| Red Legion | |
|---|---|
| Legião Vermelha | |
 | |
| Leader | Emídio Santana, Acácio Tomás de Aquino |
| Dates of operation | December 1919–15 May 1925 |
| Country |  Portugal |
| Allegiance | CGT |
| Motives | The annihilation of bourgeois society. |
| Ideology | Anarcho-syndicalism, anarcho-communism |
| Political position | Far-left |
| Opponents | First Portuguese Republic, Ditadura Nacional Estado Novo |
The Red Legion was a Portuguese anarcho-syndicalist terrorist group linked to the General Confederation of Labour (CGT).
The group was created because of social conflicts in the workers' movement, which was at its height during the time of the First Portuguese Republic. It was not long before the conflicts between the workers with the authorities and bosses began to increase, as did the strength of the Red Legion. From December 1919 to May 1925, the Red Legion swept the country with a wave of bombing, gunfire and violence, mainly in Lisbon, against conservative government officials and prominent figures in industry. They were responsible for more than 200 attacks during its existence. It drew mostly from extremist elements within the Syndicalist Youth Federation. [1]
On 15 May 1925 the movement carried out the double shooting of the police commander, Colonel João Maria Ferreira do Amaral. The attempt failed and, in the repression that followed the 28 May 1926 coup d'état, hundreds of workers and artisans allegedly tied to the organisation were deported by the military dictatorship, being sent to the various colonies of Portuguese Empire. [2] [3]
On the morning of 4 July 1937, five members of the Red Legion made a failed attempt on the life of António de Oliveira Salazar. A bomb was placed in a sewer collector where Oliveira Salazar's vehicle passed, when he went to Sunday Mass in the private chapel of his friend Josué Trocado, on Avenida Barbosa du Bocage, in Lisbon. The explosion missed Salazar, in what the local priests determined an "act of god". One of the perpetrators Emídio Santana fled to London, but he was captured by British police and returned to Portugal, where he was sentenced to 16 years in prison. [4]
The Estado Novo was the corporatist Portuguese state installed in 1933. It evolved from the Ditadura Nacional formed after the coup d'état of 28 May 1926 against the unstable First Republic. Together, the Ditadura Nacional and the Estado Novo are recognised by historians as the Second Portuguese Republic. The Estado Novo, greatly inspired by conservative and autocratic ideologies, was developed by António de Oliveira Salazar, who was President of the Council of Ministers from 1932 until illness forced him out of office in 1968.
Francisco de Barcelos Rolão Preto, GCIH was a Portuguese politician, journalist, and leader of the Portuguese National Syndicalists Movement (MNS), a fascist organization. When in 1934 Salazar decided to ban the National Syndicalist Movement, Preto was briefly detained and later exiled. While in exiled and in Madrid, he was a guest in the house of José Antonio Primo de Rivera, with whom he collaborated in formulating a program for the Falange. In the eve of the Second World War he published a new editions of his work on Italian Fascism with high hopes on the Berlin-Rome axis. After World War II, Rolão Preto abandoned fascism and joined the left-wing forum Movement of Democratic Unity. In 1949 he participated in General Norton de Matos’s 1949 presidential election campaign. He also backed more liberal candidates for the Presidency, such as Quintão Meireles, Francisco Higino Craveiro Lopes, and, ultimately, had a particularly important role in the 1958 campaign of another Salazar's opponent, General Humberto Delgado.
The Portuguese Socialist Party was a Portuguese political party.
The Cinema of Portugal started with the birth of the medium in the late 19th century. Cinema was introduced in Portugal in 1896 with the screening of foreign films and the first Portuguese film was Saída do Pessoal Operário da Fábrica Confiança, made in the same year. The first movie theater opened in 1904 and the first scripted Portuguese film was O Rapto de Uma Actriz (1907). The first all-talking sound film, A Severa, was made in 1931. Starting in 1933, with A Canção de Lisboa, the Golden Age would last the next two decades, with films such as O Pátio das Cantigas (1942) and A Menina da Rádio (1944). Aniki-Bóbó (1942), Manoel de Oliveira's first feature film, marked a milestone, with a realist style predating Italian neorealism by a few years. In the 1950s the industry stagnated. The early 1960s saw the birth of the Cinema Novo movement, showing realism in film, in the vein of Italian neorealism and the French New Wave, with films like Dom Roberto (1962) and Os Verdes Anos (1963). The movement became particularly relevant after the Carnation Revolution of 1974. In 1989, João César Monteiro's Recordações da Casa Amarela won the Silver Lion at the Venice Film Festival and in 2009, João Salaviza's Arena won the Short Film Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival. Several other Portuguese films have been in competition for major film awards like the Palme d'Or and the Golden Bear. João Sete Sete (2006) was the first Portuguese animated feature film. Portuguese cinema is significantly supported by the State, with the government's Instituto do Cinema e do Audiovisual giving films financial support.
This is a historical timeline of Portugal.
Gare do Oriente, or alternately, the Lisbon Oriente Station is one of the main Portuguese intermodal transport hubs, and is situated in the civil parish of Parque das Nações, municipality of Lisbon.
The Ditadura Nacional was the name given to the regime that governed Portugal from 1926, after the re-election of General Óscar Carmona to the post of President, until 1933. The preceding period of military dictatorship that started after the 28 May 1926 coup d'état is known as Ditadura Militar. After adopting a new constitution in 1933, the regime changed its name to Estado Novo. The Ditadura Nacional, together with the Estado Novo, forms the historical period of the Portuguese Second Republic (1926–1974).
The National Syndicalist Movement was a political movement that briefly flourished in Portugal in the 1930s. Stanley G. Payne defines them as a fascist movement in his typography.
José Vicente de Freitas, 2nd Baron of Freitas GCTE ComA GCA was a Portuguese military officer and politician.
The General Confederation of Labour was a Portuguese trade union confederation. Established in 1919, as the successor to the National Workers' Union (UON), the CGT was the only national trade union centre in Portugal throughout the early 1920s. The organisation was led largely by anarcho-syndicalists, who declared the CGT to be independent of all political parties and proclaimed its goal to be the abolition of capitalism and the state. Opposed to Bolshevism, it refused to join the Red International of Labour Unions (RILU) and instead joined the International Workers' Association (IWA), which was aligned with anarcho-syndicalism. An internal schism between the syndicalist leadership and members of the Portuguese Communist Party (PCP) followed, as unions aligned with the latter broke off from the CGT. Following the establishment of a military dictatorship in Portugal, the CGT led a workers' uprising against it, but they were defeated, the organisation banned and many of their members exiled to Africa. After the establishment of the fascist Estado Novo regime, the CGT attempted to resist the creation of a corporatist economy and led a general strike against it, but this too was suppressed. The CGT's secretary general then attempted to assassinate the dictator António de Oliveira Salazar, but was unsuccessful. The CGT was ultimately driven underground and eventually disappeared, as the fascist regime was consolidated in Portugal.
The Grand Orient of Portugal is a symbolic Masonic Obedience founded in 1802, thus being the oldest Portuguese Masonic Obedience. Its first Grand Master was Sebastião José de São Paio de Melo e Castro Lusignan, grandson of the first Marquis of Pombal, and his symbolic name was Egas Moniz.
António Henrique Rodrigo de Oliveira Marques was a Portuguese historian.
The Parque das Nações, colloquially known as Expo, is a freguesia and typical quarter of Lisbon, the capital city of Portugal. Located in eastern Lisbon, Parque das Nações is to the east of Olivais, northeast of Marvila, and directly south of Lisbon's border with Loures. The population in 2021 was 22,382.
The Santa Apolónia Station is the oldest railway terminus in Portugal. It is situated in the civil parish of São Vicente, in the central part of the municipality of Lisbon, on the northern margin of the Tagus River in the historical district of Alfama.
António de Oliveira Salazar was a Portuguese statesman, academic, and economist who served as Prime Minister of Portugal from 1932 to 1968. Having come to power under the Ditadura Nacional, he reframed the regime as the corporatist Estado Novo, with himself as a dictator. The regime he created lasted until 1974, making it one of the longest-lived authoritarian regimes in modern Europe.
Events in the year 1956 in Portugal.
The Union of Economic Interests was a right-wing political party in Portugal. It was officially established in 1925, and represented the interests of conservative bankers, businessmen and managers. It only took part in the 1925 elections, in which it won six seats in the House of Representatives. It was officially disbanded in 1937, during the Estado Novo.
Anarchism in Portugal first appeared in the form of organized groups in the mid-1880s. It was present from the first steps of the workers' movement, revolutionary unionism and anarcho-syndicalism had a lasting influence on the General Confederation of Labour, founded in 1919.
Anarchism in East Timor has its roots in the country's history as a penal colony, when many anarchists were deported there. The movement eventually evolved into an anti-colonial struggle against succeeding occupying powers: first the Portuguese Empire, then the Japanese Empire and the Indonesian New Order, before the country finally achieved independence in 2002.
The February 1927 Revolt, sometimes also referred to as the February 1927 Revolution, was a military rebellion that took place between February 3 and 9, 1927, centered in Porto, the city where the insurgents' command center was installed and fought the main challenges. The revolt, led by Adalberto Gastão de Sousa Dias, ended with the surrender and arrest of the rebels and resulted in about 80 deaths and 360 injuries in Porto and more than 70 deaths and 400 injuries in Lisbon. It was the first consequent attempt to overthrow the Military Dictatorship that was then consolidated in Portugal following the 28 May 1926 coup d'état, which occurred nine months earlier, initiating a set of insurrectionary movements that became known as the Reviralhism.