Glossary of anarchism

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The following is a list of terms specific to anarchists. Anarchism is a political and social movement which advocates voluntary association in opposition to authoritarianism and hierarchy.

Contents

A

Acracy
The negation of rule or "government by none". While "anarchy" refers to the absence of a hierarchical society-organizing power principle, "acracy" refers to the absence of coercion ; the condition of acracy is one of voluntary order. Derived from the Greek α- [no] and κρατία [system of government].
Adhocracy
A form of organic organization according to which different parts of an organization are temporarily assembled to meet the requirements of that particular point in time. [1]
Affinity group
A small non-hierarchical collective of individuals who collaborate on direct action via consensus decision-making. [2]
Anarch
Coined by Ernst Jünger, this refers to the ruler (i.e. individual) in a state of anarchy analogous to the monarch in a state of monarchy, a conception influenced by Max Stirner's notion of the sovereign individual. [3]
Anarchism without adjectives
A form of anarchism which does not declare affiliation with any specific subtype of anarchism (as may be suffixed to anarcho- or anarcha-), instead positioning itself as pluralistic, tolerant of all anarchist schools of thought. [4]
Anarchy
Derived from the Ancient Greek ἀν (without) + ἄρχειν (to rule) "without archons," "without rulers". [5]
Anomie
Social disorder and civil war in an absence of government, used to separate anarchy as in social order and absence of government.
Ansoc
Clipping of anarcho-socialism and/or anarcho-socialist used in informal discourse, particularly in blogs or other internet forums.
Anti-systemic library
A library which is not organised hierarchically and that has no catalogue. The concept is influenced by the ideas of the Situationists.
Autonomism
A set of radical left-wing political movements in Western Europe which emerged in the late 20th century.
Archon
A Greek word meaning "ruler"; the absence of archons and archy (rule) defines a state of anarchy. Derived from the Ancient Greek άρχων, pl. άρχοντες.

B

Biennio rosso
The "two red years" of political agitation, strikes and land occupation by Italian workers in 1919 and 1920. [6]
Black anarchism
A political philosophy primarily of African-Americans, opposed to what it sees as the oppression of people of colour by the white ruling class through the power of the state. [7]
Black bloc
An affinity group, or cluster of affinity groups that assembles during protests, demonstrations, or other forms of direct action. Black blocs are noted for the distinctive all-black clothing worn by members to conceal their identity and for their intentional defiance of state property law. [8] [9]
Bourse du Travail
A distinctively French form of working class organization of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, bourses du travail promoted mutual aid, education, and self-organization amongst their members. [10]

C

Consensus decision-making
A participatory decision making process for collectives that seeks the resolution or mitigation of minority objections (according to the principle of inclusivity) as well as the agreement of the majority of participants. [11] [12] [13]
Cost the limit of price
A maxim coined by individualist anarchist Josiah Warren (1798–1874) to express a normative conception of the labor theory of value—that is, that the price of a good or service should never exceed its cost. [14]
Counter-economics
Abbreviation of "counter-establishment economics", a concept in agorist theory of the use and advocacy of black and grey markets and the underground economy to erode the moral authority of and the perceived necessity for the state.

D

…When a revolutionary situation develops, counter-institutions have the potential of functioning as a real alternative to the existing structure and reliance on them becomes as normal as reliance on the old authoritarian institutions. This is when counter-institutions constitute dual power.

Dual power is a state of affairs in which people have created institutions that fulfill all the useful functions formerly provided by the state. The creation of a general state of dual power is a necessary requirement for a successful revolution…

Love and Rage Revolutionary Anarchist Federation New York Local Member Handbook; June, 1997. [15]

Dispute resolution organization (DRO)
A private (or possibly cooperative) organization specialized in resolving disputes that would arise in an anarchical society (similar to a PDA). [16]
Diversity of tactics
A united front of solidarity between participants who disagree on specific choice of tactics. For instance, during a protest action, demonstrators can create zones with varying degrees of tactical risk, rather than imposing a single code. [17]
Dual power
The concept of revolution through the creation of "counter-institutions" in place of and in opposition to state power. [15] Used in anarcho-communist discourse, it is distinct from the earlier use of the phrase by non-anarchist communists such as Vladimir Lenin.
Dumpster diving
Physically searching through the discarded belongings in a dumpster or other trash receptacle, with the intention of salvaging useful material such as food or information. [18]

E

Epistemological anarchism
A theory in the philosophy of science advanced by Paul Feyerabend which holds that there are no useful and exception-free rules governing the progress of science, and that the pragmatic approach is a Dadaistic "anything goes" attitude of methodological pluralism. [19]

F

Food rescue
The practice of retrieving edible food that would otherwise go to waste and distributing it to those in need. [20]
Free school
A decentralized network in which skills, information and knowledge are shared with neither the social hierarchy nor the institutional environment of formal schooling.
Free soviets
Following the Russian Revolution, the concept of workers' councils (soviets) that were self-governing and free from party control. [21]
Freeganism
An anti-consumerist lifestyle according to which participants attempt to restrict their consumption of natural resources and participation in the conventional economy to using salvaged and discarded goods. [22]
Freigeld
A monetary system in the Freiwirtschaft theory, according to which units of currency retain their value or lose it at a certain rate, making inflation and profiting from interest impossible. Freigeld is a German phrase with the literal meaning "free money". [23]

G

Give-away shop
Second-hand stores where all goods are free. An example of a gift economy. [24]
Guerrilla gardening
Nonviolent direct action whereby disused plots are converted to gardens without seeking the permission of the putative property owners. [25] Related: squatting.

H

Haymarket Martyrs
The seven anarchists tried and executed for the murder of a Chicago policeman during the Haymarket affair. [26]
Haymarket Tragedy
See Haymarket Martyrs
Hierarchy
See social hierarchy
Horizontalidad (also Horizontalism)
A form of non-hierarchical social organization which utilises direct democracy and consensus decision-making. [27]

I

Interior of the Left Bank Books infoshop in Seattle, Washington, in 2006. An infoshop is a nexus for information exchange among anarchists. Left Bank Books Seattle.jpg
Interior of the Left Bank Books infoshop in Seattle, Washington, in 2006. An infoshop is a nexus for information exchange among anarchists.
Illegalism
A doctrine which rejects all moral obligations and governmental law in favour of the satisfaction of one's own desires. [28] Pioneered by the Bonnot Gang in France and heavily influenced by the individualist anarchist philosophy of Max Stirner. [28]
Immediatism
A philosophy which demands the embracing of immediate social interactions with people as a means of countering the antisocial consequences of consumerist capitalism. [29]
Individual reclamation (reprise individuelle)
A form of direct action that advocates for criminal acts in service of a cause. Influenced by Bolshevik theory. [30]
Infoshop
A space (often a social center) that serves as a node for anarchists involved with radical movements and countercultures for trading publications (typically books, zines, stickers and posters), meeting and networking with similar individuals and groups. [31] The primary directive of an infoshop is the dissemination of information. [32] Related: zine library.
Invisible dictatorship
A vanguardist organisation of revolutionaries first proposed by Mikhail Bakunin. [33]

J

Jurisdictional arbitrage
Exploitation of differences in national laws and regulations [34] to maximise liberty. Related: dynamic geography, panarchism.

K

Kabouters
Dutch anarchists influenced by Peter Kropotkin who sought to promote awareness of alternatives to authoritarian and capitalist solutions to social problems in 1960s Amsterdam. [35]

L

Land and liberty
A slogan expressing the desire of freedom from landowners originally used by the revolutionary leaders of the Mexican Revolution. Spanish: Tierra y Libertad, Russian: Земля и Воля Zemlya i Volya.
Law of equal liberty
A doctrine asserting that each individual has the right to assert their fullest liberty to act so long as it does not extend them greater liberty than any other individual. Named by Herbert Spencer.
Lifestylism
Anarchists who prioritize cultural and identity protest over class struggle politics. Associated with Murray Bookchin's 1995 essay in pejorative reference to anarcho-primitivists, poststructural anarchists, and individualists/egoists. [36]
Lois scélérates
A pejorative term for a set of French laws passed during 1893–1894 restricting the freedom of the anarchist press in the aftermath of an outbreak of propaganda of the deed.

M

The Modern School in New York City, circa 1911-12. Anarchist philosopher and radical historian Will Durant stands on the steps with his pupils. The Modern School in New York City, circa 1911-12.jpg
The Modern School in New York City, circa 1911–12. Anarchist philosopher and radical historian Will Durant stands on the steps with his pupils.
Makhnovshchina
Mass movement to establish anarchist-communism in Ukraine, led by the Ukrainian anarchist revolutionary Nestor Makhno (1888–1934) and his followers in the Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine.
Modern School
American schools formed in the early 20th century based on the ideas of educator and anarchist Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia and modelled after his Escuela Moderna . [37]
Mutual aid
The voluntary reciprocal exchange of resources and services for mutual benefit. Related: gift economy, voluntarism.

N

Netwar
Low-intensity social conflict employing a network structure for organisational control and communication. [38] Related: Security culture.

P

Panarchy (political philosophy)
Participatory politics
Polycentric law
Post-left
Prefigurative politics
Primitivist
Used interchangeably with anarcho-primitivist.
Propaganda of the deed
Property is theft!
Provo
Punk house

R

Radical cheerleading
Really Really Free Market
A free market based on the principle of gift economics whereby participants bring gifts and resources to share with one another, without money being exchanged. [39] Related: participatory economics, voluntary association.
Refusal of work
Responsible autonomy
Revolutionary spontaneity
Rewilding
Reprise individuelle

S

Samizdat —the production of literature banned by the former communist governments of eastern Europe; the term is a play on the term for the Soviet state press, and translates to "self-publishing." Throughout the greater part of the twentieth century, the best literature, philosophy, and history in the Soviet Union and its satellite states was copied by photo-reproduction and distributed through underground channels—just as it is here in the United States today.

Rolling Thunder , Issue 4 [40]

Seasteading
The creation of permanent dwellings on the ocean, analogous to homesteading on land. A seastead is a structure meant for permanent occupation on the ocean. [41]
Security culture
Secrecy practiced by an affinity group which engages in illegal activities, and its precautions to avoid surveillance or infiltration by law enforcement. [42] Related: direct action, netwar
Social center
Social ecology
Social hierarchy
Social revolution
Somatherapy
Spokescouncil
Spontaneous order
Street reclamation
Swaraj

T

TANSTAAFL
Acronym coined by libertarian science fiction writer Robert A. Heinlein in The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress for "There Ain't No Such Thing As A Free Lunch". Used to express scepticism towards socialist economics. [43]
Tragic Week
The name given to a series of violent confrontations between the Spanish army and the anarchist-backed working classes in Catalunyan cities from July 25-August 2, 1909. [44]
Trial of the thirty
A show trial in 1894 in Paris aimed at legitimizing the lois scélérates passed in 1893–1894 against the French anarchist movement and at restricting press freedom by proving the existence of an effective association between anarchists. [45] French: Procès des trente

V

Veganarchism
The political philosophy of veganism (more specifically animal liberation) and anarchism, creating a combined praxis as a means for social revolution.
Voluntarism
The use of or reliance on voluntary action to maintain an institution, carry out a policy, or achieve an end. [46]
Voluntaryism
A political philosophy which advocates voluntary association as the foundation of society, and opposes coercion and aggression.

W

The abolition of wage slavery has been a stated goal of unions like the Industrial Workers of the World. Wageslavery.jpg
The abolition of wage slavery has been a stated goal of unions like the Industrial Workers of the World.
Wage slavery
A term which asserts a similarity between slavery—the ownership and control of one person by another—and wage labour. [47]
Workers' self-management
A form of workplace decision-making in which the workers rather than professional managers decide on issues related to the operation of the business. [48]

Z

Zenarchy
Compound of zen and "archy". The social order which arises from meditation. As a doctrine, zenarchism is the belief that "universal enlightenment" is a prerequisite to the abolition of the state. [49]
Zine
A low-circulation, non-commercial periodical of original or appropriated texts and images. Usually reproduced via photocopier on a variety of colored paper stock.
Zine library
A repository of zines and other associated artifacts, such as small press books. Zine libraries are typically run on a minimal budget, and have a close association with infoshops and other forms of DIY culture and independent media.

See also

Related Research Articles

Anarchism is a political philosophy and movement that is against all forms of authority and seeks to abolish the institutions it claims maintain unnecessary coercion and hierarchy, typically including the state and capitalism. Anarchism advocates for the replacement of the state with stateless societies and voluntary free associations. As a historically left-wing movement, this reading of anarchism is placed on the farthest left of the political spectrum, usually described as the libertarian wing of the socialist movement.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anarcho-capitalism</span> Political philosophy and economic theory

Anarcho-capitalism is an anti-statist, libertarian political philosophy and economic theory that seeks to abolish centralized states in favor of stateless societies with systems of private property enforced by private agencies, based on concepts such as the non-aggression principle, free markets and self-ownership. An anarcho-capitalist philosophy extends the concept of ownership to include control of private property as part of the self, and, in some cases, control of other people as private property. In the absence of statute, anarcho-capitalists hold that society tends to contractually self-regulate and civilize through participation in the free market, which they describe as a voluntary society involving the voluntary exchange of goods and services. In a theoretical anarcho-capitalist society a system of private property would still exist, and would be enforced by private defense agencies and/or insurance companies that were selected by property owners, whose ownership rights or claims would be enforced by private defence agencies and/or insurance companies. These agencies or companies would operate competitively in a market and fulfill the roles of courts and the police, similar to a state apparatus. Some anarcho-capitalist authors have argued that slavery is compatible with anarcho-capitalist ideals.

Individualist anarchism is the branch of anarchism that emphasizes the individual and their will over external determinants such as groups, society, traditions, and ideological systems. Although usually contrasted with social anarchism, both individualist and social anarchism have influenced each other. Some anarcho-capitalists claim anarcho-capitalism is part of the individualist anarchist tradition, while others disagree and claim individualist anarchism is only part of the socialist movement and part of the libertarian socialist tradition. Economically, while European individualist anarchists are pluralists who advocate anarchism without adjectives and synthesis anarchism, ranging from anarcho-communist to mutualist economic types, most American individualist anarchists of the 19th century advocated mutualism, a libertarian socialist form of market socialism, or a free-market socialist form of classical economics. Individualist anarchists are opposed to property that violates the entitlement theory of justice, that is, gives privilege due to unjust acquisition or exchange, and thus is exploitative, seeking to "destroy the tyranny of capital,—that is, of property" by mutual credit.

Anarcho-syndicalism is an anarchist organisational model that centres trade unions as a vehicle for class conflict. Drawing from the theory of libertarian socialism and the practice of syndicalism, anarcho-syndicalism sees trade unions as both a means to achieve immediate improvements to working conditions and to build towards a social revolution in the form of a general strike, with the ultimate aim of abolishing the state and capitalism. Anarcho-syndicalists consider trade unions to be the prefiguration of a post-capitalist society and seek to use them in order to establish workers' control of production and distribution. An anti-political ideology, anarcho-syndicalism rejects political parties and participation in parliamentary politics, considering them to be a corrupting influence on the labour movement. In order to achieve their material and economic goals, anarcho-syndicalists instead practice direct action in the form of strike actions, boycotts and sabotage. Anarcho-syndicalists also attempt to build solidarity among the working class, in order to unite workers against the exploitation of labour and build workers' self-management.

Anarcho-punk is an ideological subgenre of punk rock that promotes anarchism. Some use the term broadly to refer to any punk music with anarchist lyrical content, which may figure in crust punk, hardcore punk, folk punk, and other styles.

According to different scholars, the history of anarchism either goes back to ancient and prehistoric ideologies and social structures, or begins in the 19th century as a formal movement. As scholars and anarchist philosophers have held a range of views on what anarchism means, it is difficult to outline its history unambiguously. Some feel anarchism is a distinct, well-defined movement stemming from 19th-century class conflict, while others identify anarchist traits long before the earliest civilisations existed.

The nature of capitalism is criticized by left-wing anarchists, who reject hierarchy and advocate stateless societies based on non-hierarchical voluntary associations. Anarchism is generally defined as the libertarian philosophy which holds the state to be undesirable, unnecessary and harmful as well as opposing authoritarianism, illegitimate authority and hierarchical organization in the conduct of human relations. Capitalism is generally considered by scholars to be an economic system that includes private ownership of the means of production, creation of goods or services for profit or income, the accumulation of capital, competitive markets, voluntary exchange and wage labor, which have generally been opposed by most anarchists historically. Since capitalism is variously defined by sources and there is no general consensus among scholars on the definition nor on how the term should be used as a historical category, the designation is applied to a variety of historical cases, varying in time, geography, politics and culture.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Infoshop</span> Space for distributing political and subcultural information

Infoshops are places in which people can access anarchist or autonomist ideas. They are often stand-alone projects, or can form part of a larger radical bookshop, archive, self-managed social centre or community centre. Typically, infoshops offer flyers, posters, zines, pamphlets and books for sale or donation. Other items such as badges, locally produced artworks and T-shirts are also often available. Infoshops can also provide printing and copying facilities for people to produce their own literature or have a meeting space.

Anarchism in the United States began in the mid-19th century and started to grow in influence as it entered the American labor movements, growing an anarcho-communist current as well as gaining notoriety for violent propaganda of the deed and campaigning for diverse social reforms in the early 20th century. By around the start of the 20th century, the heyday of individualist anarchism had passed and anarcho-communism and other social anarchist currents emerged as the dominant anarchist tendency.

Right-libertarianism, also known as libertarian capitalism, or right-wing libertarianism, is a libertarian political philosophy that supports capitalist property rights and defends market distribution of natural resources and private property. The term right-libertarianism is used to distinguish this class of views on the nature of property and capital from left-libertarianism, a variant of libertarianism that combines self-ownership with an anti-authoritarian approach to property and income. In contrast to socialist libertarianism, right-libertarianism supports free-market capitalism. Like most forms of libertarianism, it supports civil liberties, especially natural law, negative rights, the non-aggression principle, and a significant transformation of the modern welfare state. Practitioners of Right-libertarianism usually do not self-describe by that term and often object to it.

Anarchist law is a term variously used to describe the apparent norms regarding behavior and decision-making operative within an anarchist community from the perspective of a law-normative viewpoint. Although many anarchists would consider "anarchist law" simply synonymous with natural law, others contend law as implied in anarchy by outside observers would have additional, unique elements. Over the course of the last two hundred years as anarchism has grown and evolved to include diverse strains, there have been different conceptions of "anarchist law" produced and discussed, or used in practice by anarchist networks such as Peoples' Global Action or Indymedia.

Individualist anarchism in the United States was strongly influenced by Benjamin Tucker, Josiah Warren, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Lysander Spooner, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, Max Stirner, Herbert Spencer and Henry David Thoreau. Other important individualist anarchists in the United States were Stephen Pearl Andrews, William Batchelder Greene, Ezra Heywood, M. E. Lazarus, John Beverley Robinson, James L. Walker, Joseph Labadie, Steven Byington and Laurance Labadie.

Anarchism in Canada spans a range of anarchist philosophy including anarchist communism, green anarchy, anarcho-syndicalism, individualist anarchism, as well as other lesser known forms. Canadian anarchism has been affected by thought from Great Britain, and continental Europe, although recent influences include a look at North American indigenism, especially on the West Coast. Anarchists remain a focal point in media coverage of globalization protests in Canada, mainly due to their confrontations with police and destruction of property.

Libertarian anarchism may refer to:

Contemporary anarchism within the history of anarchism is the period of the anarchist movement continuing from the end of World War II and into the present. Since the last third of the 20th century, anarchists have been involved in anti-globalisation, peace, squatter and student protest movements. Anarchists have participated in armed revolutions such as in those that created the Makhnovshchina and Revolutionary Catalonia, and anarchist political organizations such as the International Workers' Association and the Industrial Workers of the World have existed since the 20th century. Within contemporary anarchism, the anti-capitalism of classical anarchism has remained prominent.

Social anarchism, also known as left-wing anarchism or socialist anarchism, is the branch of anarchism that sees liberty and social equality as interrelated.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Benjamin Tucker</span> American individualist anarchist (1854–1939)

Benjamin Ricketson Tucker was an American individualist anarchist and self-identified socialist. Tucker was the editor and publisher of the American individualist anarchist periodical Liberty (1881–1908). Tucker described his form of anarchism as "consistent Manchesterism" and "unterrified Jeffersonianism".

A classless society is a society in which no one is born into a social class like in a class society. Distinctions of wealth, income, education, culture, or social network might arise and would only be determined by individual experience and achievement in such a society. Thus, the concept posits not the absence of a social hierarchy but the uninheritability of class status. Helen Codere defines social class as a segment of the community, the members of which show a common social position in a hierarchical ranking. Codere suggest that a true class-organized society is one in which the hierarchy of prestige and social status is divisible into groups. Each group with its own social, economic, attitudinal and cultural characteristics, and each having differential degrees of power in community decision.

Prior to the rise of anarchism as an anti-authoritarian political philosophy in the 19th century, both individuals and groups expressed some principles of anarchism in their lives and writings.

Anarchism and libertarianism, as broad political ideologies with manifold historical and contemporary meanings, have contested definitions. Their adherents have a pluralistic and overlapping tradition that makes precise definition of the political ideology difficult or impossible, compounded by a lack of common features, differing priorities of subgroups, lack of academic acceptance, and contentious historical usage.

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