Outline of anarchism

Last updated February 16, 2025

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to anarchism:

History

The execution of the Haymarket martyrs following the Haymarket affair of 1886 inspired a new generation of anarchists HaymarketMartyrs.jpg — The execution of the Haymarket martyrs following the Haymarket affair of 1886 inspired a new generation of anarchists

Timeline of major events

Historic precedents and background events (pre-1840)

1793 – William Godwin publishes Enquiry Concerning Political Justice , implicitly establishing the philosophical foundations of anarchism.^[9]
1827 – Josiah Warren opens the Cincinnati Time Store, an early experiment in mutualist economics.

Early stages (1840-1870)

1840 – Pierre-Joseph Proudhon publishes What Is Property? and becomes history's first self-proclaimed anarchist.
1844 – The Ego and Its Own published by Max Stirner.
1845 – Ramón de la Sagra founds the first anarchist journal in Spain.
1850 – Anarchist Manifesto published by Anselme Bellegarrigue.
1864 – International Workingmen's Association (IWA) founded.^[10]
1867–69 – Julio López Chávez revolt in Mexico.

Classical era (1870–1913)

1870–71 – Paris Commune, Lyon Commune and Besançon Commune in France.
1872 – Hague Congress in the Netherlands.
1872 – St. Imier Congress in Switzerland.
1873–74 – Cantonal rebellion and Petroleum Revolution in Spain.
1874 – Bologna insurrection in Italy.
1877 – Matese insurrection in Italy.
1878 – Assassination attempt against Kaiser Wilhelm I by Max Hödel.
1882–83 – Mano Negra affair in Spain.
1886 – Strike of 1886 in Belgium.
1886 – Haymarket affair in the USA. Leads to International Workers' Day/May Day.
1891 – Clichy Affair in France.
1892 – The Conquest of Bread by Peter Kropotkin is published.
1892 – Jerez uprising in Spain.
1892 – Walsall Anarchists in Britain.
1893 – Liceu bombing in Spain.^[11]
1894 – Lunigiana revolt in Italy.
1894 – Omladina Trial in the Austro-Hungarian empire.
1894 – Assassination of French President Sadi Carnot by Sante Geronimo Caserio.
1894 – Trial of the Thirty in France.
1896 – Barcelona Corpus Christi procession bombing and Montjuïc trial in Spain.
1897 – Assassination of Spanish PM Antonio Cánovas del Castillo.
1898 – Assassination of Empress Elisabeth of Austria.
1900 – Assassination of King Umberto I of Italy.
1901 – Assassination of US President William McKinley.
1903 – Strandzha Commune in the Ottoman Empire.
1903 – Immigration Act of 1903 in the USA.
1907 – International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam in the Netherlands.
1907 – Tenants' strike in Argentina.
1908 – Red Flag Incident in Japan.
1909 – Assassination of Chief of Police Ramón Lorenzo Falcón.
1909 – Francisco Ferrer executed in Spain.
1910–11 – High Treason Incident in Japan.
1911 – Magonista rebellion in Mexico.
1912 – Assassination of Spanish PM José Canalejas y Méndez.
1912–27 – The Diligent Work-Frugal Study Movement in China and France.
1913 – Assassination of George I of Greece.

World War I, Interwar period and World War II (1914 – 1945)

1916 – Manifesto of the Sixteen published.
1916 – Serifos miners strike in Greece.
1917–21 – the Makhnovshchina is active in Ukraine.
1918–20 – Constitution Protection Region of Southern Fujian in China.
1918 – Explosion in Leontievsky Lane in Russia.
1918 – First Republic of Pińczów established in Poland.
1918 – Rio de Janeiro anarchist insurrection in Brazil.
1919 – Tragic Week in Argentina.
1919 – La Canadenca strike in Spain.
1919 – United States anarchist bombings.
1919–20 – First Red Scare and Palmer Raids in the USA.
1919–20 – Biennio Rosso in Italy.
1920–22 – Patagonia Rebelde and La Forestral massacre in Argentina.
1920 – Wall Street bombing in the USA.
1921 – Assassination of Spanish PM Eduardo Dato.
1923 – Kantō Massacre and Amakasu Incident in Japan.
1926 – Gino Lucetti attempts to assassinate Benito Mussolini in Italy.
1926–28 – Severino Di Giovanni bombing campaign in Argentina.
1927 – Sacco and Vanzetti executed in the USA.
1929–31 – Korean People's Association in Manchuria in China.
1931 – Taking of Encarnación in Paraguay.
1932 – Alt Llobregat insurrection in Spain.
1933 – Anarchist insurrection of January 1933 and Casas Viejas incident in Spain.
1933 – Anarchist insurrection of December 1933 in Spain.
1934 – Erich Mühsam murdered in a Nazi concentration camp.
1934 – Asturian miners' strike of 1934 in Spain.
1936–39 – the Spanish Civil War and Spanish Revolution.^[12]
1937 – May Days in Spain.
1943 – Carlo Tresca assassinated in the USA.

Cold War era (1946 – 1989)

1955 – Pierre Morain becomes the first French activist jailed for supporting Algerian independence.
1968 – May 68 in France.^[13]
1969 – Piazza Fontana bombing and death of Giuseppe Pinelli in Italy.
1970 – Barracks anarchists killed in Italy.
1971 – Chomsky–Foucault debate the Netherlands.
1978 – Scala case in Spain.
1980 – Faurisson affair in France.
1980 – Wanganui Computer Centre bombing in New Zealand.
1982 – Litton Industries bombing in Canada.
1986 – Battle of Ryesgade in Denmark.

Post-Cold War era resurgence (1990 – present)

1994–2020 – Zapatista uprising and Chiapas conflict in Mexico.
1999 – Murder of Björn Söderberg in Sweden.
1999 – Seattle WTO protests in the USA.
2001 – Katie Sierra free speech case in the USA.
2006 – 4F case in Spain.
2008 – Tarnac Nine arrested in France.
2008 – Greek riots.
2011 – Occupy movement begins.
2012 – Rojava conflict begins.
2016 – Audrey Tang appointed Minister without portfolio in Taiwan.
2017 – Catalan general strike in Spain.^[14]
2018 – Arkhangelsk FSB office bombing in Russia.
2019 – Tacoma attack in the USA.
2023 – Killing of Tortuguita in the USA.
2024 – Self-immolation of Aaron Bushnell in the USA.

History by region

Historians

Historical societies

Organizations

Notable organizations

Structures

Literature

Manifestos and expositions

(1840–1914)

Anarchist Manifesto (1850) by Anselme Bellegarrigue
The General Idea of the Revolution in the Nineteenth Century (1851) by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
The Principles of Anarchism (c. 1890s) by Lucy Parsons
The Soul of Man under Socialism (1891) by Oscar Wilde
The Conquest of Bread (1892) by Peter Kropotkin
Anarchy Defended by Anarchists (1896) by Emma Goldman and Johann Most

(1914–1984)

Anarchism: From Theory to Practice (1965) by Daniel Guérin

(1985–present)

Listen, Anarchist! (1987) by Chaz Bufe
Anarchy Alive! (2007) by Uri Gordon
The Government of No One: The Theory and Practice of Anarchism (2019) by Ruth Kinna

Notable figures

Argentina

Armenia

Australia

Austria

Belgium

Bolivia

Petronila Infantes

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Brazil

Bulgaria

Canada

Chile

China

Cuba

Canek Sánchez Guevara

Czechia

Denmark

Halfdan Rasmussen

Ecuador

Piedad Moscoso

Finland

Georgia

Varlam Cherkezishvili ^[23]

Germany

Greece

Iceland

India

Ireland

Israel

Italy

Korea

Japan

Macedonia

Atanas Razdolov

Mexico

Netherlands

New Zealand

Nigeria

Sam Mbah

Norway

Paraguay

Peru

Poland

Portugal

Romania

Russia

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

Syria

Omar Aziz

Taiwan

Audrey Tang

Turkey

Tunisia

Amina Tyler

Ukraine

United Kingdom

United States of America

Uruguay

Non-anarchists influential on anarchism

Places named after anarchists

Action Directe (climb), Germany
Anarchist Mountain, Canada
Collège Louise-Michel in Paris, France
Doctor Moisés Bertoni, Paraguay
Dorothy Day homeless shelter, United States
Eloxochitlán de Flores Magón, Mexico
Fred Hollows Reserve, Australia
Haymarket Martyrs' Monument, USA
Georg von Rauch Haus, Germany
Golets Kropotkin, Russia
Louise Michel station, France
Kropotkin, Irkutsk Oblast, Russia
Kropotkin, Krasnodar Krai, Russia
Kropotkin Range, Russia
Kropotkinskaya, Russia
Medical University of Varna "Prof. Dr. Paraskev Stoyanov", Bulgaria
Metropolitan Ervin Szabó Library, Hungary
Mount Kropotkin, Antarctica
Parc Georges-Brassens, France
Práxedis G. Guerrero Municipality, Mexico
Práxedis Gilberto Guerrero, Chihuahua, Mexico
Red Emma's, United States
Ricardo Flores Magón metro station, Mexico
Scientific Monument Moises Bertoni, Paraguay
Soviet monitor Zhelezniakov, Ukraine
Teotitlán de Flores Magón, Mexico
Tolstoy, United States

Related philosophies

Footnotes

↑ Wilbur, Shawn P. (2019). "Mutualism". In Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S. (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. pp. 213–224. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_11. ISBN 978-3-319-75619-6.
↑ Ryley, Peter (2019). "Individualism". In Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S. (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. pp. 225–236. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_12. ISBN 978-3-319-75619-6.
↑ Esenwein, George Richard (1989). "The Development of a Schism: The Origins of the Collectivist/Communist Controversy". Anarchist Ideology and the Working-class Movement in Spain, 1868-1898. University of California Press. pp. 98–116. ISBN 978-0520063983.
↑ Turcato, Davide (2019). "Anarchist Communism". In Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S. (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. pp. 237–248. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_13. ISBN 978-3-319-75619-6.
↑ Kowal, Donna M. (2019). "Anarcha-Feminism". In Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S. (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. pp. 265–280. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_15. ISBN 978-3-319-75619-6.
↑ Price, Andy (2019). "Green Anarchism". In Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S. (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. pp. 281–292. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_16. ISBN 978-3-319-75619-6.
↑ Newman, Saul (2019). "Postanarchism". In Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S. (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. pp. 293–303. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_17. ISBN 978-3-319-75619-6.
↑ van der Walt, Lucien (2019). "Syndicalism". In Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S. (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. pp. 249–264. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_14. ISBN 978-3-319-75619-6.
↑ Peter Kropotkin, "Anarchism", Encyclopædia Britannica 1910
↑ Graham, Robert (2019). "Anarchism and the First International". In Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S. (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. pp. 325–342. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_19. ISBN 978-3-319-75619-6.
↑ Bray, Mark (2022). "Introducing the "Lottery of Death"". The Anarchist Inquisition: Assassins, Activists, and Martyrs in Spain and France. Cornell University Press. pp. 55–69. ISBN 9781501761928. LCCN 2021038606.
↑ Yeoman, James Michael (2019). "The Spanish Civil War". In Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S. (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. pp. 429–448. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_25. ISBN 978-3-319-75619-6.
↑ Berry, David (2019). "Anarchism and 1968". In Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S. (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. pp. 449–470. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_25. ISBN 978-3-319-75619-6.
↑ Gutiérrez, José Antonio; Martí Font, Jordi (2023). "October 2017 in Catalonia: The anarchists and the procés". Nations and Nationalism. 29 (1): 209–228. doi: 10.1111/nana.12896 . ISSN 1354-5078.
↑ Alexander, Robert J.; Parker, Eldon M. (2009). "Anarchosyndicalist Unions and ACAT". International Labor Organizations and Organized Labor in Latin America and the Caribbean: A History. ABC-Clio. pp. 1–10. ISBN 978-0-275-97739-9.
↑ Esenwein, George Richard (1989). "The Demise of the FTRE and the Emergence of Anarchist Associational Life". Anarchist Ideology and the Working-class Movement in Spain, 1868-1898. University of California Press. pp. 117–133. ISBN 978-0520063983.
↑ Yeoman, James Michael (2020). "The Cult of Reason: Anarchism and Education, 1899–1906". Print Culture and the Formation of the Anarchist Movement in Spain, 1890-1915. Routledge. pp. 120–197. ISBN 978-0-367-40797-1.
↑ Nickson, R. Andrew (1993). "Federación Obrera Regional Paraguaya". Historical Dictionary of Paraguay. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 219–220. ISBN 9780810879645.
↑ Knudsen, Knud (2023). "Syndicalism and Strikes in Denmark, 1917–1920: The Syndicalist Challenge to Social Democratic Trade Union Leadership". In Jørgensen, Jesper; Mikkelsen, Flemming (eds.). Trade Union Activism in the Nordic Countries since 1900. Palgrave Studies in the History of Social Movements. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 69–91. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-08987-9_4. ISBN 978-3-031-08987-9.
↑ Bayerlein, Bernhard; van der Linden, Marcel (1990). "Revolutionary Syndicalism in Portugal". In van der Linden, Marcel; Thorpe, Wayne (eds.). Revolutionary Syndicalism: an International Perspective. Aldershot: Scolar Press. pp. 157–161. ISBN 0-85967-815-6.
↑ Nickson, R. Andrew (1993). "Centro Obrero Regional del Paraguay". Historical Dictionary of Paraguay. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 108–109. ISBN 9780810879645.
↑ Bayerlein, Bernhard; van der Linden, Marcel (1990). "Revolutionary Syndicalism in Portugal". In van der Linden, Marcel; Thorpe, Wayne (eds.). Revolutionary Syndicalism: an International Perspective. Aldershot: Scolar Press. pp. 160–165. ISBN 0-85967-815-6.
↑ Lang, David Marshall (1962). "A Georgian anarchist". A Modern History of Soviet Georgia. Grove Press. pp. 119–120. LCCN 62-13057. OCLC 398597.
↑ Drake, Richard (2003). "Carlo Cafiero". Apostles and Agitators: Italy's Marxist Revolutionary Tradition. Harvard University Press. pp. 29–55. ISBN 0-674-01036-1. LCCN 2002191344.
↑ Pernicone, Nunzio; Ottanelli, Fraser M (2018). "Fatti di Maggio and Gaetano Bresci". Assassins Against the Old Order: Italian Anarchist Violence in Fin De Siècle Europe. University of Illinois Press. pp. 123–153. doi:10.5406/j.ctv513d7b.10. ISBN 978-0-252-05056-5. OCLC 1050163307.
↑ Paz, Abel (2006) [1996]. Durruti in the Spanish Revolution. Translated by Morse, Chuck. Edinburgh: AK Press. ISBN 1-904859-50-X. LCCN 2006920974. OCLC 482919277.
↑ Skirda, Alexandre (2004) [1982]. Nestor Makhno–Anarchy's Cossack: The Struggle for Free Soviets in the Ukraine 1917–1921. Translated by Sharkey, Paul. Oakland, California: AK Press. ISBN 978-1-902593-68-5. OCLC 60602979.
↑ Biehl, Janet (2015). Ecology or Catastrophe: The Life of Murray Bookchin . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-934248-8.
↑ Avrich, Paul (1978). An American Anarchist: The Life of Voltairine de Cleyre. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-04657-0.
↑ P. E. de Puydt. "Panarchy". First published in French in the Revue Trimestrielle, Bruxelles, July 1860.

External links

"Anarchism", entry from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition , (1910) by Peter Kropotkin.

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Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
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[1] Wilbur, Shawn P. (2019). "Mutualism". In Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S. (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. pp. 213–224. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_11. ISBN 978-3-319-75619-6.

[2] Ryley, Peter (2019). "Individualism". In Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S. (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. pp. 225–236. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_12. ISBN 978-3-319-75619-6.

[3] Esenwein, George Richard (1989). "The Development of a Schism: The Origins of the Collectivist/Communist Controversy". Anarchist Ideology and the Working-class Movement in Spain, 1868-1898. University of California Press. pp. 98–116. ISBN 978-0520063983.

[4] Turcato, Davide (2019). "Anarchist Communism". In Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S. (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. pp. 237–248. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_13. ISBN 978-3-319-75619-6.

[5] Kowal, Donna M. (2019). "Anarcha-Feminism". In Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S. (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. pp. 265–280. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_15. ISBN 978-3-319-75619-6.

[6] Price, Andy (2019). "Green Anarchism". In Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S. (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. pp. 281–292. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_16. ISBN 978-3-319-75619-6.

[7] Newman, Saul (2019). "Postanarchism". In Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S. (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. pp. 293–303. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_17. ISBN 978-3-319-75619-6.

[8] van der Walt, Lucien (2019). "Syndicalism". In Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S. (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. pp. 249–264. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_14. ISBN 978-3-319-75619-6.

[9] Peter Kropotkin, "Anarchism", Encyclopædia Britannica 1910

[10] Graham, Robert (2019). "Anarchism and the First International". In Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S. (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. pp. 325–342. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_19. ISBN 978-3-319-75619-6.

[11] Bray, Mark (2022). "Introducing the "Lottery of Death"". The Anarchist Inquisition: Assassins, Activists, and Martyrs in Spain and France. Cornell University Press. pp. 55–69. ISBN 9781501761928. LCCN 2021038606.

[12] Yeoman, James Michael (2019). "The Spanish Civil War". In Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S. (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. pp. 429–448. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_25. ISBN 978-3-319-75619-6.

[13] Berry, David (2019). "Anarchism and 1968". In Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S. (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. pp. 449–470. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_25. ISBN 978-3-319-75619-6.

[14] Gutiérrez, José Antonio; Martí Font, Jordi (2023). "October 2017 in Catalonia: The anarchists and the procés". Nations and Nationalism. 29 (1): 209–228. doi: 10.1111/nana.12896 . ISSN 1354-5078.

[15] Alexander, Robert J.; Parker, Eldon M. (2009). "Anarchosyndicalist Unions and ACAT". International Labor Organizations and Organized Labor in Latin America and the Caribbean: A History. ABC-Clio. pp. 1–10. ISBN 978-0-275-97739-9.

[16] Esenwein, George Richard (1989). "The Demise of the FTRE and the Emergence of Anarchist Associational Life". Anarchist Ideology and the Working-class Movement in Spain, 1868-1898. University of California Press. pp. 117–133. ISBN 978-0520063983.

[17] Yeoman, James Michael (2020). "The Cult of Reason: Anarchism and Education, 1899–1906". Print Culture and the Formation of the Anarchist Movement in Spain, 1890-1915. Routledge. pp. 120–197. ISBN 978-0-367-40797-1.

[18] Nickson, R. Andrew (1993). "Federación Obrera Regional Paraguaya". Historical Dictionary of Paraguay. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 219–220. ISBN 9780810879645.

[19] Knudsen, Knud (2023). "Syndicalism and Strikes in Denmark, 1917–1920: The Syndicalist Challenge to Social Democratic Trade Union Leadership". In Jørgensen, Jesper; Mikkelsen, Flemming (eds.). Trade Union Activism in the Nordic Countries since 1900. Palgrave Studies in the History of Social Movements. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 69–91. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-08987-9_4. ISBN 978-3-031-08987-9.

[20] Bayerlein, Bernhard; van der Linden, Marcel (1990). "Revolutionary Syndicalism in Portugal". In van der Linden, Marcel; Thorpe, Wayne (eds.). Revolutionary Syndicalism: an International Perspective. Aldershot: Scolar Press. pp. 157–161. ISBN 0-85967-815-6.

[21] Nickson, R. Andrew (1993). "Centro Obrero Regional del Paraguay". Historical Dictionary of Paraguay. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 108–109. ISBN 9780810879645.

[22] Bayerlein, Bernhard; van der Linden, Marcel (1990). "Revolutionary Syndicalism in Portugal". In van der Linden, Marcel; Thorpe, Wayne (eds.). Revolutionary Syndicalism: an International Perspective. Aldershot: Scolar Press. pp. 160–165. ISBN 0-85967-815-6.

[23] Lang, David Marshall (1962). "A Georgian anarchist". A Modern History of Soviet Georgia. Grove Press. pp. 119–120. LCCN 62-13057. OCLC 398597.

[24] Drake, Richard (2003). "Carlo Cafiero". Apostles and Agitators: Italy's Marxist Revolutionary Tradition. Harvard University Press. pp. 29–55. ISBN 0-674-01036-1. LCCN 2002191344.

[25] Pernicone, Nunzio; Ottanelli, Fraser M (2018). "Fatti di Maggio and Gaetano Bresci". Assassins Against the Old Order: Italian Anarchist Violence in Fin De Siècle Europe. University of Illinois Press. pp. 123–153. doi:10.5406/j.ctv513d7b.10. ISBN 978-0-252-05056-5. OCLC 1050163307.

[26] Paz, Abel (2006) [1996]. Durruti in the Spanish Revolution. Translated by Morse, Chuck. Edinburgh: AK Press. ISBN 1-904859-50-X. LCCN 2006920974. OCLC 482919277.

[27] Skirda, Alexandre (2004) [1982]. Nestor Makhno–Anarchy's Cossack: The Struggle for Free Soviets in the Ukraine 1917–1921. Translated by Sharkey, Paul. Oakland, California: AK Press. ISBN 978-1-902593-68-5. OCLC 60602979.

[28] Biehl, Janet (2015). Ecology or Catastrophe: The Life of Murray Bookchin . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-934248-8.

[29] Avrich, Paul (1978). An American Anarchist: The Life of Voltairine de Cleyre. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-04657-0.

[dePuydt-30] P. E. de Puydt. "Panarchy". First published in French in the Revue Trimestrielle, Bruxelles, July 1860.

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Outline of anarchism

Contents

Nature

Schools of thought

Classical

Post-classical

Contemporary

Organizational forms

History

Timeline of major events

History by region

Historians

Organizations

Notable organizations

Political internationals

Platformist federations

Syndicalist federations

Synthesis federations

Militant groups

Others