Rent strike

Last updated
A rent strike in Harlem, New York City, September 1919. Rent Strike, New York Times, 1919.JPG
A rent strike in Harlem, New York City, September 1919.

A rent strike, sometimes known as a tenants strike or a renters strike, is a method of protest commonly employed against large landlords. In a rent strike, a group of tenants agree to collectively withhold paying some or all of their rent to their landlords en masse until demands are met. This can be a useful tactic of final resort for use against intransigent landlords, but can carry risks for the tenants, such as eviction, lowered credit scores, and legal consequences.

Contents

Historically, rent strikes have often been used in response to various hardships faced by tenants, however, there have been situations where wider societal issues have led to such action.

Strategy and causes

Rent strikes are an example of collective direct action where tenants refuse to pay rent landlords as a leverage of bargining power. [1] [2] [3] [4] Rent strikes can occur due to any number of unadressed issues facing tenants, such as high or rising rent costs; poor, unsafe, or unhygenic living conditions; precarity and housing insecurity; and unfair or abusive landlords. [1] [2] [4] They may also occur to achieve a change in policy or broader political goals, such as civil and political rights struggles, or an increase in social housing. [5]

Rent strikes are often undertaken by organised groups such as tenants unions. [1] [3] In these cases, tenant unions may establish a strike fund or other form of crowdfunding to help support strikers, particularly against legal threats. [3] Rent strikes may also be undertaken on an informal basis, with some instances seeing tenant unions formed as a result of the action. [3] Some trades unions have been known to support rent strikes. [1] [6]

History

Some of the earliest evidence of collectively withholding rent comes from the 15th century, where it was noted in arrears lists as quia tenentes negant solvere, (lit. 'because the tenants refuse to pay'). [1]

Documentation of rent strikes increased going into the late 19th and early 20th century. [1] Increasing industrialisation and urbanisation saw increased disputes between landlords and tenants. [1] In response to an increasing frequency of rent strikes, landlords in some areas retaliated by forming associations of landlords, such as in Berlin and Stockholm. [1]

The COVID-19 pandemic saw an increase in housing precarity due to issues such as job losses, decrease in income, and the threat of evicition. These factors resulted in a series of rent strikes during the COVID-19 pandemic. [1] [2] [3] [5]

In historiography

Frequently cases of rent strikes have gone unreported or under reported by perennial news sources, with details often shared via word of mouth. [4] Additionally striking tenants have often not themselves made record of strikes. [4] Where strikes have been recorded—typically larger scale disputes—focus is given to the strike action itself, with the conditions which caused them receiving less focus. [1]

Rent strikes—and more broadly tenants movements—have primarily been analyised in relation to the labour movement and less within its own right. [1] However, there has been an growth of academic interest in rent strikes and tenants movements since the Great Recession. [1]

Notable rent strikes

Europe

Glasgow

Glasgow rent strike picket on October 20, 1915; eviction defense.webp
During the Irish Land War of the 1880s and during World War I when the landlords of tenement buildings in Glasgow sought to take advantage of the influx of shipbuilders coming into the city and the absence of many local men to raise rents on the tenements' remaining residents. These women left behind were seen as an easy target and were faced with a rent increase of up to 25% and would be forcibly evicted by bailiffs if they failed to pay. As a result of this rent increase, there was a popular backlash against the landlords and a rent strike was initiated. This was led by Mary Barbour, Mary Burns Laird, Helen Crawfurd, Agnes Dollan, and other women who were dubbed 'Mrs. Barbour's Army', who lived in the housing that were experiencing rent increases. [7] The Glasgow Women's Housing Association was led by these women and during rent strikes, women would forcibly prevent the bailiffs from entering the tenements to deliver eviction notices by pelting them with flour bombs, pulling down their trousers, or throwing them into the 'midden' (trash) in the back court of tenement buildings. [8] The strikes soon spread, not only across the tenants of Glasgow, but across Glasgow workplaces. [9] This became an overwhelming success, as Glasgow was a main producer of munitions for the war effort of WWI. [9] These strikes moved out from Glasgow and on to other cities throughout the UK, and influenced the government, on 27 November 1915, to introduce legislation to restrict rents to the pre-war level. [10] The Rent Restriction Act, 1915, was implemented after a protest held in Glasgow, by workers and tenants in support of five women who were taken to court for refusing to pay their rent. [11] [12] [13]

The Leeds rent strike in 1914

In early January 1914, around 300 tenants living in the Burley area of Leeds went on rent strike against a 6d increase in rents imposed by the landlords. The rent increase had been called for by the Leeds branch of the Property Owners Association. At a mass meeting of the tenants on Sunday January 10, the rent strike organisers called for a citywide protest against the increase. A week later, the Leeds Trades Council hosted a Labour conference intended to organise mass rent resistance. A Tenants Defence League was formed with a central committee of nine and a mission to spread the rent campaign across the city through a series of public meetings and neighbourhood canvassing. The strike lasted eight weeks. In the end, committee members had been evicted and blacklisted from renting any other home in the area. [14]

Kirkby Rent Strike

A 14-month-long rent strike initiated by 3,000 tenants on October 9, 1972 in the town of Kirkby, outside Liverpool, against the Housing Finances Act, [15] caused a £1 rent rise. A group of women on the Tower Hill estate formed a discussion and support group to help themselves and their families through the factory closure crisis when the Housing Finances Act was passed these women formed an Unfair Rents Action Group and responded by organizing the rent strike. [16]

Highland Land League

Scotland 1880s

Barcelona mass rent strike 1931

Between 5,000 and 100,000 people were out on rent strike. [17]

The Gothenburg Rent Strikes 1930s

During the 1930s the Gothenburg Tenants´ Movement launched a rent-reduction campaign, using calls to boycott, cancellation of contracts and rent strikes to further their goals. Almost two thousand properties were affected and thousands of tenants got rent reductions as a result. The organized landlords retaliated and during the Olskroken Conflict 1936-1937 hundreds of tenants were evicted. The Olskroken conflict ended in a loss for the landlords, signalling the beginning of the end for tenant militancy in Gothenburg. [18]

Northern Ireland

During "The Troubles" (1960s-1980s) in Northern Ireland, participants in the civil rights movement withheld rent and council rates from local councils in protest at internment. [19]

University College London

Originally starting in 2015 with just 60 students, [20] by 2016 a rent strike movement involving over one thousand students at University College London withholding their rent had formed, eventually winning hundreds of thousands of pounds in concessions. [21] This rent strike spread to other UK universities, with many setting up "Cut The Rent" campaigns. Since this 2016 rent strike there have been rent strikes also in 2017 [22] and 2018 [23] at UCL, continuing to demand cheaper rents and better conditions, which have also gone on to win over £1.5 million.

Africa

South Africa

Rent strikes occurred in the 1980s to end Apartheid and gain ownership of housing by the tenants. [24] [25] The government sent in troops to Soweto in 1987. [26] "Residents of some public housing have not paid their rents in several years, and in many cases officials have stopped trying to collect and have turned ownership over to tenants. In Soweto, for instance, Government officials say at least 50,000 rental units have been given to tenants." [27] [28]

North America

Anti-Rent Movement of New York 1839–1845

The Anti-Rent Movement (also known as the Anti-Rent War and Helderberg War) was a tenants' revolt in upstate New York in the period 1839–1845. The Anti-Renters declared their independence from the manor system run by patroons, resisting tax collectors and successfully demanding land reform.

1904 New York City Rent Strike

In 1904, the first mass rent strike in New York City occurred. In response to rising rents, 2,000 families went on strike for over a month. By its end the tenants had successfully won rent reductions. [29] [30]

1907 New York City Rent Strike

In 1907, in response to rising rents due to housing shortages 10,000 families in lower Manhattan went on rent strike. One of the primary organizers was 20-year-old Pauline Newman, along with housewives and women working in the garment industry. It lasted from December 26 until January 9 and led to about 2,000 families having their rents reduced. [31]

1918-20 New York City rent strikes

"Right in the Nose!" Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Sept 27, 1920 "Right in the Nose!" Brooklyn Daily Eagle. September 27, 1920.png
“Right in the Nose!” Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Sept 27, 1920
The 1918-20 New York City Rent strikes were some of the most significant tenant mobilizations against landlords in NYC history. As a result of a World War 1 housing shortage, a coal shortage during a brutal winter, frequent raising of rents and landlord property speculation; Waves of rent strikes occurred across the entire city among poor and middle-class tenants alike. First over dangerously freezing flats, when many landlords stopped providing heating during the coal shortage, and later over rent. [32] [33] [34] Somewhere between at least several 10,000's and 100,000's of tenants struck across the city over the two year period. [33] : 82  It led to the passage of the Emergency Rent Laws by the state of New York, the first rent control in the nations history, which remained in place until 1929. Individually many of the strikes also won their demands for the reduction of rent and in many cases yearly written instead of oral leases. [32] [33] [34]

1920-1921 Chicago rent strikes

Women Rally to Map out Chicago's First "Rent Strike".png
Chicago Tribune ; February 29, 1920
From 1920 to 1921, Chicago had a series of tenant strikes over rent increases. The strikes lead to the formation of the Chicago Tenants Protective association, passage of the Kessenger tenant laws, and of a heat ordinance that legally required flats to be kept above 68 °F during winter months by landlords. [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40]

Communist Party and American Labor Party efforts in the 1930s and 40s

During the Great Depression and through the end of World War II, labor unions played a major role in the mass-mobilization of the working class. These labor unions combined forces with leftist political organizations like the Communist Party and American Labor Party to rally for three major policy changes: rent control, public housing, and building-code enforcements. [41]

New York City rent strike over repairs

In the winter of 1963-1964, a rent strike erupted in Harlem. It was led by Jesse Gray, a tenant organizer there since 1953. The focus of the strike was not rent levels but poor maintenance. [42] [43]

National wave of rent strikes throughout the US in 1960s and early 70s

Rent strikes spread through the US in response to the chronic neglect of repairs in both urban private and public housing stock. The 1960s were characterized by two distinct fronts within the tenant movement: (1) the tenant-student alliance led by Marie Runyon starting in 1961 that, though largely symbolic, generated media traction and political clout for the movement, and (2) a movement of radical Black movement participants led by the Black Panther Party and the Young Lords party who used a direct action approach to bring attention to the failings of the state and encouraged poor New York City neighborhoods to take charge of abandoned properties. [41] After the Harlem rent strikes in 1963-4, it became a popular tactic both among students in university towns and public housing tenants who were living in squalid conditions due to lack of funding and racist federal policies. [44] [45]

1965-68 Tulare County farm labor camps rent strike

The Tulare Labor Camps rent strike was a strike by tenants of the Woodville and Linnell farm labor camps in 1965 against rent increases by the Tulare County Housing Authority and the inhabitable conditions of the tin houses they lived in, led by the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA), alongside support by numerous civil rights and student organizations. It lasted three years and successfully stopped the proposed rent increase, and led to the construction of new houses to replace the tin huts. [46] [47]

South America

Tenants' strike of 1907

In 1907, a popular movement against the rise in rents in tenant houses in the city of Buenos Aires and other Argentine cities, popularly called conventillos, escalated into a rent strike. [48] The strike began in August 1907, it lasted approximately 3 months and more than one hundred tenants [49] participated in the movement, with thirty-two thousand workers on strike. [50] It had a significant presence of anarchist and socialist activists. [51]

See also

Related Research Articles

Red Clydeside was the era of political radicalism in Glasgow, Scotland, and areas around the city, on the banks of the River Clyde, such as Clydebank, Greenock, Dumbarton and Paisley, from the 1910s until the early 1930s. Red Clydeside is a significant part of the history of the labour movement in Britain as a whole, and Scotland in particular.

In the United States, rent control refers to laws or ordinances that set price controls on the rent of residential housing to function as a price ceiling. More loosely, "rent control" describes several types of price control:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eviction</span> Removal of a tenant from rental property by the landlord

Eviction is the removal of a tenant from rental property by the landlord. In some jurisdictions it may also involve the removal of persons from premises that were foreclosed by a mortgagee.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tenement</span> Building shared by multiple dwellings

A tenement is a type of building shared by multiple dwellings, typically with flats or apartments on each floor and with shared entrance stairway access. They are common on the British Isles, particularly in Scotland. In the medieval Old Town, in Edinburgh, tenements were developed with each apartment treated as a separate house, built on top of each other. Over hundreds of years, custom grew to become law concerning maintenance and repairs, as first formally discussed in Stair's 1681 writings on Scots property law. In Scotland, these are now governed by the Tenements Act, which replaced the old Law of the Tenement and created a new system of common ownership and procedures concerning repairs and maintenance of tenements. Tenements with one- or two-room flats provided popular rented accommodation for workers, but in some inner-city areas, overcrowding and maintenance problems led to shanty towns, which have been cleared and redeveloped. In more affluent areas, tenement flats form spacious privately owned houses, some with up to six bedrooms, which continue to be desirable properties.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mary Barbour</span> Scottish politician (1875-1958)

Mary Barbour was a Scottish political activist, local councillor, bailie and magistrate. Barbour was closely associated with the Red Clydeside movement in the early 20th century and especially for her role as the main organiser of the women of Govan who took part in the rent strikes of 1915.

Rent regulation in New York is a means of limiting the amount of rent charged on dwellings. Rent control and rent stabilization are two programs used in parts of New York state. In addition to controlling rent, the system also prescribes rights and obligations for tenants and landlords.

Mary Laird was a founding member and first President of the Glasgow Women's Housing Association, a President of the Partick Branch of the Women's Labour League, associated with the Red Clydeside movement, and supported the Glasgow Rent Strikes of 1915 alongside Mary Barbour, Agnes Dollan, Mary Jeff and Helen Crawfurd. Laird went on to participate in wider social activism for women and children's rights.

South Govan Women's Housing Association was established in 1915 under the leadership by Mary Barbour in Govan on the south side of Glasgow in Scotland.

Glasgow Women's Housing Association (GWHA) was established in Glasgow, Scotland, in mid-1914 by the Independent Labour Party Housing Committee launched by Andrew McBride in 1913 and the Women's Labour League in reaction to the increasing rent prices and overcrowding exacerbated by the advent of the First World War.

The New York City Loft Board is a quasi-legislative and judicial body of the New York City government that oversees the legal conversion of commercial and manufacturing spaces to residential use.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eviction in the United States</span> Landlord removals of rental housing tenants in the North American country

Eviction in the United States refers to the pattern of tenant removal by landlords in the United States. In an eviction process, landlords forcibly remove tenants from their place of residence and reclaim the property. Landlords may decide to evict tenants who have failed to pay rent, violated lease terms, or possess an expired lease. Landlords may also choose not to renew a tenant's lease, however, this does not constitute an eviction. In the United States, eviction procedures, landlord rights, and tenant protections vary by state and locality. Historically, the United States has seen changes in domestic eviction rates during periods of major socio-political and economic turmoil—including the Great Depression, the 2008 Recession, and the COVID-19 pandemic. High eviction rates are driven by affordable housing shortages and rising housing costs. Across the United States, low-income and disadvantaged neighborhoods have disproportionately higher eviction rates. Certain demographics—including low income renters, Black and Hispanic renters, women, and people with children—are also at a greater risk of eviction. Additionally, eviction filings remain on renters' public records. This can make it more difficult for renters to access future housing, since most landlords will not rent to a tenant with a history of eviction. Eviction and housing instability are also linked to many negative health and life outcomes, including homelessness, poverty, and poor mental and physical health.

The Metropolitan Council on Housing is a tenant rights organization in New York City founded in 1959. As the oldest and largest tenants' organization in the city," it has focused on issues including rent regulation and affordable public housing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cancel rent</span> Tenant rights movement in the United States

Cancel rent is a slogan and tenant rights movement in the United States, which advocates for the cancellation of rental payments and suspension of mortgage payments during the coronavirus pandemic. Activists and organizations have also presented other demands, which include the cancellation of housing-related expenses, cancellation of late fees for housing payments, the establishment of a landlord hardship fund, an increase in emergency housing, and an eviction moratorium. The movement was triggered by the economic impact of the pandemic, in which mass business closures and employee layoffs resulted in financial insecurity for many Americans. Tenants faced a range of issues, including the inability to pay rent, harassment or intimidation from landlords, and potential eviction. This situation put tenants at risk of damaged credit ratings, food insecurity, and homelessness. Consequently, activists, tenants rights organizations, and some politicians have called for the cancellation of rent.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tenants' strike of 1907</span>

The Tenants' Strike or Broom Strike of 1907 was a popular movement against the rise in rents in tenant houses in the city of Buenos Aires and other Argentine cities, popularly called conventillos. The strike began in August 1907, it lasted approximately 3 months and more than one hundred tenants participated in the movement, with thirty-two thousand workers on strike. It had a significant presence of anarchist and socialist activists.

A tenants union, also known as a tenants association, is a group of tenants that collectively organize to improve the conditions of their housing and mutually educate about their rights as renters. Groups may also lobby local officials to change housing policies or address homelessness.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1907 New York City rent strike</span>

The 1907 New York City rent strike or the East Side rent strike lasted from December 26, 1907, to January 9, 1908. The rent strike began in response to a proposed rent increase in the wake of the Panic of 1907 which saw tens of thousands unemployed. It began in the Lower East Side and the predominant organizers were Jewish immigrant women in the neighborhood such as Pauline Newman, who played a major role in organizing the strike. It eventually spread to other areas of Manhattan and Brooklyn, comprising approximately 10,000 tenants. The strike was taken over by the Eight Assembly District of the Socialist Party of America in early 1908. Due to mass evictions and police brutality, the strike was broken, though approximately 2,000 successfully halted rent increases.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1918–1920 New York City rent strikes</span> Historical event

The 1918–1920 New York City rent strikes were some of the most significant tenant mobilizations against landlords in New York City history. A housing shortage caused by World War I had exacerbated tenant conditions, with the construction industry being redirected to support the war effort. In addition, newly available defense jobs attracted thousands of new families to the city, further reducing property vacancy rates. As a result, overcrowding, poor conditions, frequent raising of rents, and speculation by landlords were common. These long-term circumstances, and a nationwide coal shortage that culminated in a dangerous heating crisis for tenants, catalyzed the subsequent organizing and wave of rent strikes across the city.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1904 New York City rent strike</span> First mass rent strike in New York City

The 1904 New York City rent strike was the first mass rent strike in New York City. It took place in the Lower East Side in the Spring of 1904, spreading to 2,000 families across 800 tenements and lasting nearly a month. The strike was a response to proposed rent increases amid a housing shortage. It was primarily organized by local Jewish immigrant women with organizational strategies and language learned from the 1902 kosher meat boycott and the history of labor organizing in the area. Tenant organizers, socialists, and local labor unions united as the New York Protective Rent Association; women who had initially organized the strike such as Bertha Liebson were removed from leadership positions. The strike was successful in the short term, halting the majority of proposed rent increases for the following year. However, landlords began raising rents again a year later, leading to the 1907 New York City Rent Strike.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1915 Glasgow rent strikes</span> Housing protests in Glasgow, Scotland

The 1915 Glasgow rent strikes were a series of tenant mobilizations by Glasgow, Scotland tenants opposing rent increases by landlords, who raised rents following a housing shortage.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tulare labor camps rent strike</span>

The Tulare Labor Camps rent strike was a strike by tenants of the Woodville and Linnell farm labor camps in 1965 against rent increases by the Tulare County Housing Authority and the inhabitable conditions of the tin houses they lived in.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Guzmán, Jordi G.; Ill-Raga, Marta (4 May 2022). "Rent Strikes: Revolutions at Point Zero". Socialism and Democracy. 36 (1–2): 193–215. doi:10.1080/08854300.2022.2170681. hdl: 1854/LU-01J1YJYV7CN42NAAV5TSTPK6D1 . ISSN   0885-4300.
  2. 1 2 3 Che, Chara (25 July 2023). "Hundreds of tenants have gone on rent strike in Toronto. Is that even legal?". National Post. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Vallis, Mary (5 June 2023). "What are rent strikes — and do they work?". CBC News. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Moorhouse, Bert; Wilson, Mary; Chamberlain, Chris (17 March 1972). "Rent Strikes - Direct Action and the Working Class". Socialist Register. 9: 133–156.
  5. 1 2 Gershon, Livia (2020-04-30). "Rent Strikes Aren't Just About Rent". JSTOR Daily. Retrieved 2024-11-27.
  6. ↑ Walker, Rosie (2016). The rent trap : how we fell into it and how we get out of it. London : Pluto Press. ISBN   978-1-78371-749-1 – via Internet Archive.
  7. ↑ Bell, H. B. (2018). John Maclean : hero of Red Clydeside. London: Pluto Press. ISBN   978-1-78680-354-2. OCLC   1055913598.
  8. ↑ King, Elspeth (1993). The hidden history of Glasgow's women : the Thenew factor. Edinburgh: Mainstream Pub. ISBN   1-85158-404-8. OCLC   30477923.
  9. 1 2 Craig, Maggie (2018). When the Clyde ran red : a social history of Red Clydeside. Edinburgh: Birlinn. ISBN   978-0-85790-996-1. OCLC   1028736262.
  10. ↑ Castells, Manuel (1983). The city and the grassroots : a cross-cultural theory of urban social movements. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN   0-520-04756-7. OCLC   8929555.
  11. ↑ Kenefick, William; McIvor, Arthur; Glasgow Labour History Workshop (1996). Roots of Red Clydeside, 1910-1914? : labour unrest and industrial relations in West Scotland. Edinburgh: J. Donald. ISBN   0-85976-434-6. OCLC   35801378.
  12. ↑ Gallacher, William (2017). Revolt on the Clyde : an autobiography. Gary Smith, John, Ph. D. Callow (Fifth ed.). Baltimore, Maryland: Project Muse. ISBN   978-1-912064-56-4. OCLC   1000469666.
  13. ↑ Milton, Nan Maclean (1973). John Maclean. London: Pluto Press. ISBN   0-902818-39-2. OCLC   1011273.
  14. ↑ The Leeds rent strike in 1914; A reappraisal of the radical history of the tenants movement, Quintin Bradley Archived 2015-01-24 at the Wayback Machine
  15. ↑ Murden, Jon (2006). "The 1972 Kirkby Rent Strike: Dockland Solidarity in a New Setting?". London: Economic History Society. Archived from the original (DOC) on 2006-09-25.
  16. ↑ "Kirkby rent strike, 1972". libcom.org.
  17. ↑ "1931: Barcelona mass rent strike". libcom.org.
  18. ↑ Rolf, Hannes (2018). Tenant by the sea: Tenants´ associations in the industrialized port city of Gothenburg 1900-1950 (PDF).
  19. ↑ "History". www.sinnfein.ie.
  20. ↑ "On Britain's left, there's growing talk of a national rent strike". CityMetric.
  21. ↑ "Why I refuse to pay my university rent". The Guardian. October 19, 2016.
  22. ↑ Packham, Alfie (July 6, 2017). "Students win £1.5m pledge from UCL after five-month rent strike". The Guardian.
  23. ↑ "Students strike on rent pay after mice and flooding complaints". Left Foot Forward. May 8, 2018.
  24. ↑ Temko, Ned (September 4, 1986). "Rent strike gives blacks in S. Africa a powerful weapon". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
  25. ↑ Parks, Michael (March 31, 1986). "South Africa Blacks Plan Mass Action : Store Boycotts, Rent Strikes Are Part of Strategy". LA Times. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
  26. ↑ Claiborne, William (Nov 18, 1987). "Troops Move into Black Township". Anchorage Daily News -. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
  27. ↑ HOLMES, STEVEN A. (June 5, 1994). "Rent Strikes Still Hamper South Africa". New York Times. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
  28. ↑ "South Africa Seeks To End Rent Strike". Pillidelphia Inquirer. June 10, 1987. Archived from the original on January 31, 2013. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
  29. ↑ Lawson, Ronald (May 1984). "The Rent Strike in New York City, 1904–1980: The Evolution of a Social Movement Strategy". Journal of Urban History. 10 (3): 235–258. doi:10.1177/009614428401000301. ISSN   0096-1442. S2CID   145008168.
  30. ↑ Joselit, Jenna Weissman (1986). "1: The Landlord as Czar - Pre-World War I Tenant Activity". In Lawson, Ronald (ed.). The tenant movement in New York City, 1904 – 1984. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Univ. Press. pp. 39–50. ISBN   978-0-8135-1158-0.
  31. ↑ "Pauline Newman organizes influential New York rent strike". Jewish Women's Archive. December 26, 1907.
  32. 1 2 Lawson, Ronald (January 1, 1986). "Ch. 2: New York City Tenant Organizations and the Post-World War I Housing Crisis". The Tenant movement in New York City, 1904-1984. Internet Archive. New Brunswick, N.J. : Rutgers University Press. pp. 51–89. ISBN   978-0-8135-1203-7.
  33. 1 2 3 Fogelson, Robert Michael (2013). The great rent wars: New York, 1917-1929. New Haven (Conn.): Yale University press. doi:10.12987/yale/9780300191721.001.0001. ISBN   978-0-300-19172-1.
  34. 1 2 Day, Jared N. (1999). Urban castles: tenement housing and landlord activism in New York City, 1890 - 1943. The Columbia history of urban life. New York, NY: Columbia Univ. Press. ISBN   978-0-231-11402-8.
  35. ↑ Robbins, Mark W. (2017). "5. Rent War! Middle-Class Tenant Organizing". Middle Class Union: Organizing the 'Consuming Public' in Post-World War I America. University of Michigan Press. doi:10.3998/mpub.9343785. ISBN   978-0-472-13033-7. JSTOR   10.3998/mpub.9343785. Archived from the original on April 4, 2024. Retrieved April 4, 2024.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  36. ↑ "U.S. Lists Rent War Flats; Tax Dodgers Hunted: Some Landlords Admit "Error" in Income". wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org. Chicago Daily Tribune. March 24, 1921. Retrieved 2024-04-05.
  37. ↑ "Rent Hog Gets Wallop in Bills Passed in Senate: One Measure Gives Tenants 60 Days In Which to Vacate Property". wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org. Belleville Daily Advocate. March 30, 1921. Retrieved 2024-04-05.
  38. ↑ "Love Flees Cold Flats, Tenants' Leader Argues: Heated Charges Fly in Heat Ordinance Fight". wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org. Chicago Tribune. December 28, 1921. Retrieved 2024-04-11.
  39. ↑ "Fine Landlord $25 In Test Case on New Heat Law". wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org. Chicago Tribune. December 7, 1922. Retrieved 2024-04-11.
  40. ↑ "Progress by Degrees: A History of the Chicago Heat Ordinance". The RentConfident Blog. Chicago IL: RentConfident. 2021-04-30. Archived from the original on 2021-04-30. Retrieved 2024-04-11.
  41. 1 2 Hewitt, Nancy A., ed. (2010). No Permanent Waves: Recasting Histories of U.S. Feminism. Rutgers University Press. ISBN   978-0-8135-4724-4. JSTOR   j.ctt1bmzp2r.
  42. ↑ The Tenant Movement in New York City, 1904-1984, Ronald Lawson
  43. ↑ Issacs Jackson, Mandi (2006). "Harlem's Rent Strike and Rat War: Representation, Housing Access and Tenant Resistance in New York, 1958-1964" . American Studies. 47 (1). University of Kansas: 53–79.
  44. ↑ Tenants and the Urban Housing Crisis, Edited by Stephen Burghardt 1972
  45. ↑ The Pruitt-Igoe Myth: An Urban History (2011 documentary) www.pruitt-igoe.com
  46. ↑ "Tulare Rent Strike - Farmworker Movement". 2024-04-16. Retrieved 2024-11-18.
  47. ↑ Salazar, Isaiah (Spring 2022). "Linnell and Woodville Camps: Success, Regression, and Restoration 1938-1968" (PDF). CILO. 32 (2022): 118–134.
  48. ↑ Pignatelli, Adrián (14 August 2019). "La huelga de las escobas: cuando las mujeres de los conventillos salieron a la calle para "barrer la injusticia" por el aumento en los alquileres". Infobae (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 March 2020.
  49. ↑ Spalding, Hobart (October 1970). La clase trabajadora argentina. Documentos para su historia 1890/1912 (in Spanish). Galerna. pp. 451–453.
  50. ↑ Guevara, Cecilia; Vega, Sergio; Atlas, Gabriel (June 1997). "La huelga de los Inquilinos en Boca" (PDF). Jornadas de la Carrera de Sociologia: Veinte Años Despues. Noviembre 1996. Taller Historia Urbana (in Spanish). p. 6. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
  51. ↑ "El último conventillo". Clarín (in Spanish). 2 October 1997. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
  52. ↑ Jill Jonnes (June 21, 1981). "Courts Are Naming Administrators Now to Better Buildings". The New York Times . After a year and a half of a rent strike ... Article 7A of the city housing code
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.