Republican Fascist Party Partito Fascista Repubblicano | |
---|---|
Abbreviation | PFR |
Duce | Benito Mussolini |
Secretary | Alessandro Pavolini |
Founded | 13 September 1943 |
Dissolved | 2 May 1945 [a] |
Preceded by | National Fascist Party |
Succeeded by | Italian Social Movement (de facto) |
Headquarters | Palazzo Castani, Milan |
Newspaper | Il Lavoro Fascista |
Paramilitary wing | Black Brigades (from 1944) |
Membership | 900,000 (1943 est.) |
Ideology | Italian fascism Sansepolcrismo Anti-monarchism Pro-Nazism [6] |
Political position | Far-right [9] |
Colours | Black [10] |
Anthem | "Giovinezza" [11] |
Party flag | |
The Republican Fascist Party (Italian : Partito Fascista Repubblicano, PFR) was a political party in Italy led by Benito Mussolini and the sole representative party of the Italian Social Republic during the German occupation of Italy. The PFR was the successor to the National Fascist Party but was more influenced by pre-1922 early radical fascism and anti-monarchism, as its members considered King Victor Emmanuel III to be a traitor after his agreement of the signing of the surrender to the Allies.
After the Nazi-engineered Gran Sasso raid liberated Mussolini, the National Fascist Party (PNF) was revived on 13 September 1943 as the Republican Fascist Party (PFR) and as the single party of the Northern and Nazi-protected Italian Social Republic, informally known as the Salò Republic. Its secretary was Alessandro Pavolini.
Due to the strong control of the Germans, the party's power in the context of the Republic of Salò was always very limited. To obviate this inherent weakness, the party tried to obtain the support of the few population strata who still sympathised with fascism. [12] In the provinces under the control of the Germans it was organised into three entities called Administrative, Assistance, and Political. [13] The Assistance, also called the National Fascist Assistance Body, was formed in early October 1943. In the minds of the party leaders, the Assistance was to be a continuation of the powerful cadres of militants and volunteers of the former National Fascist Party. [13]
The PFR did not outlast Mussolini's execution and the disappearance of the Salò state in April 1945. However, it inspired the creation of the Italian Social Movement (MSI) [14] and the MSI has been seen as the successor to the PFR and the PNF. [15] The MSI was formed by former Fascist leaders and veterans of the National Republican Army of the Salò Republic. [16] The party tried to modernise and revise fascist doctrine into a more moderate and sophisticated direction. [17]
Giuseppe Pizzirani led the PFR organisation in Rome until April 1944, when he was named Deputy Secretary of the national party organisation. [18]
The PFR sought to reconnect the new party with pre-1922 radical fascism. This move attracted parts of the fascist 'Old Guard', who had been sidelined after Mussolini had come to power in 1922. The new party was, however, internally divided, with different internal tendencies vying for Mussolini's support, and whilst the PFR revived some of the early revolutionary fascist discourse, it did not return to the anti-clerical positions of the early fascist movement. [19]
In addition, the party promoted a revolutionary [20] [21] form of Italian nationalism, [22] [23] [24] [25] antisemitism, [26] [27] anti-liberalism, [28] [29] anti-communism, [30] anti-capitalism, [31] anti-monarchism, and republicanism. The RSI program, set out in the "Verona Manifesto" and approved by the congress of the Republican Fascist Party (Verona 15-16 November 1943), revived the revolutionary formulas of early fascism and included, among other things, the abandonment of corporatism and the creation of a National Confederation of Labour, a broad program of social welfare and worker participation in company profits. [32] The program, opposed by the Germans and by Italian industrialists, was not implemented while, starting with the strikes of March 1944, a growing workers' opposition to the RSI developed.
The Italian Social Republic, known prior to December 1943 as the National Republican State of Italy, but more popularly known as the Republic of Salò, was a German puppet state and fascist rump state with limited diplomatic recognition that was created during the latter part of World War II. It existed from the beginning of the German occupation of Italy in September 1943 until the surrender of Axis troops in Italy in May 1945. The German occupation triggered widespread national resistance against it and the Italian Social Republic, leading to the Italian Civil War.
Alessandro Pavolini was an Italian politician, journalist, and essayist. He was notable for his involvement in the Italian fascist government, during World War II, and, as the leader and founder of the Black Brigades, also for his cruelty against the opponents of fascism.
The Auxiliary Corps of the Black Shirts' Action Squads, most widely known as the Black Brigades, was one of the Fascist paramilitary groups, organized and run by the Republican Fascist Party operating in the Italian Social Republic, during the final years of World War II, and after the signing of the Italian Armistice in 1943. They were officially led by Alessandro Pavolini, former Minister of Culture of the fascist era during the last years of Fascist Italy.
Aldo Vidussoni was an Italian lawyer and Fascist politician.
The Italian Civil War was a civil war in the Kingdom of Italy fought during the Italian campaign of World War II between Italian fascists and Italian partisans and, to a lesser extent, the Italian Co-belligerent Army.
The National Fascist Party was a political party in Italy, created by Benito Mussolini as the political expression of Italian fascism and as a reorganisation of the previous Italian Fasces of Combat. The party ruled the Kingdom of Italy from 1922 when Fascists took power with the March on Rome until the fall of the Fascist regime in 1943, when Mussolini was deposed by the Grand Council of Fascism. The National Fascist Party was succeeded by the Republican Fascist Party in the territories under the control of the Italian Social Republic, and it was ultimately dissolved at the end of World War II.
Giuseppe "Pino" Romualdi was an Italian right-wing politician who served both the Republican Fascist Party (PFR) and the Italian Social Movement (MSI). He was the subject of frequent rumours that he was the biological son of Benito Mussolini, although no proof has been given. Romualdi himself, who was from the same village as Mussolini, encouraged the rumour.
This is a list of words, terms, concepts, and slogans in the Italian language and Latin language which were specifically used in Fascist Italy and the Italian Social Republic.
The Italian Social Movement was a neo-fascist political party in Italy. A far-right party, it presented itself until the 1990s as the defender of Italian fascism's legacy, and later moved towards national conservatism. In 1972, the Italian Democratic Party of Monarchist Unity was merged into the MSI and the party's official name was changed to Italian Social Movement – National Right.
Events from the year 1921 in Italy.
The Era Fascista was a calendar era used in the Fascist-ruled Kingdom of Italy. The March on Rome, or more precisely the accession of Mussolini as prime minister on 29 October 1922, is day 1 of Anno I of the Era Fascista. The calendar was introduced in 1926 and became official in Anno V (1927). Each year of the Era Fascista was an Anno Fascista, abbreviated A.F.
Giorgio Pisanò was an Italian journalist, essayist and fascist politician.
The Valtellina Redoubt or, officially, in Italian: Ridotto Alpino Repubblicano or RAR, was the intended final stronghold or redoubt of the Italian fascist regime of Benito Mussolini at the end of World War II in Europe. It was to be based in the Valtellina, a valley in the Italian Alps, which had the natural protection afforded by the surrounding mountains as well as the possibility of re-using fortifications built in the area for World War I. The idea was initially proposed in September 1944 by Alessandro Pavolini, one of the fascist leaders, who saw it as the place for the regime to make a "heroic" last stand which would inspire a future fascist revolution.
Paolo Zerbino was an Italian Fascist politician, prefect of Split and Turin during World War II and Minister of the Interior of the Italian Social Republic.
Paolo Porta was an Italian Fascist politician and soldier.
Renzo Montagna was an Italian Blackshirt, policeman and general during World War II. After the Armistice of Cassibile he joined the Italian Social Republic, becoming the last commander of the MVSN before its dissolution and later the last chief of the police of the Italian Social Republic.
Giuseppe Solaro was an Italian Fascist politician and soldier, federal secretary of the Republican Fascist Party of Turin during the Italian Social Republic.
Giovanni Battista Caneva was an Italian Fascist politician, syndicalist and athlete. He was federal secretary of the Republican Fascist Party of Vicenza and head of the province of Reggio Emilia during the Italian Social Republic.
Giuseppe Peverelli was an Italian industrialist and Fascist politician, who served as Minister of Communications for one day in the Mussolini Cabinet in July 1943 and then again in the Italian Social Republic from September to October 1943.