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Anarchism is a political philosophy and movement that is against all forms of authority and seeks to abolish the institutions it claims maintain unnecessary coercion and hierarchy,typically including the state and capitalism. Anarchism advocates for the replacement of the state with stateless societies and voluntary free associations. A historically left-wing movement,anarchism is usually described as the libertarian wing of the socialist movement.
Anarcho-capitalism is an anti-statist,libertarian political philosophy and economic theory that seeks to abolish centralized states in favor of stateless societies with systems of private property enforced by private agencies,based on concepts such as the non-aggression principle,free markets and self-ownership. In the absence of statute,anarcho-capitalists hold that society tends to contractually self-regulate and civilize through participation in the free market,which they describe as a voluntary society involving the voluntary exchange of goods and services. In a theoretical anarcho-capitalist society a system of private property would still exist,and would be enforced by private defense agencies and/or insurance companies that were selected by property owners,whose ownership rights or claims would be enforced by private defence agencies and/or insurance companies. These agencies or companies would operate competitively in a market and fulfill the roles of courts and the police. Some anarcho-capitalist authors have argued that voluntary slavery is compatible with anarcho-capitalist ideals.
Individualist anarchism is the branch of anarchism that emphasizes the individual and their will over external determinants such as groups,society,traditions,and ideological systems. Although usually contrasted with social anarchism,both individualist and social anarchism have influenced each other. Some anarcho-capitalists claim anarcho-capitalism is part of the individualist anarchist tradition,while others disagree and claim individualist anarchism is only part of the socialist movement and part of the libertarian socialist tradition. Economically,while European individualist anarchists are pluralists who advocate anarchism without adjectives and synthesis anarchism,ranging from anarcho-communist to mutualist economic types,most American individualist anarchists of the 19th century advocated mutualism,a libertarian socialist form of market socialism,or a free-market socialist form of classical economics. Individualist anarchists are opposed to property that violates the entitlement theory of justice,that is,gives privilege due to unjust acquisition or exchange,and thus is exploitative,seeking to "destroy the tyranny of capital,—that is,of property" by mutual credit.
Libertarian socialism is an anti-authoritarian and anti-capitalist political current that emphasises self-governance and workers' self-management. It is contrasted from other forms of socialism by its rejection of state ownership and from other forms of libertarianism by its rejection of private property. Broadly defined,it includes schools of both anarchism and Marxism,as well as other tendencies that oppose the state and capitalism.
George Woodcock was a Canadian writer of political biography and history,an anarchist thinker,a philosopher,an essayist and literary critic. He was also a poet and published several volumes of travel writing. In 1959 he was the founding editor of the journal Canadian Literature which was the first academic journal specifically dedicated to Canadian writing. He is most commonly known outside Canada for his book Anarchism:A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements (1962).
Anarcha-feminism,also known as anarchist feminism or anarcho-feminism,is a system of analysis which combines the principles and power analysis of anarchist theory with feminism. It closely resembles intersectional feminism. Anarcha-feminism generally posits that patriarchy and traditional gender roles as manifestations of involuntary coercive hierarchy should be replaced by decentralized free association. Anarcha-feminists believe that the struggle against patriarchy is an essential part of class conflict and the anarchist struggle against the state and capitalism. In essence,the philosophy sees anarchist struggle as a necessary component of feminist struggle and vice versa. L. Susan Brown claims that "as anarchism is a political philosophy that opposes all relationships of power,it is inherently feminist".
Mutual Aid:A Factor of Evolution is a 1902 collection of anthropological essays by Russian naturalist and anarchist philosopher Peter Kropotkin. The essays,initially published in the English periodical The Nineteenth Century between 1890 and 1896,explore the role of mutually beneficial cooperation and reciprocity in the animal kingdom and human societies both past and present. It is an argument against theories of social Darwinism that emphasize competition and survival of the fittest,and against the romantic depictions by writers such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau,who thought that cooperation was motivated by universal love. Instead,Kropotkin argues that mutual aid has pragmatic advantages for the survival of human and animal communities and,along with the conscience,has been promoted through natural selection.
Lucy E. Parsons was an American social anarchist and later anarcho-communist. Her early life is shrouded in mystery:she herself said she was of mixed Mexican and Native American ancestry;historians believe she was born to an African American slave,possibly in Virginia,then married a black freedman in Texas. In addition to Parsons,she went by different surnames during her life including Carter,Diaz,Gonzalez and Hull. She met Albert Parsons in Waco,Texas,and claimed to have married him although no records have been found. They moved to Chicago together around 1873 and Parsons' politics were shaped by the harsh repression of the Chicago railroad strike of 1877. She argued for labor organization and class struggle,writing polemical texts and speaking at events. She joined the International Workingmen's Association and later the Knights of Labor,and she set up the Chicago Working Women's Union with her friend Lizzie Swank and other women.
The Solidarity Federation is a British anarcho-syndicalist political organisation. It advocates for the abolition of capitalism and the state through industrial action,which it agitates for in industrial networks and local groups.
Communization theory refers to a tendency on the ultra-left that understands communism as a process that,in a social revolution,immediately begins to replace all capitalist social relations with communist ones. Thus it rejects the role of the dictatorship of the proletariat,which it sees as reproducing capitalism. There exist two broad trends within communization theory:a ‘Marxist’one and an ‘Anarchist’one.
Post-colonial anarchism is a term used to describe anarchism in an anti-imperialist framework. Whereas traditional anarchism arose from industrialized Western nations—and thus sees history from their perspective—post-colonial anarchism approaches the same principles of anarchism from the perspective of colonized peoples. It is highly critical of the contributions of the established anarchist movement,and seeks to add what it sees as a unique and important perspective. The tendency is strongly influenced by indigenism,anti-state forms of nationalism,and anarchism among ethnic minorities,among other sources.
Anarchist Studies is a biannual academic journal on anarchism. It takes an interdisciplinary approach,examining the history,culture,and theory of anarchism. The journal was established in 1993 and is edited by Ruth Kinna and published by Lawrence and Wishart.
Uri Gordon is an anarchist theorist and activist. He is editor of Freedom. Gordon is considered "one of the leading theorists of anarchist movement politics." He has lived in Israel and Great Britain and worked with organizations including Indymedia,Peoples Global Action,and Anarchists Against the Wall.
Contemporary anarchism within the history of anarchism is the period of the anarchist movement continuing from the end of World War II and into the present. Since the last third of the 20th century,anarchists have been involved in anti-globalisation,peace,squatter and student protest movements. Anarchists have participated in armed revolutions such as in those that created the Makhnovshchina and Revolutionary Catalonia,and anarchist political organizations such as the International Workers' Association and the Industrial Workers of the World have existed since the 20th century. Within contemporary anarchism,the anti-capitalism of classical anarchism has remained prominent.
A classless society is a society in which no one is born into a social class like in a class society. Distinctions of wealth,income,education,culture,or social network might arise and would only be determined by individual experience and achievement in such a society. Thus,the concept posits not the absence of a social hierarchy but the uninheritability of class status. Helen Codere defines social class as a segment of the community,the members of which show a common social position in a hierarchical ranking. Codere suggest that a true class-organized society is one in which the hierarchy of prestige and social status is divisible into groups. Each group with its own social,economic,attitudinal and cultural characteristics,and each having differential degrees of power in community decision.
Carl Levy is professor of politics at Goldsmiths College,University of London. He is a specialist in the history of modern Italy and the theory and history of anarchism.
Rebel Alliances:The Means and Ends of Contemporary British Anarchisms is a book-length study of philosophy applied to contemporary British class-struggle anarchism. Philosopher Benjamin Franks compares this tradition with competing political groups such as autonomist Marxism and describes a consistent,"ideal" anarchism.
Anarchist archives preserve records from the international anarchist movement in personal and institutional collections around the world. This primary source documentation is made available for researchers to learn directly from movement anarchists,both their ideas and lives.
References
- ↑ Call, Lewis (1 July 2007). "A brief history of Anarchist Studies (so far)". Anarchist Studies .
- 1 2 "Ruth Kinna, Loughborough University". www.lboro.ac.uk. Loughborough University . Retrieved 8 March 2021.
- ↑ Kinna, R. (2000). William Morris: The Art of Socialism. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.
- ↑ Kinna, R. (2005). Anarchism - A Beginners Guide. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 1-85168-370-4.
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