Seasteading

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Rendering of Andras Gyorfi's "The Swimming City", a modular island AndrasGyorfi.jpg
Rendering of András Győrfi's "The Swimming City", a modular island

Seasteading is the concept of creating permanent dwellings at sea, called seasteads, in international waters outside the territory claimed by any government. No one has yet created a structure on the high seas that has been recognized as a sovereign state. Proposed structures have included modified cruise ships, refitted oil platforms, and custom-built floating islands. [1]

Contents

Proponents say seasteads can "provide the means for rapid innovation in voluntary governance and reverse environmental damage to our oceans ... and foster entrepreneurship." [2] Some critics fear seasteads may function more as a refuge for the wealthy to avoid taxes or other obligations. [3]

While seasteading gives an impression of freedom from unwanted rules and regulations, the high seas are "some of the most tightly regulated places on Earth" despite appearing borderless and free; in particular the cruise ship industry is highly regulated. [4]

The term seasteading is a blend of sea and homesteading , and dates back to the 1960s. [5]

History

Many architects and firms have created designs for floating cities, including Vincent Callebaut, [6] [7] Paolo Soleri [8] and companies such as Shimizu, Ocean Builders [9] and E. Kevin Schopfer. [10]

Marshall Savage discussed building tethered artificial islands in his 1992 book The Millennial Project: Colonizing the Galaxy in Eight Easy Steps , with several color plates illustrating his ideas.

A 1998 essay by Wayne Gramlich attracted the attention of Patri Friedman. [11] The two began working together and posted their first collaborative book online in 2001. [12] Their book explored many aspects of seasteading from waste disposal to flags of convenience. This collaboration led to the creation of the non-profit The Seasteading Institute (TSI) in 2008.

As an intermediate step, the Seasteading Institute has promoted cooperation with an existing nation on prototype floating islands with legal semi-autonomy within the nation's protected territorial waters. On 13 January 2017, the Seasteading Institute signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with French Polynesia to create the first semi-autonomous "seazone" for a prototype, [13] [14] but later that year political changes driven by the French Polynesia presidential election led to the indefinite postponement of the project. [15] French Polynesia formally backed out of the project and permanently cut ties with Seasteading on 14 March 2018. [16]

The first single-family seastead was launched near Phuket, Thailand by Ocean Builders in March 2019. [17] [18] Two months later, the Thai Navy claimed the seastead was a threat to Thai sovereignty. [19] In 2019, Ocean Builders said it will be building again in Panama, with the support of government officials. [20] As of 2022, the project's status is uncertain.

In April 2019, the concept of floating cities as a way to cope with rising oceans was included in a presentation by the United Nations program UN-Habitat. As presented, they would be limited to sheltered waters. [21]

Specific proposals

The Seasteading Institute

Rendering of the Seasteading Institute's "ClubStead" Stead.jpg
Rendering of the Seasteading Institute's "ClubStead"

A nonprofit organization that has held several seasteading conferences and started The Floating City Project, which is proposed to locate a floating city within the territorial waters of an existing nation. Attempts to reach an agreement with French Polynesia ended in 2018. [22]

Jounieh Floating Island project (JFIP)

A proposal to build a "floating island" with a luxury hotel in Jounieh north of the Lebanese capital Beirut, was stalled as of 2015 because of concerns from local officials about environmental and regulatory matters. [23] [24]

Blueseed

Architectural drawing of Blueseed "habitat units" Blueseed - Two Habitat Units 1.jpg
Architectural drawing of Blueseed "habitat units"

Blueseed was a company aiming to float a ship near Silicon Valley to serve as a visa-free startup community and entrepreneurial incubator. Blueseed founders Max Marty and Dario Mutabdzija met when both were employees of The Seasteading Institute. The project planned to offer living and office space, high-speed Internet connectivity, and regular ferry service to the mainland [25] [26] but as of 2014 the project was "on hold", [27] and was later described as "failed" due to lack of investors and possible trouble with the Startup Visa Bill before the US Congress, which would make the concept obsolete.

Satoshi

A project which got as far as the purchase of a ship was MS Satoshi, purchased (as Pacific Dawn) in 2020 by Ocean Builders Central, to become a floating residence in the Gulf of Panama; however, after failing to obtain insurance for the proposed operation, the ship was resold in 2021 for cruise operations. [4]

Designs

Historical predecessors and inspirations for seasteading include:

Cruise ships

Cruise ships are a proven technology, and address most of the challenges of living at sea for extended periods of time. However, they're typically optimized for travel and short-term stay, not for permanent residence in a single location.

Examples:

Spar platform

Platform designs based on spar buoys, similar to oil platforms. [32] In this design, the platforms rest on spars in the shape of floating dumbbells, with the living area high above sea level. Building on spars in this fashion reduces the influence of wave action on the structure. [33]

Examples:

Modular island

There are numerous seastead designs based around interlocking modules made of reinforced concrete. [37] Reinforced concrete is used for floating docks, oil platforms, dams, and other marine structures.

Examples:

Monolithic island

A single, monolithic structure that is not intended to be expanded or connected to other modules.

Examples:

Criticism

Critics believe that founding and building a government is difficult. [44] Also, seasteads would still be at risk of political interference from nation states. [45]

On a logistical level, without access to culture, travel, restaurants, shopping, and other amenities, seasteads could be too remote and too uncomfortable to be attractive to potential long-term residents. [45] Building seasteads to withstand the rigors of the open ocean may prove uneconomical. [44] [45]

Seastead structures may blight ocean views, their industry or farming may deplete their environments, and their waste may pollute surrounding waters. Some critics believe that seasteads will exploit both residents and the nearby population. [44] Others fear that seasteads will mainly allow wealthy individuals to escape taxes, [3] or to harm mainstream society by ignoring other financial, environmental, and labor regulations. [3] [44]

Seasteading has been imagined many times in novels, from Jules Verne's 1895 science-fiction book Propeller Island (L'Île à hélice) about an artificial island designed to travel the waters of the Pacific Ocean, to the 2003 novel The Scar , which featured a floating city named Armada. It has been a central concept in some movies, notably Waterworld (1995), and in TV series such as Stargate Atlantis , which had a complete floating city. It is a common setting in video games, forming the premise of the Bioshock series, Brink , and Call of Duty: Black Ops II ; and in anime, such as Gargantia on the Verdurous Planet which takes place mainly on a traveling city made of an interconnected fleet of ocean ships. A satirical take on seasteading in the context of human extinction is depicted in the Love, Death & Robots episode "Three Robots: Exit Strategies". [46]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oil platform</span> Offshore ocean structure with oil drilling and related facilities

An oil platform is a large structure with facilities to extract and process petroleum and natural gas that lie in rock formations beneath the seabed. Many oil platforms will also have facilities to accommodate the workers, although it is also common to have a separate accommodation platform linked by bridge to the production platform. Most commonly, oil platforms engage in activities on the continental shelf, though they can also be used in lakes, inshore waters, and inland seas. Depending on the circumstances, the platform may be fixed to the ocean floor, consist of an artificial island, or float. In some arrangements the main facility may have storage facilities for the processed oil. Remote subsea wells may also be connected to a platform by flow lines and by umbilical connections. These sub-sea facilities may include one or more subsea wells or manifold centres for multiple wells.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Freedom Ship</span> Proposed floating city project

Freedom Ship is a floating city project initially proposed in the late 1990s. The namesake of the project reflects the designer's vision of a mobile ocean colony, such that it is free from the property, municipal, or federal laws of any nation states. The project would not be a conventional ship, but rather a series of linked barges.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tension-leg platform</span> Type of offshore platform used in production of oil or gas

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Floating city may refer to:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Operation Atlantis</span>

Operation Atlantis was a project started by Werner Stiefel in 1968 aiming to establish a new, libertarian nation in international waters. The operation launched a ferro-cement boat on the Hudson River in December 1971 and piloted it to an area near the Bahamas. Upon reaching its destination, it sank in a hurricane. After a number of subsequent failed attempts to construct a habitable sea platform and achieve sovereign status, the project was abandoned.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Very large floating structure</span> Artificial islands used as infrastructure in aquatic environments

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Offshore drilling</span> Mechanical process where a wellbore is drilled below the seabed

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Patri Friedman</span> American libertarian activist and theorist of political economy

Patri Friedman is an American libertarian, anarcho-capitalist, and theorist of political economy. He founded The Seasteading Institute, a non-profit that explores the creation of sovereign ocean colonies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sean Hastings</span> American businessman

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A seascraper, also known as a waterscraper, is a proposed large building which will function as a floating city. It would generate its own energy through wave, wind, current, solar, etc. and produce its own food through farming, aquaculture, hydroponics, etc. The term "Seascraper" is an analogous derivative of "Skyscraper".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Joe Quirk</span>

Joe Quirk is an American author originally from Westfield, New Jersey. His latest book is Seasteading: How Floating Nations Will Restore the Environment, Enrich the Poor, Cure the Sick, and Liberate Humanity from Politicians. Quirk is also president of the non-profit Seasteading Institute.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ocean colonization</span> Type of ocean claim

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blueseed</span> Startup company based on a proposed seasteading venture

Blueseed was a Silicon Valley-based startup company and a seasteading venture to create a startup community located on a vessel stationed in international waters near the coast of Silicon Valley in the United States. The intended location would enable non-U.S. startup entrepreneurs to work on their ventures without the need for a US work visa (H1B), while living in proximity to Silicon Valley and using relatively easier to obtain business and tourism visas (B1/B2) to travel to the mainland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Max Marty</span> American entrepreneur

Max Marty is an entrepreneur based in Silicon Valley, who co-founded the seed accelerator project Blueseed with Dario Mutabdzija and Dan Dascalescu. He was previously Director of Business Strategy at The Seasteading Institute.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dan Dascalescu</span>

Dan Dăscălescu is a Romanian-American entrepreneur based in Silicon Valley, who co-founded the ship-based seed accelerator project Blueseed in an attempt to allow entrepreneurs to start companies near Silicon Valley without US visa restrictions. He is also a public speaker and former software engineer at Google and Yahoo! and ambassador for The Seasteading Institute, a think tank researching ocean communities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dario Mutabdzija</span>

Dario Mutabdzija is an American entrepreneur based in Silicon Valley, who co-founded the seed accelerator project Blueseed. He was previously Director of Legal Strategy at The Seasteading Institute. He is now head of business development at Israeli startup PayKey.

Ocean development refers to the establishing of human activities at sea and use of the ocean, as well as its governance.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">The Seasteading Institute</span> Non-profit organization

The Seasteading Institute(TSI) is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization formed to facilitate the establishment of autonomous, mobile communities on seaborne platforms operating in international waters (a proposed practice called seasteading). It was founded by Wayne Gramlich and Patri Friedman on April 15, 2008.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ephemerisle</span> Festival on the Sacramento Delta

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References

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Further reading