Ecovillage

Last updated
Sieben Linden Ecovillage 004A mwuerfel.jpg
Sieben Linden Ecovillage
An eco-house at Findhorn Ecovillage with a turf roof and solar panels PA120016.JPG
An eco-house at Findhorn Ecovillage with a turf roof and solar panels
Tallebudgera Mountain and a vegetable garden at the Currumbin Ecovillage in Queensland, 2015 Tallebudgera Mountain from Currumbin Ecovillage at Currumbin Waters, Queensland.jpg
Tallebudgera Mountain and a vegetable garden at the Currumbin Ecovillage in Queensland, 2015

An ecovillage is a traditional or intentional community with the goal of becoming more socially, culturally, economically, and/or ecologically sustainable. An ecovillage strives to produce the least possible negative impact on the natural environment through intentional physical design and resident behavior choices. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] It is consciously designed through locally owned, participatory processes to regenerate and restore its social and natural environments. Most range from a population of 50 to 250 individuals, although some are smaller, and traditional ecovillages are often much larger. Larger ecovillages often exist as networks of smaller sub-communities. Some ecovillages have grown through like-minded individuals, families, or other small groups—who are not members, at least at the outset—settling on the ecovillage's periphery and participating de facto in the community. There are currently more than 10,000 ecovillages around the world. [7]

Contents

Ecovillagers are united by shared ecological, social-economic and cultural-spiritual values. [8] Concretely, ecovillagers seek alternatives to ecologically destructive electrical, water, transportation, and waste-treatment systems, as well as the larger social systems that mirror and support them. Many see the breakdown of traditional forms of community, wasteful consumerist lifestyles, the destruction of natural habitat, urban sprawl, factory farming, and over-reliance on fossil fuels as trends that must be changed to avert ecological disaster and create richer and more fulfilling ways of life.

Ecovillages offer small-scale communities with minimal ecological impact or regenerative impacts as an alternative. However, such communities often cooperate with peer villages in networks of their own (see Global Ecovillage Network (GEN) for an example). This model of collective action is similar to that of Ten Thousand Villages, which supports the fair trade of goods worldwide.

Definition

Multiple sources define ecovillages as a subtype of intentional communities focussing on sustainability. [9] [10] [11] More pronounced definitions are listed here:

SourceYearDefinition
Robert Gilman 1991"human-scale full-featured settlement in which human activities are harmlessly integrated into the natural world in a way that is supportive of healthy human development, and can be successfully continued into the indefinite future." [12]
Diana Michelle Fischetti2008"intentional community whose members strive to live in a socially and environmentally sustainable manner, to practice voluntary simplicity, and to cultivate meaning, life satisfaction, and fulfillment." [13]
Kosha Anja Joubert, Executive Director of the GEN2016"intentional or traditional communities, consciously designed through participatory process to regenerate their social and natural environments. The social, ecological, economic, and cultural aspects are integrated into a holistic sustainable development model that is adapted to local contexts. Ecovillages are rural or urban settlements with vibrant social structures, vastly diverse, yet united in their actions towards low impact, high quality lifestyles." [14]
GEN2018"intentional, traditional or urban community that is consciously designed through locally owned, participatory processes in all 5 dimensions of sustainability (social, culture, ecology, economy and whole systems design) to regenerate their social and natural environments" [15] [16]

In Joubert's view, ecovillages are seen as an ongoing process, rather than a particular outcome. They often start off with a focus on one of the four dimensions of sustainability, e.g. ecology, but evolve into holistic models for restoration. In this view, aiming for sustainability is not enough; it is vital to restore and regenerate the fabric of life and across all four dimensions of sustainability: social, environmental, economic and cultural.

Ecovillages have developed in recent years as technology has improved, so they have more sophisticated structures as noted by Baydoun, M. 2013.

Generally, the ecovillage concept is not tied to specific sectarian (religious, political, corporate) organizations or belief systems not directly related to environmentalism, such as monasteries, cults, or communes.

History

The modern-day desire for community was notably characterized by the communal "back to the land" movement of the 1960s and 1970s through communities such as the earliest example that still survives, the Miccosukee Land Co-op co-founded in May 1973 by James Clement van Pelt in Tallahassee, Florida. In the same decades, the imperative for alternatives to radically inefficient energy-use patterns, in particular automobile-enabled suburban sprawl, was brought into focus by recurrent energy crises. The term "eco-village" was introduced by Georgia Tech Professor George Ramsey in a 1978 address, "Passive Energy Applications for the Built Environment", to the First World Energy Conference of the Association of Energy Engineers, [17] to describe small-scale, car-free, close-in developments, including suburban infill, arguing that "the great energy waste in the United States is not in its technology; it is in its lifestyle and concept of living." [18] Ramsey's article includes a sketch for a "self-sufficient pedestrian solar village" by one of his students that looks very similar to eco-villages today.

The movement became more focused and organized in the cohousing and related alternative-community movements of the mid-1980s. Then, in 1991, Robert Gilman and Diane Gilman co-authored a germinal study called "Ecovillages and Sustainable Communities" for Gaia Trust, in which the ecological and communitarian themes were brought together.

The first Eco-Village in North America began its first stages in 1990. Earthaven Eco-Village in Black Mountain, NC was the first community called an Eco-Village and was designed using permaculture (holistic) principles. The first residents moved onto the vacant land in 1993. As of 2019 Earthaven Eco-Village has over 70 families living off the grid on 368 acres of land.

The ecovillage movement began to coalesce at the annual autumn conference of Findhorn, in Scotland, in 1995. The conference was called: "Ecovillages and Sustainable Communities", and conference organizers turned away hundreds of applicants. According to Ross Jackson, "somehow they had struck a chord that resonated far and wide. The word 'ecovillage'... thus became part of the language of the Cultural Creatives." [19] After that conference, many intentional communities, including Findhorn, began calling themselves "ecovillages", giving birth to a new movement. The Global Ecovillage Network, formed by a group of about 25 people from various countries who had attended the Findhorn conference, crystallized the event by linking hundreds of small projects from around the world, that had similar goals but had formerly operated without knowledge of each other. Gaia Trust of Denmark agreed to fund the network for its first five years. [19] Today, there are self-identified ecovillages in over 70 countries on six continents. [20]

Since the 1995 conference, a number of the early members of the Global Ecovillage Network have tried other approaches to ecovillage building in an attempt to build settlements that would be attractive to mainstream culture in order to make sustainable development more generally accepted. One of these with some degree of success is Living Villages and The Wintles where eco-houses are arranged so that social connectivity is maximised and residents have shared food growing areas, woodlands, and animal husbandry for greater sustainability.

Ecovillage Principles

The principles on which ecovillages rely can be applied to urban and rural settings, as well as to developing and developed countries. Advocates seek a sustainable lifestyle (for example, of voluntary simplicity) for inhabitants with a minimum of trade outside the local area, or ecoregion. Many advocates also seek independence from existing infrastructures, although others, particularly in more urban settings, pursue more integration with existing infrastructure. Rural ecovillages are usually based on organic farming, permaculture and other approaches which promote ecosystem function and biodiversity. [21] Ecovillages, whether urban or rural, tend to integrate community and ecological values within a principle-based approach to sustainability, such as permaculture design. [22]

Johnathan Dawson, former president of the Global Ecovillage Network, describes five ecovillage principles in his 2006 book Ecovillages: New Frontiers for Sustainability:

  1. They are not government-sponsored projects, but grassroots initiatives.
  2. Their residents value and practice community living.
  3. Their residents are not overly dependent on government, corporate, or other centralized sources for water, food, shelter, power, and other basic necessities. Rather, they attempt to provide these resources themselves.
  4. Their residents have a strong sense of shared values, often characterized in spiritual terms.
  5. They often serve as research and demonstration sites, offering educational experiences for others. [20]

Environmental impact

Ecovillages often form out of care for the environment and an effort to be more sustainable. Ecovillages often use reusable power sources, such as solar and wind power, and use natural materials like mud, wood, and straw to build with. Regenerative technologies such as bioclimatic agriculture are used. [7]

A study on an ecovillage in Ithaca, New York found that the average ecological footprint of a resident in the ecovillage was 70% less than the ecological footprint of most Americans. [23]

Governance

Effective governance is important within ecovillages. It provides a model to implement and promote sustainable lifestyles (Cunningham and Wearing, 2013). While the first generation of ecovillagers tended to adopt consensus decision-making as a governance method, some difficulties with consensus as an everyday decision-making method emerged: it can be extremely time-intensive, and decisions too often could be blocked by a few intransigent members. [24] More recently many ecovillages have moved toward sociocracy and related alternative decision-making methods. [25]

In addition, ecovillages look for alternative forms of government, with an emphasis on deeper connections with ecology rather than economics. [7]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Findhorn Foundation</span> Charitable trust of intentional community

The Findhorn Foundation is a Scottish charitable trust registered in 1972, formed by the spiritual community at the Findhorn Ecovillage, one of the largest intentional communities in Britain. It has been home to thousands of residents from more than 40 countries. The Foundation closed all its educational programmes in September 2023 whereas the Findhorn community eco village at Findhorn houses about 40 community businesses such as the Findhorn Press and an alternative medicine centre.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Intentional community</span> Planned, socially-cohesive, residential community

An intentional community is a voluntary residential community which is designed to have a high degree of social cohesion and teamwork. The members of an intentional community typically hold a common social, political, religious, or spiritual vision, and typically share responsibilities and property. This way of life is sometimes characterized as an "alternative lifestyle". Intentional communities can be seen as social experiments or communal experiments. The multitude of intentional communities includes collective households, cohousing communities, coliving, ecovillages, monasteries, survivalist retreats, kibbutzim, Hutterites, ashrams, and housing cooperatives.

The Global Ecovillage Network (GEN) is a global association of people and communities (ecovillages) dedicated to living "sustainable plus" lives by restoring the land and adding more to the environment than is taken. Network members share ideas and information, transfer technologies and develop cultural and educational exchanges.

Robert C. Gilman, born 1945, is a thinker on sustainability who, along with his late wife Diane Gilman, has researched and written about ecovillages. The Gilmans’ work was important in giving definition to the ecovillage movement and shaping the direction of the Global Ecovillage Network. In 1991, the Gilmans co-authored Eco-Villages and Sustainable Communities, a seminal study of ecovillages for Gaia Trust.

Diane Gilman (1945–1998), was a painter, potter, writer and co-founder of the Context Institute. She played a key role in the initial development and coordination of the Global Ecovillage Network, a support network for model communities to show how to live more sustainably on the planet, in urban, rural, developed and less developed situations. In 1991, she and her husband, Robert Gilman co-wrote Eco-Villages and Sustainable Communities, a seminal study of ecovillages for Gaia Trust.

May East is a British/Brazilian urbanist, educator, singer and songwriter. Over the years she has considered herself an artivist.

The Ecovillage Training Center is a "total immersion school" for sustainability. It is located at The Farm, an intentional community/ecovillage in Summertown, Tennessee, USA. The curricula of the center are "holistic and comprehensivist" and foster hands-on learning.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Findhorn Ecovillage</span> Experimental architectural ecovillage in Scotland

Findhorn Ecovillage is an experimental architectural community project based at The Park, in Moray, Scotland, near the village of Findhorn. The project's main aim is to demonstrate a sustainable development in environmental, social, and economic terms. Work began in the early 1980s under the auspices of the Findhorn Foundation but now includes a wide diversity of organisations and activities. Numerous different ecological techniques are in use, and the project has won a variety of awards, including the UN-Habitat Best Practice Designation in 1998.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Diana Leafe Christian</span>

Diana Leafe Christian is an author, former editor of Communities magazine, and nationwide speaker and workshop presenter on starting new ecovillages, on sustainability, on building communities, and on governance by sociocracy. She lives in an off-grid homestead at Earthaven Ecovillage in the Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina, U.S. She has said that living in an intentional community "is the longest, most expensive, personal growth workshop you will ever take," though others are also associated with this quotation and it's unclear who originated it.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Regenerative design</span> Process-oriented whole systems approach to design

Regenerative design is an approach to designing systems or solutions that aims to work with or mimic natural ecosystem processes for returning energy from less usable to more usable forms. Regenerative design uses whole systems thinking to create resilient and equitable systems that integrate the needs of society with the integrity of nature. Regenerative design is an active topic of discussion in engineering, landscape design, food systems, and community development.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ecological design</span> Design approach sensitive to environmental impacts

Ecological design or ecodesign is an approach to designing products and services that gives special consideration to the environmental impacts of a product over its entire lifecycle. Sim Van der Ryn and Stuart Cowan define it as "any form of design that minimizes environmentally destructive impacts by integrating itself with living processes." Ecological design can also be defined as the process of integrating environmental considerations into design and development with the aim of reducing environmental impacts of products through their life cycle.

This page is an index of sustainability articles.

The natural environment, commonly referred to simply as the environment, includes all living and non-living things occurring naturally on Earth.

Alberto Ruz Buenfil was a Mexican writer and activist whose work is dedicated to social change, environmental sustainability, and the performing arts. He co-founded two international theater groups as well as Mexico's first ecovillage, known as Huehuecoyotl. He led the 13-year Rainbow Peace Caravan, an international effort to promote sustainable design and permaculture, as well as theatrical performances, across seventeen countries of Latin America. He was also funded by Ashoka from 2002 to 2005, and received in the name of the Rainbow Peace Caravan, the prize "Escuela Viva" from the Brazilian President Lula da Silva and Minister of Culture Gilberto Gil, as one of the 60 most advanced projects in education in the country.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yarrow Ecovillage</span>

The Yarrow Ecovillage is an intentional community in Yarrow, British Columbia, Canada. Yarrow is a settlement of 3,000 population within the municipal boundaries of Chilliwack, British Columbia. The Ecovillage is a member-designed community that aims to achieve a more socially, ecologically and economically sustainable way of life. The Ecovillage's master plan for the 10-hectare (25-acre) former dairy farm, foresaw three main legal entities: An 8-hectare (20-acre) organic farm, a 31-unit multigenerational cohousing community, and a mixed-use development with just under 2800 m2 of commercial space, a 17-unit senior cohousing community and a learning centre.

Low-impact development (LID) has been defined as "development which through its low negative environmental impact either enhances or does not significantly diminish environmental quality".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paul Yeboah</span> Ghanaian permaculturist

Paul Yeboah was an educator, farmer, permaculturist, community developer, and social entrepreneur. Yeboah founded and coordinated the Ghana Permaculture Institute and Network in Techiman, Ghana, West Africa. It is located in the Brong-Ahafo Region of Ghana. The purpose of the Institute is to build and maintain a stable food system, to take care of the local ecosystems, and to improve the quality of life in the rural areas. The GPN trains students and community in sustainable ecological farming techniques. They support projects throughout Ghana; women groups, micro-finance projects; teach growing moringa; mushroom production; alley cropping, food forests development and Agroforestry.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Earthaven Ecovillage</span> Ecovillage in Carolina

Earthaven is an ecovillage in Western North Carolina, about 50 minutes from Asheville.

Ecovillages in China are typically rural communities designed to promote ecological, cultural, economic, and social sustainability, in concert with the natural environment of a particular area. These are small human settlements with a community-based approach designed by the community themselves. Ecovillages are not completely isolated from other settlements, although they aspire to increased self-sufficiency.

References

  1. ↑ Ulug, Ciska; Horlings, Lummina; Trell, Elen-Maarja (2021). "Collective Identity Supporting Sustainability Transformations in Ecovillage Communities". Sustainability . 13 (15): 8148. doi: 10.3390/su13158148 .
  2. ↑ Casey, Katherine; Lichrou, Maria; O’Malley, Lisa (2020). "Prefiguring sustainable living: an ecovillage story". Journal of Marketing Management. 36 (17–18): 1658–1679. doi:10.1080/0267257X.2020.1801800.
  3. ↑ Caves, R. W. (2004). Encyclopedia of the City. Routledge. p. 209.
  4. ↑ Xue, Jin (2014). "Is eco-village/urban village the future of a degrowth society? An urban planner's perspective". Ecological Economics . 105: 130–138. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.06.003.
  5. ↑ Schwab, Anne-Kathrin; Roysen, Rebeca (2022). "Ecovillages and other community-led initiatives as experiences of climate action". Climate Action. 1 (1): 1–4. doi: 10.1007/s44168-022-00012-7 .
  6. ↑ Fonseca, Renata Amorim Almeida; Irving, Marta de Azevedo; Nasri, Yasmin Xavier Guimarães; Ferreira, Graciella Faico (2022). "Sustainability and social transformation: the role of ecovillages in confluence with the pluriverse of community-led alternatives". Climate Action. 1 (1): 1–10. doi: 10.1007/s44168-022-00022-5 .
  7. 1 2 3 "Ecovillages as an ecological alternative". Iberdrola. Retrieved 2020-08-21.
  8. ↑ Van Schyndel Kasper, D. (2008). "Redefining Community in the Ecovillage." Human Ecology Review15:12–24. Retrieved on July 28, 2018.
  9. ↑ Ergas, Christina (1 March 2010). "A Model of Sustainable Living: Collective Identity in an Urban Ecovillage". Organization & Environment. 23 (1): 32–54. doi:10.1177/1086026609360324. ISSN   1086-0266. S2CID   144630214 . Retrieved 10 November 2021.
  10. ↑ Kirby, Andy (1 September 2003). "Redefining social and environmental relations at the ecovillage at Ithaca: A case study". Journal of Environmental Psychology. 23 (3): 323–332. doi:10.1016/S0272-4944(03)00025-2. ISSN   0272-4944 . Retrieved 10 November 2021.
  11. ↑ Beck, Rachel; Ormsby, Alison (2016). "A Case Study Analysis of Dancing Rabbit Ecovillage, Missouri - ProQuest". ProQuest. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
  12. ↑ Gilman, Robert (Summer, 1991). "The Eco-village Challenge" Archived 2004-12-13 at the Wayback Machine . In Context. Retrieved on: 2008-04-09.
  13. ↑ Fischetti, Diana Michelle (September 2008). Building Resistance from Home: EcoVillage at Ithaca as a Model of Sustainable Living (Thesis). University of Oregon. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
  14. ↑ Joubert, Kosha Anja (2016). "OVERCOMING APARTHEID-the Global Ecovillage Network - ProQuest". ProQuest: 10–12. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
  15. ↑ "About GEN - The Global Ecovillage Network (GEN) bridges countries, cultures, and communities!". Global Ecovillage Network. 13 April 2015. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
  16. ↑ Singh, Bijay; Keitsch, Martina M.; Shrestha, Mahesh (2019). "Scaling up sustainability: Concepts and practices of the ecovillage approach". Sustainable Development. 27 (2): 237–244. doi:10.1002/sd.1882. hdl: 11250/2626781 . ISSN   1099-1719. S2CID   159366736 . Retrieved 10 November 2021.
  17. ↑ George Ramsey, "Passive Energy Applications for the Built Environment", First World Energy Conference, Association of Energy Engineers, published in Energy Engineering Technology: Proceedings of the First World Energy Engineering Congress, October 31-November 2, 1978 in Atlanta, Ga. (Fairmont Press, 1979), pp. 220–242. For the term "eco-village" itself, see pp. 229 and 239. http://www.villagehabitat.com/resources/papers/passive_energy.pdf Archived 2013-12-19 at the Wayback Machine
  18. ↑ "Passive Energy Applications for the Built Environment", p. 230
  19. 1 2 Jackson, Ross (Summer, 2004). "The Ecovillage Movement." Permaculture Magazine40. Retrieved on: 2011-08-11.
  20. 1 2 Taggart, Jonathan (Nov-Dec, 2009). Inside an ecovillage. bNet - CBS Interactive Business Network. Retrieved on: 2011-08-11.
  21. ↑ "The Significance of the Global Ecovillage Movement". Archived from the original on 2013-05-12. Retrieved 2014-01-23. Ted Trainer on ecovillages.
  22. ↑ Holmgren, David. "The Essence of Permaculture." Retrieved on: 2013-07-31
  23. ↑ "Living Greener – Ecovillage at Ithaca" . Retrieved 2023-03-26.
  24. ↑ Diana Leafe Christian, "Busting-the-myth-that-consensus-with-unanimity-is-good-for-communities", http://www.resilience.org/stories/2013-03-20/busting-the-myth-that-consensus-with-unanimity-is-good-for-communities-part-ii
  25. ↑ Buck, John; Villines, Sharon (2007). We the People: Consenting to a Deeper Democracy (First edition, second printing with corrections ed.). Washington DC: Sociocracy.info Press. pp. 31, 39. ISBN   978-0-9792827-0-6(pbk)

Kellogg, W. Keating, W. (2011), "Cleveland's Ecovillage: green and affordable housing through a network alliance", Housing Policy Debate, 21 (1), pp. 69–91

Cunningham, Paul A. and Wearing, Stephen L.(2013).The Politics of Consensus: An Exploration of the Cloughjordan Ecovillage, Ireland.[electronic version]. Cosmopolitan Civil Societies. 5(2) pp. 1–28

Further reading

Books
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.