Republican Fascist Party

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Republican Fascist Party
Partito Fascista Repubblicano
AbbreviationPFR
Duce Benito Mussolini
Secretary Alessandro Pavolini
Founded13 September 1943
Dissolved2 May 1945 [a]
Preceded by National Fascist Party
Succeeded by Italian Social Movement (de facto)
Headquarters Palazzo Castani, Milan
NewspaperIl Lavoro Fascista
Paramilitary wing Black Brigades (from 1944)
Membership900,000 (1943 est.)
Ideology Italian fascism
Sansepolcrismo
Anti-monarchism
Pro-Nazism [6]
Political position Far-right [9]
Colours  Black [10]
Anthem"Giovinezza" [11]
Party flag
Flag of the National Fascist Party (PNF).svg

The Republican Fascist Party (Italian : Partito Fascista Repubblicano, PFR) was a political party in Italy led by Benito Mussolini and the sole representative party of the Italian Social Republic during the German occupation of Italy. The PFR was the successor to the National Fascist Party but was more influenced by pre-1922 early radical fascism and anti-monarchism, as its members considered King Victor Emmanuel III to be a traitor after his agreement of the signing of the surrender to the Allies.

Contents

History

Alessandro Pavolini (right), Secretary of the PFR and commander in chief of the Black Brigades, and Vincenzo Costa (centre), commander of "Aldo Resega" Black Brigade, during a ceremony in Milan, late 1944 Pavolini and Costa, Milan, 1944.jpg
Alessandro Pavolini (right), Secretary of the PFR and commander in chief of the Black Brigades, and Vincenzo Costa (centre), commander of "Aldo Resega" Black Brigade, during a ceremony in Milan, late 1944

After the Nazi-engineered Gran Sasso raid liberated Mussolini, the National Fascist Party (PNF) was revived on 13 September 1943 as the Republican Fascist Party (PFR) and as the single party of the Northern and Nazi-protected Italian Social Republic, informally known as the Salò Republic. Its secretary was Alessandro Pavolini.

Due to the strong control of the Germans, the party's power in the context of the Republic of Salò was always very limited. To obviate this inherent weakness, the party tried to obtain the support of the few population strata who still sympathised with fascism. [12] In the provinces under the control of the Germans it was organised into three entities called Administrative, Assistance, and Political. [13] The Assistance, also called the National Fascist Assistance Body, was formed in early October 1943. In the minds of the party leaders, the Assistance was to be a continuation of the powerful cadres of militants and volunteers of the former National Fascist Party. [13]

The PFR did not outlast Mussolini's execution and the disappearance of the Salò state in April 1945. However, it inspired the creation of the Italian Social Movement (MSI) [14] and the MSI has been seen as the successor to the PFR and the PNF. [15] The MSI was formed by former Fascist leaders and veterans of the National Republican Army of the Salò Republic. [16] The party tried to modernise and revise fascist doctrine into a more moderate and sophisticated direction. [17]

Giuseppe Pizzirani  [ it ] led the PFR organisation in Rome until April 1944, when he was named Deputy Secretary of the national party organisation. [18]

Ideology

The PFR sought to reconnect the new party with pre-1922 radical fascism. This move attracted parts of the fascist 'Old Guard', who had been sidelined after Mussolini had come to power in 1922. The new party was, however, internally divided, with different internal tendencies vying for Mussolini's support, and whilst the PFR revived some of the early revolutionary fascist discourse, it did not return to the anti-clerical positions of the early fascist movement. [19]

In addition, the party promoted a revolutionary [20] [21] form of Italian nationalism, [22] [23] [24] [25] antisemitism, [26] [27] anti-liberalism, [28] [29] anti-communism, [30] anti-capitalism, [31] anti-monarchism, and republicanism. The RSI program, set out in the "Verona Manifesto" and approved by the congress of the Republican Fascist Party (Verona 15-16 November 1943), revived the revolutionary formulas of early fascism and included, among other things, the abandonment of corporatism and the creation of a National Confederation of Labour, a broad program of social welfare and worker participation in company profits. [32] The program, opposed by the Germans and by Italian industrialists, was not implemented while, starting with the strikes of March 1944, a growing workers' opposition to the RSI developed.

Secretary of the PFR

National Congress

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References

  1. ↑ Banned by the Constitution of Italy on 22 December 1947
  1. ↑ Arrigo Petacco, Il comunista in camicia nera: Nicola Bombacci tra Lenin e Mussolini, Milano, Mondadori, 1997.
  2. ↑ Roberto D'Angeli, Storia del Partito Fascista Repubblicano, Roma, Castelvecchi, 2016.
  3. ↑ Guerrazzi, Amedeo Osti. "9 From Fascism to the Italian Civil War: The Republican Fascist’s Identity from 1943 to 1945." Italy and the Second World War. Brill, 2018. 203-223.
  4. ↑ Roggi, Alessandra. "The role of ideology in the Italian Social Republic (1943-1945)." The role of ideology in the Italian Social Republic (1943-1945) (2015): 676-687.
  5. ↑ Berardi, Silvio. "L’impossibile dialogo tra repubblicani fascisti e repubblicani storici (ottobre 1943-aprile 1944)." MONDO CONTEMPORANEO 2015/1 (2015).
  6. ↑ [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]
  7. ↑ Mack Smith, Denis (1983). Mussolini. New York, NY: Vintage Books. pp. 43, 44. ISBN   0394716582.
  8. ↑ Raniolo, Francesco (2013). I partiti politici. Roma: Editori Laterza. pp. 116–117.
  9. ↑ [7] [8]
  10. ↑ Adams, Sean; Morioka, Noreen; Stone, Terry Lee (2006). Color Design Workbook: A Real World Guide to Using Color in Graphic Design. Gloucester, Mass.: Rockport Publishers. pp.  86. ISBN   159253192X. OCLC   60393965.
  11. ↑ Olick, Jeffrey K. 2003. States of Memory-CL: continuities, conflicts, and transformations in national retrospection. Duke University Press. ISBN   0-8223-3063-6. p. 69.
  12. ↑ Roberto., D'Angeli (2019). Storia del partito fascista repubblicano. Castelvecchi. ISBN   978-88-3282-582-4. OCLC   1091262426.
  13. 1 2 Dianella Gagliani, Il Partito nel Fascismo Repubblicano Delle Origini: Una Prima Messa a Punto, in Rivista di Storia Contemporanea, vol. 23, n. 1/2, 1º gennaio 1994, pp. 130-169.
  14. ↑ Davies, Peter; Lynch, Derek (2002). The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right . Routledge. p.  328. ISBN   978-0-203-99472-6.
  15. ↑ Levy, 1996, p. 188.
  16. ↑ Ignazi, 1998, p. 157.
  17. ↑ Stanley Payne (1992). "Fascism". In Mary E. Hawkesworth; Maurice Kogan (eds.). Encyclopedia of Government and Politics. Psychology Press. p. 177. ISBN   978-0-415-07224-3.
  18. ↑ Claudia Baldoli; Brendan Fleming (25 September 2014). A British Fascist in the Second World War: The Italian War Diary of James Strachey Barnes, 1943-45. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 211. ISBN   978-1-4725-0789-1.
  19. ↑ John Pollard (22 July 2005). The Fascist Experience in Italy. Routledge. p. 116. ISBN   978-1-134-81904-1.
  20. ↑ Griffin, 2000, pp. 31–35
  21. ↑ Kallis, 2008, p. 515
  22. ↑ Grčić, Joseph. Ethics and Political Theory (Lanham, Maryland: University of America, Inc, 2000) p. 120.
    • Griffin, Roger and Matthew Feldman, eds., Fascism: Fascism and Culture (London and New York: Routledge, 2004) p. 185.
    • Jackson J. Spielvogel. Western Civilization. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, 2012. p. 935.
  23. ↑ Stanley G. Payne. A History of Fascism, 1914–1945. p. 106.
  24. ↑ Roger Griffin, "Nationalism" in Cyprian Blamires, ed., World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia, vol. 2 (Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2006), pp. 451–53.
  25. ↑ Riley, Dylan (2010). The Civic Foundations of Fascism in Europe: Italy, Spain, and Romania, 1870–1945. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 42. ISBN   978-0-8018-9427-5.
  26. ↑ L' antisemitismo nella Repubblica Sociale Italiana. Repertorio delle fonti conservate all'Archivio centrale dello Stato, Libreria Universitaria
  27. ↑ La Repubblica sociale italiana e la persecuzione degli ebrei
  28. ↑ Jim Powell, "The Economic Leadership Secrets of Benito Mussolini", Forbes, 22 February 2012
  29. ↑ Eugen Weber. The Western Tradition: From the Renaissance to the present. Heath, 1972. Pp. 791.
  30. ↑ Stanislao G. Pugliese. Fascism, anti-fascism, and the resistance in Italy: 1919 to the present. Oxford, England, UK: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2004. pp. 43–44.
  31. ↑ Rimbotti, 2018
  32. ↑ "Repubblica Sociale Italiana". Enciclopedia on line. Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana . Retrieved 16 January 2025.
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