victims of Operation Condor in Argentina and Uruguay (1975–1983) such as Alberto Mechoso, Elena Quinteros, Lilián Celiberti and María Emilia Islas.
In 1986, the FAU was restored. [1]
Ángel Cappelletti has argued that Uruguay had unique historical conditions that were receptive to anarchism. Notably citing high immigration and a more secular culture.
it is fair to say that in no other Latin American country were anarchist ideas more familiar to the man on the street, the educated public, politicians, and intellectuals than in Uruguay.
He also observed that the University of the Republic had the names "Proudhon" and "Reclus" engraved at the front of the university. [1]
Anarchist communism is a political ideology and anarchist school of thought that advocates communism. It calls for the abolition of private property but retention of personal property and collectively-owned items, goods, and services. It supports social ownership of property and the distribution of resources "From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs".
The International Workers' Association – Asociación Internacional de los Trabajadores (IWA–AIT) is an international federation of anarcho-syndicalist labor unions and initiatives.
Anarchism in Spain has historically gained some support and influence, especially before Francisco Franco's victory in the Spanish Civil War of 1936–1939, when it played an active political role and is considered the end of the golden age of classical anarchism.
According to different scholars, the history of anarchism either goes back to ancient and prehistoric ideologies and social structures, or begins in the 19th century as a formal movement. As scholars and anarchist philosophers have held a range of views on what anarchism means, it is difficult to outline its history unambiguously. Some feel anarchism is a distinct, well-defined movement stemming from 19th-century class conflict, while others identify anarchist traits long before the earliest civilisations existed.
Alternative libertaire was a French anarchist organization formed in 1991 which publishes a monthly magazine, actively participates in a variety of social movements, and is a participant in the Anarkismo.net project. In 2019 the organization merged into the Union Communiste Libertaire
Anarchism and nationalism both emerged in Europe following the French Revolution of 1789 and have a long and durable relationship going back at least to Mikhail Bakunin and his involvement with the pan-Slavic movement prior to his conversion to anarchism. There has been a long history of anarchist involvement with nationalism all over the world as well as with internationalism.
Anarchism in Mexico, the anarchist movement in Mexico, extends from Plotino Rhodakanaty's organization of peasant workers in the 1890s, to Ricardo Flores Magón's activism prior to the Mexican Revolution, to the punk subcultures of the 1990s.
Anarchism in France can trace its roots to thinker Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, who grew up during the Restoration and was the first self-described anarchist. French anarchists fought in the Spanish Civil War as volunteers in the International Brigades. According to journalist Brian Doherty, "The number of people who subscribed to the anarchist movement's many publications was in the tens of thousands in France alone."
Anarchism as a social movement in Cuba held great influence with the working classes during the 19th and early 20th century. The movement was particularly strong following the abolition of slavery in 1886, until it was repressed first in 1925 by President Gerardo Machado, and more thoroughly by Fidel Castro's Marxist–Leninist government following the Cuban Revolution in the late 1950s. Cuban anarchism mainly took the form of anarcho-collectivism based on the works of Mikhail Bakunin and, later, anarcho-syndicalism. The Latin American labor movement, and by extension the Cuban labor movement, was at first more influenced by anarchism than Marxism.
Italian anarchism as a movement began primarily from the influence of Mikhail Bakunin, Giuseppe Fanelli, Carlo Cafiero, and Errico Malatesta. Rooted in collectivist anarchism and social or socialist anarchism, it expanded to include illegalist individualist anarchism, mutualism, anarcho-syndicalism, and especially anarcho-communism. In fact, anarcho-communism first fully formed into its modern strain within the Italian section of the First International. Italian anarchism and Italian anarchists participated in the biennio rosso and survived Italian Fascism, with Italian anarchists significantly contributing to the Italian Resistance Movement. Platformism and insurrectionary anarchism were particularly common in Italian anarchism and continue to influence the movement today. The synthesist Italian Anarchist Federation appeared after the war, and autonomismo and operaismo especially influenced Italian anarchism in the second half of the 20th century.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to anarchism:
The Argentine anarchist movement was the strongest such movement in South America. It was strongest between 1890 and the start of a series of military governments in 1930. During this period, it was dominated by anarchist communists and anarcho-syndicalists. The movement's theories were a hybrid of European anarchist thought and local elements, just as it consisted demographically of both European immigrant workers and native Argentines.
Anarchism in Ecuador appeared at the end of the 19th century. At the beginning of the 20th century, it started to gain influence in sectors of organized workers and intellectuals.
Magonism is an anarchist, or more precisely anarcho-communist, school of thought precursor of the Mexican Revolution of 1910. It is mainly based on the ideas of Ricardo Flores Magón, his brothers Enrique and Jesús, and also other collaborators of the Mexican newspaper Regeneración, as Práxedis Guerrero, Librado Rivera and Anselmo L. Figueroa.
Platformism is an anarchist organizational theory that aims to create a tightly-coordinated anarchist federation. Its main features include a common tactical line, a unified political policy and a commitment to collective responsibility.
Anarchism in Venezuela has historically played a fringe role in the country's politics, being consistently smaller and less influential than equivalent movements in much of the rest of South America. It has, however, had a certain impact on the country's cultural and political evolution.
Collectivist anarchism, also called anarchist collectivism and anarcho-collectivism, is an anarchist school of thought that advocates the abolition of both the state and private ownership of the means of production. In their place, it envisions both the collective ownership of the means of production and the entitlement of workers to the fruits of their own labour, which would be ensured by a societal pact between individuals and collectives. Collectivists considered trade unions to be the means through which to bring about collectivism through a social revolution, where they would form the nucleus for a post-capitalist society.
Anarchism in Portugal first appeared in the form of organized groups in the mid-1880s. It was present from the first steps of the workers' movement, revolutionary unionism and anarcho-syndicalism had a lasting influence on the General Confederation of Labour, founded in 1919.
Anarchism in Switzerland appeared, as a political current, within the Jura Federation of the International Workingmen's Association (IWA), under the influence of Mikhail Bakunin and Swiss libertarian activists such as James Guillaume and Adhémar Schwitzguébel. Swiss anarchism subsequently evolved alongside the nascent social democratic movement and participated in the local opposition to fascism during the interwar period. The contemporary Swiss anarchist movement then grew into a number of militant groups, libertarian socialist organizations and squats.
Anarchism in Austria first developed from the anarchist segments of the International Workingmen's Association (IWA), eventually growing into a nationwide anarcho-syndicalist movement that reached its height during the 1920s. Following the institution of fascism in Austria and the subsequent war, the anarchist movement was slow to recover, eventually reconstituting anarcho-syndicalism by the 1990s.
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