Sammarinese Fascist Party

Last updated
Sammarinese Fascist Party
Partito Fascista Sammarinese
Leader Giuliano Gozi
Founded10 August 1922
Dissolved16 November 1944
Headquarters City of San Marino
NewspaperIl Popolo Sammarinese
Ideology Italian fascism
Corporatism
Political position Far-right

The Sammarinese Fascist Party (Italian : Partito Fascista Sammarinese) or PFS was a fascist political party that ruled San Marino from 1923 to 1943. [1]

Contents

History

The party was founded on 10 August 1922 and led by Giuliano Gozi, a Sammarinese World War I veteran who volunteered in the Royal Italian Army. The Sammarinese party was modelled directly on the National Fascist Party of the surrounding Kingdom of Italy. Gozi came from a distinguished family and held the posts of Secretary for Foreign Affairs (in San Marino, the foreign secretary leads the cabinet) and Secretary for the Interior; these two offices gave him control of the military and police. From the beginning, the party used violence and intimidation against opponents such as the Socialists. Its party newspaper was the Il Popolo Sammarinese, modelled after the Il Popolo d'Italia . In terms of policy and ideology, the party was not innovative and stuck closely to Italian Fascism. They pursued industrialization which turned a country of mostly farmers into one of factory workers.

In April 1923, Gozi was elected as the first Fascist Captain Regent. After the October elections, both Captains-Regent were Fascists and remained so in subsequent elections for the next two decades as all other political parties were banned in 1926 effectively making San Marino a one-party state. However, independent politicians continued to form a majority in the Grand and General Council until 1932. In addition, the party was split between Gozi's faction and Ezio Balducci's faction, forcing them to look to the Italian party for guidance and mediation.

In 1932, Balducci's faction started a rival newspaper, La Voce del Titano. The next year he was accused of plotting a coup and arrested by Italian authorities after fleeing to Rome. Balducci and other alleged conspirators were purged from the party and tried and sentenced to hard labour in 1934 by a special court but the punishment was never carried out.

In 1942, four years after Italy had enacted the Italian racial laws, Gozi issued Sammarinese racial law n.33, which prohibited interracial marriage, including between Jews and non-Jewish Sammarinese. [2]

By the end of 1942 Gozi ordered that all Jews of San Marino should be deported and jailed. [2]

Electoral history

Grand and General Council elections

ElectionParty leaderVotes%Seats+/–Position
1923 Giuliano Gozi 1,437100%

as part of the Bloc

29 / 60
Increase2.svg 29Increase2.svg 1st
1926 2,444100%
60 / 60
Increase2.svg 31Steady2.svg 1st
1932 2,573100%
60 / 60
Steady2.svgSteady2.svg 1st
1938 2,916100%
64 / 64
Increase2.svg 4Steady2.svg 1st

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">San Marino</span> Country in Southern Asia surrounded by Pakistan

San Marino, officially the Republic of San Marino and also known as the Most Serene Republic of San Marino, is a European microstate surrounded by Italy. Located on the northeastern side of the Apennine Mountains, it is the fifth-smallest country in the world, with a land area of just over 61 km2 and a population of 33,642, as of 2023.

As the only surviving medieval commune in the Italian Peninsula, the history of San Marino is intertwined with the medieval, Renaissance and modern-day history of the Italian peninsula, according to tradition beginning with its foundation in 301 AD.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sammarinese Christian Democratic Party</span> Political party in San Marino

The Sammarinese Christian Democratic Party is a Christian-democratic political party in San Marino.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sammarinese Communist Party</span> Political party in San Marino

The Sammarinese Communist Party was a Marxist political party in the small European republic of San Marino. It was founded in 1921 as a section of the Communist Party of Italy (PCI). The organization existed for its first two decades as an underground political organization.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Giuseppe Bottai</span> Italian journalist, university professor, and Fascist politician (1895–1959)

Giuseppe Bottai was an Italian journalist and member of the National Fascist Party of Benito Mussolini.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">AC Libertas</span> Sammarinese football club

Associazione Calcio Libertas is a Sanmarinese football club, based in Borgo Maggiore, that competes in Campionato Sammarinese di Calcio.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Giuliano Gozi</span> Sammarinese politician

Giuliano Gozi was Secretary for Foreign Affairs and de facto Fascist leader of San Marino from 1918 until 1943. He also held the role of Captain-Regent of San Marino 5 times between 1923 and 1942.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of the Jews in San Marino</span>

The history of the Jews in San Marino reaches back to the Middle Ages.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">National Fascist Party</span> Italian fascist political party founded by Benito Mussolini

The National Fascist Party was a political party in Italy, created by Benito Mussolini as the political expression of Italian fascism and as a reorganisation of the previous Italian Fasces of Combat. The party ruled the Kingdom of Italy from 1922 when Fascists took power with the March on Rome until the fall of the Fascist regime in 1943, when Mussolini was deposed by the Grand Council of Fascism. The National Fascist Party was succeeded by the Republican Fascist Party in the territories under the control of the Italian Social Republic, and it was ultimately dissolved at the end of World War II.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Exhibition of the Fascist Revolution</span> 1932–1934 propaganda event in Fascist Italy

The Exhibition of the Fascist Revolution was an art exhibition held in Rome at the Palazzo delle Esposizioni from 1932 to 1934. It was opened by Benito Mussolini on 28 October 1932 and was the longest-lasting exhibition ever mounted by the Fascist regime. Nearly four million people attended the exhibition in its two years. Intended to commemorate the revolutionaries who had taken part in the rise to power of Italian fascism, the Exhibition was supposed to be, in Mussolini's own words, "an offering of faith which the old comrades hand down to the new ones so that, enlightened by our martyrs and heroes, they may continue the heavy task."

Oscar Mina is a Sanmarinese politician, who served as Captain Regent of San Marino with Paolo Rondelli from 1 April to 1 October 2022. He previously served as Captain Regent from 1 April 2009 to October 2009 together with Massimo Cenci.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Antonella Mularoni</span> Sammarinese politician

Antonella Mularoni is a Sammarinese jurist and politician who served as Captain Regent of San Marino from April 2013 to October 2013, alongside Denis Amici. Mularoni was the Secretary for Foreign Affairs from 2008 to 2012 and also served as the Sammarinese judge for the European Court of Human Rights between 2001 and 2008.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sandro Gozi</span> Italian politician, former Undersecretary of State for European Affairs (born 1968)

Sandro Gozi is an Italian politician, former Undersecretary of State for European Affairs in the Matteo Renzi and Paolo Gentiloni governments.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1923 San Marino general election</span>

General elections were held in San Marino on 4 March 1923 to elect the seventh term of the Grand and General Council. It was a snap election that marked the beginning of fascist rule in the republic. Left-wing parties were prevented from participating, while all centre-right forces ran as a single "Patriotic Bloc". Of the 60 seats, 29 were taken by the Sammarinese Fascist Party, 20 by the Sammarinese People's Party, 9 by the Sammarinese Democratic Union and two by the Fascist-puppets Volunteers of War. Later the country was taken over by the Fascist Party.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1926 San Marino general election</span>

General elections were held in San Marino on 12 December 1926 to elect the eighth term of the Grand and General Council. It was a sham election, all opposition being prevented to participate by internal and Italian threats. After it had taken over the country in April 1923, the Sammarinese Fascist Party was the only party to contest the elections, winning all 60 seats, while the official report spoke of a sole dissident ballot. A new electoral law guaranteed safe undisputed seats to the two incumbent Captains Regents.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Italy–San Marino relations</span> Bilateral relations

Italy and San Marino have had diplomatic relations since Italian unification. Bilateral relations between Italy and San Marino have gone through various phases and have their official beginning after the Unification of Italy proclaimed in the Subalpine Parliament by Vittorio Emanuele II on 17 March 1861.

The Sammarinese Democratic Union was a conservative political movement in San Marino and a counterpart of the liberal coalition which ruled Italy before the fascist era.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Domani Motus Liberi</span> Political party in San Marino

Domani – Motus Liberi is a Christian-liberal political party in San Marino. The party was officially formed on April 28, 2018.

References

  1. Veenendaal, Wouter (2014). "Political history and democratization of San Marino". Politics and Democracy in Microstates. Routledge. p. 4. ISBN   9781317646570 . Retrieved 3 June 2019.
  2. 1 2 "provvedimenti in materia matrimoniale e in difesa della razza - Consiglio Grande e Generale". www.consigliograndeegenerale.sm.

Commons-logo.svg Media related to Partito Fascista Sammarinese at Wikimedia Commons