| Red Legion | |
|---|---|
| Legião Vermelha | |
 | |
| Leader | Emídio Santana, Acácio Tomás de Aquino |
| Dates of operation | December 1919–15 May 1925 |
| Country |  Portugal |
| Allegiance | CGT |
| Motives | The annihilation of bourgeois society. |
| Ideology | Anarcho-syndicalism, anarcho-communism |
| Political position | Far-left |
| Opponents | First Portuguese Republic, Ditadura Nacional Estado Novo |
The Red Legion was a Portuguese anarcho-syndicalist terrorist group linked to the General Confederation of Labour (CGT).
The group was created because of social conflicts in the workers' movement, which was at its height during the time of the First Portuguese Republic. It was not long before the conflicts between the workers with the authorities and bosses began to increase, as did the strength of the Red Legion. From December 1919 to May 1925, the Red Legion swept the country with a wave of bombing, gunfire and violence, mainly in Lisbon, against conservative government officials and prominent figures in industry. They were responsible for more than 200 attacks during its existence. It drew mostly from extremist elements within the Syndicalist Youth Federation. [1]
On 15 May 1925 the movement carried out the double shooting of the police commander, Colonel João Maria Ferreira do Amaral. The attempt failed and, in the repression that followed the 28 May 1926 coup d'état, hundreds of workers and artisans allegedly tied to the organization were deported by the military dicatorship, being sent to the various colonies of Portuguese Empire. [2] [3]
On the morning of 4 July 1937, five members of the Red Legion made a failed attempt on the life of António de Oliveira Salazar. A bomb was placed in a sewer collector where Oliveira Salazar's vehicle passed, when he went to Sunday Mass in the private chapel of his friend Josué Trocado, on Avenida Barbosa du Bocage, in Lisbon. The explosion missed Salazar, in what the local priests determined an "act of god". One of the perpetrators Emídio Santana fled to London, but he was captured by British police and returned to Portugal, where he was sentenced to 16 years in prison. [4]
João de Barros, called the Portuguese Livy, is one of the first great Portuguese historians, most famous for his Décadas da Ásia, a history of the Portuguese in India, Asia, and southeast Africa.
The Second Portuguese Republic, or more commonly known as Estado Novo, was the corporatist regime installed in Portugal in 1933. It evolved from the Ditadura Nacional formed after the coup d'état of 28 May 1926 against the democratic and unstable First Republic. Together, the Ditadura Nacional and the Estado Novo are recognised as the Second Portuguese Republic. The Estado Novo, greatly inspired by conservative and autocratic ideologies, was developed by António de Oliveira Salazar, who was President of the Council of Ministers from 1932 until illness forced him out of office in 1968.
The Portuguese Socialist Party was a political party in Portugal.
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The Cinema of Portugal started with the birth of the medium in the late 19th century. Cinema was introduced in Portugal in 1896 with the screening of foreign films and the first Portuguese film was Saída do Pessoal Operário da Fábrica Confiança, made in the same year. The first movie theater opened in 1904 and the first scripted Portuguese film was O Rapto de Uma Actriz (1907). The first all-talking sound film, A Severa, was made in 1931. Starting in 1933, with A Canção de Lisboa, the Golden Age would last the next two decades, with films such as O Pátio das Cantigas (1942) and A Menina da Rádio (1944). Aniki-Bóbó (1942), Manoel de Oliveira's first feature film, marked a milestone, with a realist style predating Italian neorealism by a few years. In the 1950s the industry stagnated. The early 1960s saw the birth of the Cinema Novo movement, showing realism in film, in the vein of Italian neorealism and the French New Wave, with films like Dom Roberto (1962) and Os Verdes Anos (1963). The movement became particularly relevant after the Carnation Revolution of 1974. In 1989, João César Monteiro's Recordações da Casa Amarela won the Silver Lion at the Venice Film Festival and in 2009, João Salaviza's Arena won the Short Film Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival. Several other Portuguese films have been in competition for major film awards like the Palme d'Or and the Golden Bear. João Sete Sete (2006) was the first Portuguese animated feature film. Portuguese cinema is significantly supported by the State, with the government's Instituto do Cinema e do Audiovisual giving films financial support.
Gare do Oriente, or alternately, the Lisbon Oriente Station is one of the main Portuguese intermodal transport hubs, and is situated in the civil parish of Parque das Nações, municipality of Lisbon.
The Ditadura Nacional was the name given to the regime that governed Portugal from 1926, after the re-election of General Óscar Carmona to the post of President, until 1933. The preceding period of military dictatorship that started after the 28 May 1926 coup d'état is known as Ditadura Militar. After adopting a new constitution in 1933, the regime changed its name to Estado Novo. The Ditadura Nacional, together with the Estado Novo, forms the historical period of the Portuguese Second Republic (1926–1974).
José Sobral de Almada Negreiros was a Portuguese artist. He was born in the colony of Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe, the son of a Portuguese father, António Lobo de Almada Negreiros, and a Santomean mother, Elvira Freire Sobral. Besides literature and painting, Almada developed ballet choreographies, and worked on tapestry, engraving, murals, caricature, mosaic, azulejo and stained glass.
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António Henrique Rodrigo de Oliveira Marques was a Portuguese historian.
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Alberto de Morés Monsaraz was a Portuguese politician and poet. He was one of the central figures in the Integralismo Lusitano that dominated the far-right of Portuguese politics during the early years of the twentieth century.
António de Oliveira Salazar was a Portuguese statesman and economist who served as Prime Minister of Portugal from 1932 to 1968. He was responsible for the Estado Novo, the corporatist authoritarian government that ruled Portugal until 1974.
Jaime Alexandre Nogueira Pinto is a Portuguese writer and university professor, son of Jaime da Cunha Guimarães by Alda Branca Nogueira Pinto, who died in 2007.
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Lisbon, Portugal.
The Union of Economic Interests was a right-wing political party in Portugal. It was officially established in 1925, and represented the interests of conservative bankers, businessmen and managers. It only took part in the 1925 elections, in which it won six seats in the House of Representatives. It was officially disbanded in 1937, during the Estado Novo.
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