Anarchism in Turkey only began to emerge in 1986 with publication of the magazine Kara. [1]
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Anarchism in Turkey only began to emerge in 1986 with publication of the magazine Kara. [1]
The first signs of anarchism in the Ottoman period emerged around Armenian intellectuals. Hamanykh magazine, published in 1895 by Aleksandr Atabekyan, one of the pioneers of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, has a rich content regarding both anarchist philosophy and the Armenian revolutionary movement. In the same period, Turkish Cypriot Kıbrıslızade Osman Bey's French work Socialisme et Anarchisme (1895) became the first anarchist book published in the Ottomans. [2]
Baha Tevfik, who is often regarded as the first Turkish anarchist, states in his Felsefe-i Ferd (1913) that from wage slavery to socialism and from socialism to anarchism, a new age will be achieved. [3]
The first written source of Turkish anarchism is Kropotkin's Ethics, translated by Ahmet Ağaoğlu and published in 1935. [3] There is an ongoing debate on why anarchism has not gained visibility as an alternative leftist policy in the first half of the Republican period. [4] [3] [5]
In the 1970s, while Marxist approaches dominated the leftist perspective, interest in anarchism remained pale in left-wing publishing. While articles on anarchism were featured in the Yeni Ufuklar magazine published in the 1960s, Proudhon's book What Is Property? was translated into Turkish and published. [3]
After the 1980 Turkish coup d'état, anarchism began to take its place in Turkey's political scene. In particular, anarchism gained a lot of traction in the Turkish diaspora in Germany, where many people had fled from the coup. [3]
Launched in 1986, Kara magazine was taken as a turning point in terms of the anarchist movement in Turkey. Kara was published at a time when the mainstream Turkish left could not overcome the shock of the 1980 military coup d'état, defined itself as "libertarian" instead of "anarchist", due to the general perception of anarchy as chaos. In addition to broader social movements, anarchist groups and publications formed in the late 1990s and early 2000s, such as Anarşist Kadınlar, Anarşist Komünist İnisiyatif, and Devrimci Anarşist Federasyon. [3]
Ahmed Rıza was an Ottoman politician, educator, and a prominent member of the Young Turks, during the Second Constitutional Era of the Ottoman Empire. He was also a key early leader of the Committee of Union and Progress.
Ahmed Tevfik Pasha, later Ahmet Tevfik Okday after the Turkish Surname Law of 1934, was an Ottoman statesman of Crimean Tatar origin. He was the last Grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire. He held the office three times, the first in 1909 under Sultan Abdul Hamid II, and from 1918 to 1919 and from 1920 to 1922 under Mehmed VI during the Allied occupation of Istanbul. In addition to his premiership, Ahmet Tevfik was also a diplomat, a member of the Ottoman Senate, and the Minister of Foreign Affairs.
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Kara Murat Pasha, or Kara Dev Murat Pasha, lit. Courageous Giant Murat Pasha in Ottoman Turkish;, was an Ottoman Albanian statesman and military officer. He served as Kapudan Pasha and twice as Grand Vizier. His epithet Kara ("black") refers to his courage and Dev ("giant") to his physical size.
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Osman-pasha the Bosnian or the Herzegovinian, known as Osman-paša Kazanac, was an Ottoman statesman who served as the governor of the Damascus Eyalet, of Anatolia Eyalet (1678–1680), of Egypt Eyalet (1680–1683), of Diyarbekir Eyalet (1683), of Bosnia Eyalet (1684), and of Eğri Eyalet (1685). His byname suggests that he hailed from the Sanjak of Bosnia or the Sanjak of Herzegovina.
Kara Mehmed Pasha was an Ottoman statesman who served as the Ottoman governor of various provinces (eyalets) and sub-provinces (sanjaks). He was also a vizier.
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