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This is a list of dictatorial regimes operational in European states in the interwar period, the period between World War I and World War II.
Country | Leader [1] | Start | End | Duration (days) | Head of state [2] | Head of government [3] | Head of state party [4] | Parliament [5] | Party system [6] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Albania | Ahmed Zogu | 1925-02-01 | 1939-04-07 | 5,178 | yes [7] | until 1928 | no | redesigned | tolerated |
Austria | Engelbert Dolfuss | 1933-03-07 | 1934-07-25 | 505 | no | yes | yes | redesigned | abolished |
Austria | Kurt Schuschnigg | 1934-07-29 | 1938-03-12 | 1,322 | no | yes | since 1936 [8] | redesigned | abolished |
Bohemia and Moravia | collective | 1939-03-15 | 1945-05-08 | 2,246 | n/a | n/a | n/a | none | abolished |
Bulgaria | Alexander Tsankov | 1923-06-09 | 1926-01-04 | 940 | no | yes | yes [9] | coerced | tolerated |
Bulgaria | Boris III | 1935-01-22 | 1943-08-28 | 3,140 | yes | no | no | redesigned | abolished |
Czechoslovakia | collective [10] | 1938-09-30 | 1939-03-15 | 166 | n/a | n/a | n/a [11] | coerced [12] | tolerated [13] |
Danzig | collective [14] | 1933-06-24 | 1939-09-01 | 2,260 | n/a | n/a | n/a | corced | tolerated |
Estonia | Konstantin Päts | 1934-03-12 | 1938-01-01 [15] | 1,187 | no [16] | yes | no [17] | redesigned [18] | tolerated [19] |
Germany | Adolf Hitler | 1933-01-30 | 1945-04-30 | 4,473 | since 1934 [20] | yes | yes | coerced [21] | abolished |
Greece | Theodoros Pangalos | 1925-06-24 | 1926-08-26 | 428 | since 1926 [22] | until 1926 | no | coerced | tolerated |
Greece | Ioannis Metaxas | 1936-08-04 | 1941-04-25 | 1,725 | no | yes | no [23] | none | abolished |
Hungary | Béla Kun | 1919-03-21 | 1919-08-01 | 133 | no [24] | no | yes | none | tolerated |
Hungary | Miklós Horthy | 1920-03-01 | 1944-10-15 | 8,994 | yes | no | no [25] | coerced | tolerated |
Italy | Benito Mussolini | 1922-10-31 | 1943-07-23 [26] | 7,570 | no [27] | yes | yes | redesigned [28] | abolished [29] |
Latvia | Kārlis Ulmanis | 1934-05-15 | 1940-06-15 | 2,223 | since 1936 [30] | yes | no [31] | none [32] | abolished [33] |
Lithuania | Antanas Smetona | 1926-12-19 | 1940-06-15 | 4,927 | yes | no | until 1926 [34] | redesigned [35] | tolerated [36] |
Poland | Józef Piłsudski | 1926-05-14 | 1935-05-12 | 3,285 | no | 1926–1930 [37] | no [38] | coerced | tolerated |
Poland | collective [39] | 1935-05-12 | 1939-09-17 | 1,589 | n/a | n/a | n/a | coerced | tolerated |
Portugal | Sidónio Pais [40] | 1917-12-17 | 1918-12-14 | 362 | since 1917 [41] | yes [42] | no | coerced | tolerated |
Portugal | collective [43] | 1926-05-28 | 1933-03-19 | 2,487 | n/a | n/a | n/a | coerced | tolerated |
Portugal | António Salazar, Marcelo Caetano | 1933-03-19 | 1974-04-25 [44] | 15,012 | no | yes | yes [45] | redesigned | abolished |
Romania | Carol II | 1938-02-11 | 1940-09-05 | 937 | yes | no | no [46] | none [47] | abolished |
San Marino | Giuliano Gozi [48] | 1923-04-01 | 1943-07-28 [49] | 7,423 | intermittently | n/a | yes | coerced | abolished [50] |
Slovakia | Jozef Tiso | 1939-03-14 | 1945-04-01 | 2,210 | yes [51] | until 1939 | yes | redesigned | tolerated [52] |
Soviet Russia | collective [53] | 1917-11-07 | 1924-01-21 | 3,657 | n/a | n/a | n/a | coerced | abolished |
Soviet Union | Joseph Stalin | 1924-01-21 | 1953-03-05 | 9,246 | no | since 1941 | yes | rubber stamp | abolished |
Spain | Miguel Primo de Rivera | 1923-09-23 | 1930-01-28 | 2,319 | no | yes | yes | redesigned [54] | abolished |
Spain | collective [55] | 1930-01-28 | 1931-04-14 | 441 | n/a | n/a | n/a | redesigned | tolerated |
Spain (R) | collective [56] | 1936-07-18 | 1939-03-31 | 986 | n/a | n/a | n/a | coerced [57] | tolerated [58] |
Spain (N) | Francisco Franco | 1936-10-01 | 1975-11-20 | 14,294 | yes | until 1973 | yes | redesigned | abolished [59] |
Turkey | Mustafa Kemal Atatürk | 1920-05-03 | 1938-11-10 | 6,765 | since 1923 [60] | until 1921 | yes | redesigned | tolerated |
Turkey | collective [61] | 1938-11-10 | 1950-05-22 | 4,211 | n/a | n/a | n/a | redesigned | tolerated |
Yugoslavia | Alexander I | 1929-01-06 | 1934-04-09 | 1,919 | yes | no | no | redesigned [62] | tolerated [63] |
Yugoslavia | collective [64] | 1934-04-09 | 1941-03-27 | 2,544 | n/a | n/a | n/a | redesigned | tolerated |
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