Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood

Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood
Coat of arms of HRB
Location Australia SFR Yugoslavia SR Bosnia and Herzegovina

The Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood (CRB) (Croatian : Hrvatsko Revolucionarno Bratstvo or HRB) was an Australian-based Croatian separatist terrorist organisation. ^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]}

The organisation was established by four Croatian emigres: Jure Maric, Ilija Tolic, Josip Oblak, and Geza Pasti. ^[6] The organisation carried out terrorist actions in Europe and Australia. ^[7] The organisation was active throughout the territory of Yugoslavia in the early and mid-1960s. Its aim was to start an uprising in Yugoslavia and to establish an independent Croatia. This mission failed due to the intervention of the State Security Administration, Yugoslav secret police.



Actions

• Action Kangaroo (July 1963) The objective was to focus on the Croatian villages and provincial enterprises in northern Yugoslavia, spreading anti-Communist propaganda and promoting civil unrest. ^[6]
• Belgrade cinema bombing in 1968
• Belgrade train station bombing in 1968
• Uprising attempt in Bugojno, 1972 ^{[8] [9]}
• Action Kaktus; a sabotage attempt on the 1975 tourist season ^{[10] [11]}

Notable members

Some notable CRB members were:

• Jure Maric
• Ilija Tolic
• Josip Oblak
• Adolf Andrić  [ de; hr; ru ]
• Ilija Glavas  [ hr ]
• Blaž Kraljević
• Geza Pašti  [ hr; ru ]
• Josip Senić  [ hr; ru ]

These people were also members of Ante Pavelić's Croatian Liberation Movement (HOP) but they left that organisation because they decided they would not achieve their goals through the political route. ^[6]

UDBA, the Yugoslav secret police, attempted to curb the group's terrorist activities by engaging in covert assassinations of its members. Geza Pašti was killed in Nice in 1965, and Marijan Šimundić was killed in Stuttgart in 1967. ^[12]

The CRB/HRB's motto was: "Život za Hrvatsku" ["Life for Croatia"].^{[ citation needed ]}

See also

• Croatian National Resistance
• Croatian Revolution Hackers

References

1. Jaensch, Dean (1992). The Macmillan Dictionary of Australian politics. Melbourne: Macmillan. p. 215. ISBN   978-0-7329-1445-5.
2. Atkins, Stephen E. (1992). Terrorism: A Reference Handbook. Santa Barbara. Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 109. ISBN   978-0-87436-670-9.
3. Aarons, Mark (2001). War Criminals Welcome: Australia, A Sanctuary for Fugitive War Criminals Since 1945. Melbourne: Black Inc. p. 15.
4. Koschade 2009, p. 12, 296.
5. "Yugoslav emigre extremists". CIA . Retrieved 30 September 2024.
6. Brawley, Sean (2009). "Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood". Doomed to Repeat? Terrorism and the Lessons of History. New Academia Publishing. ISBN   9781955835046.
7. Cain, Frank (1994). "ASIO in the 1960s and 1970s" . The Australian Security Intelligence Organization: An Unofficial History. Abington; New York, NY: F. Cass. pp. 206–207. ISBN   978-1-136-29385-6. OCLC   819635772 – via Internet Archive.
8. Adriano & Cingolani 2018, pp. 434–435.
9. Tokic, Mate Nikola (6 August 2012). "The End of 'Historical-Ideological Bedazzlement': Cold War Politics and Emigre Croatian Separatist Violence, 1950-1980". Social Science History. 36 (3). Duke University Press: 421–445. doi:10.1215/01455532-1595408. ISSN   0145-5532. JSTOR   23258106. S2CID   246273836.
10. Tokić, Mate Nikola (2011). "Party Politics, National Security, and Émigré Political Violence in Australia, 1949–1973" . In Heitmeyer, Wilhelm; Haupt, Heinz-Gerhard; Malthaner, Stefan; Kirschner, Andrea (eds.). Control of Violence. New York, NY: Springer New York. pp. 395–396. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0383-9. ISBN   978-1-4419-0382-2. OCLC   695388665.
11. Brawley, Sean (2009). Doomed to Repeat? Terrorism and the Lessons of History. Washington, DC: New Academia Publishing, LLC. pp. 283–298. ISBN   978-1-955835-04-6. OCLC   1265464219.
12. Adriano & Cingolani 2018, p. 434.

Bibliography

• Adriano, Pino; Cingolani, Giorgio (2018). "Epilogue The Question of the Ustasha between Yugoslavia and the Vatican, 1952–72". Nationalism and Terror: Ante Pavelić and Ustasha Terrorism from Fascism to the Cold War. Budapest; New York: Central European University Press. pp. 409–436. doi:10.7829/j.ctv4cbhsr. ISBN   978-963-386-206-3. JSTOR   10.7829/j.ctv4cbhsr. OCLC   8182808968.
• Koschade, Stuart (2009). "The Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood: Action Kangaroo". In Brawley, Sean (ed.). Doomed to Repeat: Terrorism and the Lessons of History . Washington DC: New Academic Publishing. pp. 227–303. ISBN   9780981865492.
• Koschade, Stuart (2007). The Internal Dynamics of Terrorist Cells: A Social Network Analysis of Terrorist Cells in an Australian Context (PhD thesis). Queensland University of Technology.
• Cottle, Drew; Keys, Angela (2022). "Fascism in Exile: Ustasha-Linked Organisations in Australia". In Smith, Evan; Persian, Jane; Fox, Vashti Jane (eds.). Histories of Fascism and Anti-Fascism in Australia. London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781003120964-7. ISBN   978-1-003-12096-4.
• Tokić, Mate Nikola (2020). Croatian Radical Separatism and Diaspora Terrorism During the Cold War. West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Press. ISBN   9781557538918.