Right-wing dictatorship

A right-wing dictatorship, sometimes also referred to as a rightist dictatorship or right-wing authoritarianism, is an authoritarian or sometimes totalitarian regime following right-wing policies. Right-wing dictatorships are typically characterized by appeals to traditionalism, the protection of law and order and often the advocacy of nationalism, and justify their rise to power based on a need to uphold a conservative status quo . Examples of right-wing dictatorships may include anti-communist (including pro-Western) ones, such as Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, Estado Novo, Francoist Spain, the Chilean Junta, the Greek Junta, the Brazilian military dictatorship, the Argentine Junta (or National Reorganization Process), Republic of China under Chiang Kai-shek, Indonesia's New Order regime by Suharto, in South Korea when it was led by Syngman Rhee, Park Chung Hee, and Chun Doo-hwan, a number of military dictatorships in Latin America during the Cold War, ^[1] and those that agitate anti-Western sentiments, such as Russia under Vladimir Putin.

Characteristics of a right-wing dictatorship

Military dictatorship

Main article: Military dictatorship

In the most common Western view, the perfect example of a right-wing dictatorship is any of those that once ruled in South America.^{[ according to whom? ]} Those regimes were predominantly military juntas and most of them collapsed in the 1980s. Communist countries, which were very cautious about not revealing their authoritarian methods of rule to the public, were usually led by civilian governments and officers taking power were not much welcomed there.^{[ citation needed ]} Few exceptions include the Burmese Way to Socialism (Burma, 1966–1988), the Military Council of National Salvation (People's Republic of Poland, 1981–1983) or the North Korean regime's evolution throughout the rule of Kim Il Sung.

Religion and the government

Main article: Clerical fascism

Many right-wing regimes kept strong ties with local clerical establishments. This policy of a strong Church-state alliance is often referred to as Clerical fascism. Pro-Catholic dictatorships included the Estado Novo (1933–1974) and the Federal State of Austria (1934–1938). Many of those are/were led by spiritual leaders, such as the Slovak Republic under the Reverend Josef Tiso. Some right-wing dictatorships, like Nazi Germany, were openly hostile to certain religions. ^[2]

Right-wing dictatorships by region

The authoritarian politics of several countries can range from parties and movements on the center-right to the far-right, including some that are difficult to define. The degree of authoritarianism can also vary.

Cases supported by various sources and definitions will be presented below:

Europe

Main article: Fascism in Europe

See also: European interwar dictatorships

The existence of right-wing dictatorships in Europe are largely associated with the rise of fascism. The conditions created by World War I and its aftermath gave way both to revolutionary socialism and reactionary politics. Fascism arose as part of the reaction to the socialist movement, in attempt to recreate a perceived status quo ante bellum. ^[3] Right-wing dictatorships in Europe were mostly destroyed with the Allied victory in World War II, although some continued to exist in Southern Europe until the 1970s.

List of European right-wing dictatorships

Country	Historical name(s)	Movement(s)	Years of rule	Dictator(s)
Albania	Albanian Republic (1925–1928) Albanian Kingdom	Conservative Party House of Zogu	1925–1928 1928–1939	Ahmet Zogu Zog [4]
Austria	First Austrian Republic Federal State of Austria	Fatherland Front	1932–1934 1934–1938	Engelbert Dollfuss Kurt Schuschnigg
Bulgaria	Kingdom of Bulgaria	Democratic Alliance Zveno [5] House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha-Koháry	1923–1926 1934–1935 1935–1943	Aleksandar Tsankov [6] Kimon Georgiev Boris III [7] [8]
Estonia	Republic of Estonia [9]	Patriotic League	1934–1938	Konstantin Päts
Germany	German Empire German Reich [ need quotation to verify ] [10] [11] [12]	Military National Socialist German Workers' Party [13] [14]	1916–1918 1933–1945	Wilhelm II, Erich Ludendorff Adolf Hitler [15] [16]
Greece	Second Hellenic Republic Kingdom of Greece Kingdom of Greece	Military 4th of August Regime [17] [18] Regime of the Colonels [19]	1925–1926 1936–1941 1967–1974	Theodoros Pangalos [20] Ioannis Metaxas [21] Georgios Tsolakoglou, [22] Konstantinos Logothetopoulos, [23] Ioannis Rallis [24] Georgios Papadopoulos [25]
Hungary	Kingdom of Hungary	Unity Party	1920–1944	Miklós Horthy [26]
Italy	Kingdom of Italy [27] [28]	National Fascist Party [29] [30]	1922–1943	Benito Mussolini [31] [32]
Latvia	Republic of Latvia [ citation needed ]	Latvian Farmers' Union [ citation needed ] (disbanded after coup)	1934–1940	Kārlis Ulmanis [33]
Lithuania	Republic of Lithuania [34]	Lithuanian Nationalist Union [35]	1926–1940	Antanas Smetona [36] [37]
Ottoman Empire	Sublime Ottoman State Sublime Ottoman State	House of Osman Committee of Union and Progress [ citation needed ]	1878–1908 1913–1918	Abdul Hamid II [ citation needed ] The Three Pashas [ citation needed ]
Portugal	Portuguese First Republic Portuguese First Republic Ditadura Nacional [38] Estado Novo [39]	Military National Republican Party Military National Union [40]	1915 1917–1918 1926–1933 1933–1974	Joaquim Pimenta de Castro Sidónio Pais [41] Óscar Carmona António de Oliveira Salazar, [42] Marcelo Caetano
Romania	Kingdom of Romania National Legionary State Kingdom of Romania	National Renaissance Front [43] Military with the Iron Guard Military	1938–1940 1940–1941 1941–1944	Carol II [44] Ion Antonescu [45] with Horia Sima [46] Ion Antonescu
Russia	Russian State Russian Federation	White movement [47] United Russia/All-Russia People's Front [48]	1918–1920 1999–present	Alexander Kolchak [49] Vladimir Putin, [50] [51] Dmitry Medvedev
San Marino	Republic of San Marino [52]	Sammarinese Fascist Party	1923–1943	Giuliano Gozi
Spain	Kingdom of Spain [53] Spanish State [54]	Spanish Patriotic Union [55] Falange [56] [57]	1923–1930 1939–1975	Miguel Primo de Rivera [58] Francisco Franco [59]
Ukraine	Ukrainian State [60]	Ukrainian People's Hromada	1918	Pavlo Skoropadskyi
Yugoslavia	Kingdom of Yugoslavia [61]	Yugoslav National Party Yugoslav Radical Union [62]	1929–1934 1934–1941	Alexander I [63] Milan Stojadinović, [64] Dragiša Cvetković

Asia

Main article: Fascism in Asia

Right-wing dictatorships in Asia emerged during the early 1930s, ^[65] as military regimes seized power from local constitutional democracies and monarchies. The phenomenon soon spread to other countries with the military occupations driven by the militarist expansion of the Empire of Japan. After the end of World War II, Asian right-wing dictatorships took on a decidedly anti-communist role in the Cold War, with many being backed by the United States.

List of Asian right-wing dictatorships

Country	Historical name(s)	Movement(s)	Years of rule	Dictator(s)
Afghanistan	Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan	Taliban	1996–2001 2021–present	Mullah Omar Hibatullah Akhundzada [66] [67] [68] [69]
Azerbaijan	Republic of Azerbaijan	New Azerbaijan Party	1993–2003 2003–present	Heydar Aliyev Ilham Aliyev [70]
Bangladesh	People's Republic of Bangladesh	Military [71] [72] with the Bangladesh Nationalist Party [73] Military [74] with the Jatiya Party [75]	1977–1981 1982–1990	Ziaur Rahman Hussain Muhammad Ershad [76]
Cambodia	Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–70)   Khmer Republic Kingdom of Cambodia	Sangkum [77] [78] Social Republican Party Cambodian People's Party	1955–1970 1970–1975 1998- present	Norodom Sihanouk Lon Nol Hun Sen, Hun Manet [79]
China	Empire of China [80]	Military	1915–1916	Yuan Shikai
Cyprus	Republic of Cyprus	EOKA B [81]	1974	Nikos Sampson [82]
Indonesia	Republic of Indonesia	New Order under Golkar [83] [84]	1966–1998	Suharto [85] [86] [87]
Iran	Imperial State of Iran Islamic Republic of Iran [88] [89]	Military Military Military with the Iran Novin Party Military with the Rastakhiz Party Military Islamic Republican Party Principlists	1925–1941 1941–1963 1963–1975 1975–1978 1979 1979–1989 1989–present	Reza Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi Mohammad Reza Pahlavi Mohammad Reza Pahlavi Mohammad Reza Pahlavi Ruhollah Khomeini Ali Khamenei
Iraq	Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq Republic of Iraq	Golden square with the Party of National Brotherhood Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region	1941 1979–2003	Rashid Ali al-Gaylani [90] Saddam Hussein [91]
Kazakhstan	Republic of Kazakhstan [92] [93] [94]	Amanat	1999–2019	Nursultan Nazarbayev
South Korea	Republic of Korea [95] Republic of Korea [96] Republic of Korea Republic of Korea [97] Republic of Korea	Liberal Party [98] Military Democratic Republican Party [99] Democratic Republican Party Democratic Justice Party [100]	1948–1960 1961–1963 1963–1972 1972–1979 1980–1987	Syngman Rhee [101] Park Chung Hee [102] Park Chung-hee [103] Park Chung-hee [97] Chun Doo-hwan [104]
Laos	Kingdom of Laos [105]	Military with the Committee for the Defence of National Interests	1959–1960	Sounthone Pathammavong
Malaysia	Malaysia [106] [107]	UMNO	1981–2003	Mahathir Mohamad
Manchuria, China	Manchukuo	Concordia Association [108] [109]	1932–1945	Puyi with Zheng Xiaoxu and Zhang Jinghui
Myanmar	State of Burma Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma Union of Myanmar Republic of the Union of Myanmar	Military [110] Military [111] with the Union Solidarity and Development Association Military	1943–1944 1962– 1988 1988–2010 2021–present	Ba Maw Ne Win Than Shwe [112] Min Aung Hlaing
Pakistan	Islamic Republic of Pakistan	Military [113] with the Pakistan Muslim League Military [114] [115] with the Pakistan Muslim League Military with the Pakistan Muslim League	1958–1971 1977–1988 1999–2008	Ayub Khan, Yahya Khan Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq Pervez Musharraf
Philippines	Dictatorial Government   Second Philippine Republic Republic of the Philippines	Military Kapisanan ng Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas [116] Kilusang Bagong Lipunan [117] [118]	1898 1943–1945 1972–1986	Emilio Aguinaldo [ citation needed ] Jose P. Laurel Ferdinand Marcos [119] [120]
Singapore	Republic of Singapore [121]	People's Action Party	1965–1990	Lee Kuan Yew
Syria	Syrian Republic [122] [123]	Military with the Arab Liberation Movement	1951–1954	Adib Shishakli
Tajikistan	Republic of Tajikistan	People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan	1994–present	Emomali Rahmon [124] [125] [126]
China (1928–1949)   Taiwan (1945–1987)	Republic of China [127] Republic of China Republic of China [128]	Right-wing Kuomintang [129]	1928–1949 1940–1945 1949–1987	Chiang Kai-shek [a] Wang Jingwei, Chen Gongbo Chiang Kai-shek, Chiang Ching-kuo
Thailand	Kingdom of Thailand [133] [134]	People's Party Seri Manangkhasila Party National Socialist Party United Thai People's Party Military with the National Council for Peace and Order and United Thai Nation Party	1933–1938 1938–1957 1959–1963 1963–1973 2014–2023	Phraya Phahonphonphayuhasena Plaek Phibunsongkhram Sarit Thanarat Thanom Kittikachorn Prayut Chan-o-cha
Turkey	Republic of Turkey Republic of Turkey	Military [135] Justice and Development Party [136] [137] [138]	1980–1989 2016–present	General Kenan Evren [139] Recep Tayyip Erdoğan [140] [141] [142] [143]
Turkmenistan	Turkmenistan [144]	Democratic Party of Turkmenistan	1991–2006 2006–2022 2022–Present	Saparmyrat Nyýazow Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow Serdar Berdimuhamedow
Uzbekistan	Republic of Uzbekistan [145] [146] [147]	Uzbekistan Liberal Democratic Party	1991–2016 2016–Present	Islam Karimov Shavkat Mirziyoyev
Southern Vietnam	Republic of Vietnam [148] [149] [150]	Personalist Labor Revolutionary Party Military Military Military National Social Democratic Front	1956–1963 1963–1964 1964 1965–1967 1967–1975	Ngo Dinh Diem Dương Văn Minh Nguyễn Khánh Dương Văn Minh Nguyễn Văn Thiệu

Latin America and the Caribbean

Right-wing dictatorships largely emerged in Central America and the Caribbean during the early 20th century. Sometimes they arose in order to provide concessions to American corporations such as the United Fruit Company, forming regimes that have been described as "banana republics". ^[151] North American right-wing dictatorships were instrumental in suppressing their countries' labour movements and instituting corporatist economies. During the Cold War, these right-wing dictatorships were characterized by a distinct anti-communist ideology, and often rose to power through US-backed coups. Many right-wing dictatorships in South America were established through Operation Condor in which left-wing governments in the region were replaced with right-wing military regimes through us-backed coups.

List of Latin American and Caribbean right-wing dictatorships

Country	Historical name(s)	Movement(s)	Years of rule	Dictator(s)
Northern Argentina	Argentine Confederation [152]	Military with the Federalist Party	1829–1832 1835–1852	Juan Manuel de Rosas
Argentina	Argentine Republic [153] [154] Argentine Republic Argentine Republic [155] Argentine Republic [156] [157] [158] [159] [160]	Military with the Nationalist Liberation Alliance Concordanica Concordanica Concordanica Military Military Military Military Military Military Military Military Military Military Military	1930–1932 1932–1938 1938–1942 1940–1942 1943 1943–1944 1944–1946 1955–1958 1966–1970 1970–1971 1971–1973 1976–1981 1981 1981–1982 1982–1983	José Félix Uriburu Agustín Pedro Justo Roberto María Ortiz Ramón Castillo Arturo Rawson Pedro Pablo Ramírez Edelmiro Julián Farrell Pedro Eugenio Aramburu Juan Carlos Onganía Roberto Marcelo Levingston Alejandro Agustín Lanusse Jorge Rafael Videla Roberto Eduardo Viola Leopoldo Galtieri Reynaldo Bignone
Bolivia	Republic of Bolivia Republic of Bolivia [161] [162] [163] [164] [165]	Military with the Popular Christian Movement Military Military with the Nationalist Union of the People Military Military Military	1966–1969 1971–1978 1978 1979 1980–1981 1981–1982	René Barrientos Hugo Banzer Juan Pereda [166] Alberto Natusch [167] Luis García Meza Celso Torrelio [168]
Brazil	Republic of the United States of Brazil Republic of the United States of Brazil Federative Republic of Brazil [169] [170] [171]	None Military with the National Renewal Alliance Military with the National Renewal Alliance Military with the National Renewal Alliance Military with the National Renewal Alliance Military with the National Renewal Alliance	1937–1945 1964–1967 1967–1969 1969–1974 1974–1979 1979–1985	Getúlio Vargas Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco Artur da Costa e Silva Emílio Garrastazu Médici Ernesto Geisel João Figueiredo
Chile	Republic of Chile Republic of Chile Republic of Chile [172] [173] [174] [175]	Military	1924–1925 1927–1931 1973–1990	Luis Altamirano Carlos Ibáñez del Campo Augusto Pinochet
Colombia	Republic of Colombia [176] [177]	Colombian Conservative Party Military	1950–1953 1953–1957	Laureano Gómez Gustavo Rojas Pinilla
Costa Rica	Republic of Costa Rica [178] [179]	Military with the Peliquista Party [180]	1917–1919	Federico Tinoco Granados
Cuba	Republic of Cuba	Liberal Party of Cuba Military with the Progressive Action Party	1927–1933 1952–1959	Gerardo Machado Fulgencio Batista [181] [182]
Dominican Republic	Third Dominican Republic Dominican Republic	Military with the Dominican Party Military with the Dominican Party Social Christian Reformist Party [183] [184]	1930–1961 1961 1966–1978	Rafael Trujillo Ramfis Trujillo Joaquín Balaguer [185]
Ecuador	Republic of Ecuador [186]	Military Velaquista National Federation	1963–1966 1970–1972	Ramón Castro Jijón [187] José María Velasco Ibarra
El Salvador	Republic of El Salvador [188]	Military with the National Pro Patria Party Military with the Social Democratic Unification Party Military with the Revolutionary Party of Democratic Unification [189] Military with the Revolutionary Party of Democratic Unification Military with the National Coalition Party Military with the National Coalition Party Military with the National Coalition Party Military with the National Coalition Party Nuevas Ideas	1931–1944 1945–1948 1948–1956 1956–1960 1962–1967 1967–1972 1972–1977 1977–1979 2019– present	Maximiliano Hernández Martínez [190] [191] [192] [193] Salvador Castaneda Castro [194] Óscar Osorio José María Lemus Julio Adalberto Rivera Carballo Fidel Sánchez Hernández Arturo Armando Molina Carlos Humberto Romero Nayib Bukele [195] [196] [197]
Grenada	Grenada [198] [199] [200]	Grenada United Labour Party	1974–1979	Eric Gairy
Guatemala	Republic of Guatemala	Military with the Liberal Party [201] Progressive Liberal Party Military with the National Liberation Movement Military with the National Liberal Movement Military	1921–1926 1931–1944 1954–1957 1970–1974 1982–1983	José María Orellana Jorge Ubico [202] [203] Carlos Castillo Armas Carlos Manuel Arana Osorio Efraín Ríos Montt [204] [205]
Haiti	Republic of Haiti Republic of Haiti [206] [207] [208] [209]	National Unity Party National Unity Party Military	1957–1971 1971–1986 1991–1994 [210] [211]	François Duvalier [212] Jean-Claude Duvalier Raoul Cédras
Honduras	Republic of Honduras	Military with the National Party	1933–1949 1963–1975	Tiburcio Carías Andino Oswaldo López Arellano
Mexico	Mexican Republic United Mexican States Mexican Republic United Mexican States [213] [214] [215] [216] [217]	Military with the Conservative Party Military with the Conservative Party Military with the Conservative Party Military with the National Porfirist Party Military with the National Porfirist Party Military with the National Porfirist Party Military	1839–1839 1845–1846 1853–1855 1876 1877–1880 1884–1911 1913–1914	Antonio López de Santa Anna Mariano Paredes Antonio López de Santa Anna Porfirio Díaz Porfirio Díaz Porfirio Díaz Victoriano Huerta
Nicaragua	Republic of Nicaragua [218]	Nationalist Liberal Party	1936–1956 1956–1967 1967–1979	Anastasio Somoza García Luis Somoza Debayle Anastasio Somoza Debayle
Panama	Republic of Panama [219]	Panameñista Party	1949–1951	Arnulfo Arias
Paraguay	Republic of Paraguay Republic of Paraguay [220] [221]	Military Military with the Colorado Party	1940–1948 1954–1989	Higinio Morínigo Alfredo Stroessner
Peru	Peruvian Republic [222] Peruvian Republic [223] Republic of Peru [224] [225] Republic of Peru [220]	Revolutionary Union Revolutionary Union Military Military Cambio 90 Vamos Vecino	1930 1931–1933 1933–1939 1948–1956 1975–1980 1992–2000	Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro Óscar R. Benavides Manuel A. Odría Francisco Morales Bermúdez Vladimiro Montesinos with Alberto Fujimori
Uruguay	Oriental Republic of Uruguay [226] Oriental Republic of Uruguay [227] [228] [229] [230]	Colorado Party Military with the Colorado Party Military with the Colorado Party Military with the National Party Military	1934–1938 1973–1976 1976 1976–1981 1981–1985	Gabriel Terra Juan María Bordaberry Alberto Demicheli Aparicio Méndez Gregorio Conrado Álvarez
Venezuela	United States of Venezuela United States of Venezuela Republic of Venezuela [231] [232] [233] [234]	Military	1908–1913 1922–1929 1931–1935 1948–1950 1952–1958	Juan Vicente Gómez Juan Vicente Gómez Juan Vicente Gómez Carlos Delgado Chalbaud Marcos Pérez Jiménez

Africa

Africa has experienced several military dictatorships which makes up the majority of right-wing dictatorships that have existed.^{[ citation needed ] [235]} Dictatorships like the hereditary dictatorship in Togo (especially under Gnassingbé Eyadéma) had strong anti-communist and pro-western stances which is in contrast to left-wing governments that existed in other African nations around the time.^{[ citation needed ] [236]} Regimes like Zaire and Rwanda under Habyarimana have sometimes been called fascist. Zaire featured what their dictator called a "neither right nor left" position but was recognized by historians as a right-wing regime and its state ideology of mobutism has sometimes been seen as third position. ^{[237] [238] [239] [240] [241]} Rwanda under Habyarimana has been compared to fascist regimes such as Nazi Germany for their hutu supremacist policies against the tutsi's as well as the Rwandan genocide that occurred after the assassination of Habyarimana sometimes being compared to the holocaust. ^{[ citation needed ] [242]}

List of African right-wing dictatorships

Country	Historical name(s)	Movement(s)	Years of rule	Dictator(s)
Burundi	Republic of Burundi [243] [244]	National Council for the Defense of Democracy – Forces for the Defense of Democracy	2005–2020 2020–Present	Pierre Nkurunziza Évariste Ndayishimiye
Cameroon	Republic of Cameroon [245]	Cameroon People's Democratic Movement	1982–Present	Paul Biya
Chad	Republic of Chad [246] [247] [248] [249]	National Union for Independence and Revolution Military with the Patriotic Salvation Movement Military with the Patriotic Salvation Movement	1982–1990 1991–2021 2022–present	Hissène Habré Idriss Déby Mahamat Déby
Democratic Republic of the Congo	Republic of Zaire [250]	Military with the Popular Movement of the Revolution	1965–1997	Mobutu Sese Seko
Egypt	Arab Republic of Egypt [251]	Nation's Future Party	2014–Present	Abdel Fattah el-Sisi
Gabon	Gabonese Republic [252]	Gabonese Democratic Party	1967–2009 2009–2023	Omar Bongo [253] Ali Bongo [254]
Gambia	Republic of the Gambia [255]	Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction	1996–2017	Yahya Jammeh
Guinea	Republic of Guinea [256] [257]	Military with the Unity and Progress Party	1984–2008	Lansana Conté
Equatorial Guinea	Republic of Equatorial Guinea [258]	Military Military Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea	1979–1982 1982–1987 1987–Present	Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo
Kenya	Republic of Kenya [259] [260]	Kenya African National Union	1964–1978 1978–2002	Jomo Kenyatta Daniel arap Moi
Liberia	Republic of Liberia [261]	Military with the National Democratic Party of Liberia	1986–1990	Samuel Doe
Malawi	Republic of Malawi [262]	Malawi Congress Party	1966–1994	Hastings Banda
Mauritania	Islamic Republic of Mauritania [263] [264]	Military with the Republican Party for Democracy and Renewal Military with the Union for the Republic	1984–2005 2009–2019	Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz
Niger	Republic of the Niger [265]	Military with the National Movement for the Society of Development	1987–1993	Ali Saibou
Rwanda	Rwandese Republic [266] [267] [268]	Parmehutu Military with the National Revolutionary Movement for Development	1962–1973 1973–1994	Grégoire Kayibanda [269] Juvénal Habyarimana
South Africa	Union of South Africa [270] [271]	National Party	1948–1994	D. F. Malan J. G. Strijdom Hendrik Verwoerd John Vorster P. W. Botha F. W. de Klerk
Sudan	Republic of the Sudan [272]	Military with the National Congress Party	1989–2019	Omar al-Bashir
Togo	Togolese Republic [273] [274] [236] [275]	Military with the Rally of the Togolese People Union for the Republic	1967–2005 2005–present	Gnassingbé Eyadéma Faure Gnassingbé
Uganda	Second Republic of Uganda Republic of Uganda [276] [277] [278]	Military National Resistance Movement	1971–1979 2006–present	Idi Amin Yoweri Museveni
Zimbabwe	Republic of Rhodesia [279]	Rhodesian Front	1964–1979	Ian Smith

See also

• Authoritarian capitalism
• Authoritarian conservatism
• Films depicting Latin American military dictatorships
• Military government
• Police state
• Operation Condor

Notes

1. Whether Chiang Kai-shek's early rule can be seen as a 'right-wing' dictatorship is debatable. During the 1920s and early 1930s, Chiang and supporters was seen as a 'centrist' ^{[130] [131]} among 'right-wing' Hu Hanmin supporters and 'left-wing' Wang Jingwei supporters, but the Chinese Communist Party (or Maoism) later emerged as the main rival of the KMT, making Chiang's rule a 'right-wing' dictatorship. Other historians argue that Chiang's ideology differed from 'right-wing' dictators of the 20th century and that he did not espouse the ideology of fascism. ^[132]

References

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