Japanese invasion of Manchuria

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Japanese invasion of Manchuria
Part of the interwar period
Japanese troops entering Tsitsihar.jpg
Japanese troops marching into Qiqihar on September 18, 1931
DateSeptember 18, 1931 – February 27, 1932
(5 months, 1 week and 2 days)
Location
Result

Japanese victory

Territorial
changes
Belligerents
Flag of the Republic of China.svg  China
Commanders and leaders
War flag of the Imperial Japanese Army (1868-1945).svg Shigeru Honjō
War flag of the Imperial Japanese Army (1868-1945).svg Jirō Tamon
War flag of the Imperial Japanese Army (1868-1945).svg Hideki Tojo [1]
War flag of the Imperial Japanese Army (1868-1945).svg Senjuro Hayashi
Flag of Manchukuo.svg Puyi
Flag of Manchukuo.svg Zhang Haipeng
Flag of the Republic of China Army.svg Zhang Xueliang
Flag of the Republic of China Army.svg Ma Zhanshan
Flag of the Republic of China Army.svg Feng Zhanhai
Flag of the Republic of China Army.svg Ding Chao
Strength
30,000–60,450 men[ citation needed ] 160,000 men
Casualties and losses
Western claim: 10,000 dead from all causes [2] [a] Western claim: 50,000 military and civilian dead from all causes [2] [a]

Chinese claim: [3] [b]
Northeastern Army: 8,890 dead
Police force: 244 dead
Anti-Japanese Volunteer Armies: 6,675 dead
4,108 Chinese civilians dead [3] [b]
  1. 1 2 Including the Jehol Campaign in 1933
  2. 1 2 Chinese Nationalist Government's investigation of deaths in Northeast China from 18 September 1931 until 27 February 1932
"Tōjō Hideki – prime minister of Japan". britannica.com. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
  • 1 2 Clodfelter 2008, p. 391.
  • 1 2 國史館檔案史料文物查詢系統,東北外交研究委員會函外交部檢送日軍入寇東北電政紀實第四和六輯、自九一八事變後東北軍民死亡數目清冊、...,典藏號:020-010112-0010
  • "Milestones: 1921–1936 – Office of the Historian". history.state.gov. Retrieved 2023-03-02.
  • Yoshihashi 1963, pp. vii–viii.
  • Schwentker 2022, pp. 709–711.
  • Kuromiya 2023, pp. 203–204.
  • Yoshihashi 1963, pp. 79, 82.
  • Parks 1991, p. 24.
  • Ogata 1964, p. 41.
  • Kuromiya 2023, p. 203.
  • Ogata 1964, p. 56–57.
  • Yoshihashi 1963, pp. 152, 165.
  • Events leading up to World War II. 1945, p. 4.
  • Yoshihashi 1963, pp. 3–4.
  • 1 2 3 4 5 "National Archives Microfilm Publications; Records of the Department of State relating to Political Relations between China and Japan, 1931–1944" (PDF)., Item 793.74/2349 September 30, 1931
  • 1 2 3 "National Archives Microfilm Publications; Records of the Department of State relating to Political Relations between China and Japan, 1931–1944" (PDF)., Item 793.74/2348 September 30, 1931
  • "延边地区抗日根据地研究.pdf". max.book118.com. Retrieved 2020-11-25.[ permanent dead link ]
  • Thorne 1973, p. 329.
  • Hirata, Koji (2024). Making Mao's Steelworks: Industrial Manchuria and the Transnational Origins of Chinese Socialism. Cambridge Studies in the History of the People's Republic of China series. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-1-009-38227-4.
  • Young 1998, pp. 83–93, 95.
  • Young 1998, pp. 84–85.
  • Beckmann, George M.; Okubo, Genji (1969). The Japanese Communist Party, 1922–1945. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN   978-0804706742.
  • Sanzo Nosaka (Under the Name "Okano") (1933). Revolutionary Struggle of the Toiling Masses of Japan. Speech By Okano, 13th Plenum of the Executive Committee of the Communist International (PDF). Workers Library Publishers.
  • Harries & Harries 1991, pp. 161–163.
  • Ben Walsh, GCSE Modern World History – second edition 2001, p 247 ISBN   978-0719577130
  • Bibliography

    • Clodfelter, Michael (2008). Warfare and armed conflicts : a statistical encyclopedia of casualty and other figures, 1494–2007. Jefferson: McFarland. ISBN   9780786433193.
    • Thorne, Christopher (1973). The Limits of Foreign Policy. New York: Capricorn. ISBN   978-0399111242.
    • Young, Luise (1998). Japan's Total Empire: Manchuria and the Culture of Wartime Imperialism. Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN   9780520219342.
    • Thorne, Christopher (1971). "Viscount Cecil, the Government and the Far Eastern Crisis of 1931". Historical Journal. 14 (4): 805–26. doi:10.1017/S0018246X00023372. JSTOR   2638108.
    • Schwentker, Wolfgang (2022). Geschichte Japans (in German). Munich: C.H. Beck. ISBN   978-3-406-75159-2.
    • Ogata, Sadako (1964). Defiance in Manchuria; the making of Japanese foreign policy, 1931-1932. Berkley: University of California Press. OCLC   1391396636.
    • "1931". Events leading up to World War II. Chronological history of certain major international events leading up to and during World War II with the ostensible reasons advanced for their occurrence, 1931-1944. Washington D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. 1945.
    • Coogan, Anthony (1994). "Northeast China and the Origins of the Anti-Japanese United Front". Modern China. 20 (3). Sage Publications: 282–314. doi:10.1177/009770049402000302.
    • Matsusaka, Yoshihisa Tak (2003). The Making of Japanese Manchuria, 1904-1932. Harvard University press. ISBN   978-0-674-01206-6.
    • Guo, Rugui (2005-07-01). Huang Yuzhang (ed.). 中国抗日战争正面战场作战记[China's Anti-Japanese War Combat Operations]. Jiangsu People's Publishing House. ISBN   7-214-03034-9.
    • Kuromiya, Hiroaki (2023). Stalin, Japan, and the Struggle for Supremacy over China, 1894–1945. New York: Routledge. ISBN   978-1-032-06673-8.
    • Yoshihashi, Takehiko (1963). Conspiracy at Mukden: the rise of the Japanese military. New Haven: Yale University Press.
    • Parks, Coble M. (1991). Facing Japan: Chinese Politics and Japanese Imperialism, 1931-1937. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. ISBN   0674290119.
    • Harries, Meirion; Harries, Susie (1991). Soldiers of the sun : the rise and fall of the Imperial Japanese Army. New York: Random House. ISBN   0394569350.
    Japanese invasion of Manchuria
    Chinese name
    Traditional Chinese 九一八事變
    Simplified Chinese 九一八事变
    Transcriptions