Following the death of President Karimov,Mirziyoyev was appointed by the Oliy Majlis as acting president of Uzbekistan on 8 September 2016.[6] He was subsequently elected to a full five-year term as president in the 2016 election from the Uzbekistan Liberal Democratic Party (OʻzLiDeP),winning 88.6% of the vote. Mirziyoyev was re-elected for second five-year term with 80.3% of the vote in the 2021 presidential election,[7] and then again for a renewed first seven-year term with 87.7% of the vote in a snap 2023 presidential election as an independent candidate with the OʻzLiDeP backing,[8] after a constitutional amendment had granted him to legally run for third time after resetting his presidential term of office.[9]
Under his presidency,Mirziyoyev implemented a range of liberal reforms[example needed] in Uzbekistan’s political and economic system by attracting foreign investment,improving relations with neighboring Central Asian countries,as well as release of political prisoners that was notably accompanied by closure of the infamous Jaslyk Prison in 2019.[10][11] In late 2021,he announced a series of constitutional reforms which included an abolition of capital punishment and the protection of human rights,[12][13] which were ratified following the 2023 constitutional referendum with an overwhelming 90.6% of support.[14] One of the proposed changes had initially included a removal of the semi-autonomous Karakalpakstan's right to secession,which led to deadly unrest in the region in July 2022 with the protests being brutally suppressed and resulting in the scrapping of the controversial proposal.[15]
Early life and career
Mirziyoyev was born on 24 July 1957 in the Jizzakh Region of the Uzbek SSR.[16] Some media outlets alleged that he was actually born in the village of Yakhtan in the Leninabad Oblast (now the Sughd Region) of Tajikistan,and even unconfirmed claims that he was allegedly a Tajik. After an investigation by several journalists,it was revealed that Yakhtan is the native home of Mirziyoyev's grandfather on his father's side,and that Mirziyoyev himself is an Uzbek,and not a Tajik.[17][18][19][20][21][22][23] His father,Miromon Mirziyoyevich Mirziyoyev,worked as a physician for most of his life until death. He worked as the head physician of the tuberculosis dispensary in Zaamin. O‘rinbek Yoqubov,a cousin of Miromon,being a veteran of World War II,became a Hero of the Soviet Union in April 1944. Shavkat's mother Marifat,died at a young age from tuberculosis,which she contracted in the Zaamin tuberculosis dispensary,where she worked as a nurse. After the death of his wife,Miromon Mirziyoyev married a second time to a woman from Tatarstan.[18][23]
Mirziyoyev and Han Myeong-sook,the Prime Minister of South Korea,met in Tashkent on 25 September 2006. They signed several agreements,including one deal in which Uzbekistan was to send 300 tons of Uzbek uranium ore to South Korea every year from 2010 to 2014. The deal bypasses U.S. companies that acted previously as middlemen for South Korean imports of Uzbek uranium ore. Han also met with PresidentIslam Karimov and parliament speaker Erkin Xalilov. Han and Mirziyoyev boosted cooperation in the energy,agriculture,construction,architecture,and information technology sectors. Trade between South Korea and Uzbekistan increased by nearly 40% between 2005 and 2006,to $565 million.[4]
According to a 2017 report by Human Rights Watch on forced and child labour in the cotton sector of Uzbekistan,during his time as prime minister from 2003 to 2016 Mirziyoyev "oversaw the cotton production system,and as the previous governor of Jizzakh and Samarkand,he was in charge of two cotton-producing regions. The 2016 harvest,when Mirziyoyev was acting president and retained control over cotton production,continued to be defined by mass involuntary mobilization of workers under threat of penalty." The report states that during a 2015 conference call with local authorities and farmers,Mirziyoyev said “Go to the homes of farmers in debt,who can't repay their credit,take their cars,livestock,and if there are none,take the slate from their roofs!”[26]
On 24 October 2021,Uzbekistan's Central Election Commission announced that Mirziyoyev received 80.1 percent of the vote and will serve a second five-year term.[27]
A member of the Samarkand clan,he was considered to be one of the leading potential successors to Islam Karimov as President of Uzbekistan. Mirziyoyev was reported to have friendly relations with Karimov's wife,Tatyana Karimova,and National Security Council chairman Rustam Inoyatov.[28]
After the death of Karimov was announced on 2 September 2016,Mirziyoyev was appointed as head of the committee organizing the funeral of the President.[29] That was taken as a sign that Mirziyoyev would succeed Karimov as president.[24] On 8 September 2016,he was appointed as interim president of Uzbekistan by a joint session of both houses of parliament. Although the chairman of the Senate,Nigmatilla Yuldashev,was constitutionally designated as Karimov's successor,Yuldashev proposed that Mirziyoyev take the post of interim president instead in light of Mirziyoyev's "many years of experience".[30] There were expectations that Mirziyoyev would repair Uzbek relations with Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. He started to settle a long-running border dispute with Kyrgyzstan,and regular flights between the capitals of Uzbekistan and Tajikistan were set to resume in January 2017 for the first time since 1992.[31][32]
Mirziyoyev won the election,held on 4 December 2016,with 88.6% of the vote according to official results,defeating three minor candidates. The election was described by The Economist as a sham;the paper wrote that Mirziyoyev's bent was as authoritarian as that of Karimov and that state media claimed the choice was between Mirziyoyev,chaos,or Islamic radicalism. It also claimed that the three opponents were only on the ballot to keep up the appearance of pluralism. The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe said the election lacked "a genuine choice," pointing to instances of ballot box stuffing and proxy voting.[34]
On 12 December 2016,Deputy Prime Minister Abdulla Aripov was nominated to take over from Mirziyoyev as prime minister.[35] Mirziyoyev was sworn in as president on 14 December,vowing to "continue the work of my dear teacher,the great statesman Islam Karimov",while also promising "many changes in the cabinet". Aripov was confirmed as prime minister by parliament on the same day;[36] a cabinet reshuffle followed on 15 December.[37] On 6 March 2017,he made a state visit to Turkmenistan;it was his first foreign trip after the election.[38]
Domestic reforms
In the three months following the death of Islam Karimov,Mirziyoyev began to hint at reforms to longstanding policies that had held back the Uzbek economy and isolated the country internationally,so many analysts believed that Mirziyoyev would be a better president than his predecessor.[39][40]
However,the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development noted that "The people of Uzbekistan play no part in political decision-making processes. So far,no parliamentary or presidential election held in the post-Soviet era has been considered as either free or fair by the international community... Given the sensitive political situation in Uzbekistan,development cooperation activities there are implemented as far away from government circles as possible."[41] Nevertheless,some positive results of his rule are visible. Uzbekistan created more than 336,000 new jobs in 2017.[42] The volume of exports increased by almost 15 percent. In 2018,the total financial indicator of exports is expected at 12.1 billion US dollars.[43] He initiated the project of "Tashkent City",intended to attract foreign investors to Uzbekistan. Mirziyoyev promised to resume negotiations with the World Trade Organization (WTO) on joining the organization in 2018. On several occasions,he sharply criticized the administration and officials in the presence of media.[44]
On 22 December,the first time in the country's history,Shavkat Mirziyoyev made an appeal to the parliament. His speech lasted four hours.[45] He said:
Some people tell me that I did not know about everything in my country when I was a prime minister? I knew everything, but the environment was bad. Now I am talking about it openly, even if some people do not like it. Several years the so-called ‘rats’, ‘the children of some people’ did much to spoil the country's investment fund. Corruption is implicated in many investment projects, and in some projects, it is 50%. Corruption was also in transport policy, both internal and external.
Some analysts think Mirziyoyev wants to enter in history as a reformer. He removed most of Karimov's officials and urged government to employ "new, young people who love their country." After a year in office, Mirziyoyev is increasingly moving away from his predecessor's policy, which is especially visible in his active foreign policy. He visited all the Uzbek regions and big cities to get acquainted with the implementation of the projects and reforms which he had ordered. Many analysts and Western media compared his rule with Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping or Russian leader Mikhail Gorbachev; his rule has been quoted as being an "Uzbek Spring".[46]
At the end of that year, he was named the "Asian of the Year of 2018" by the Asia Journalist Association (AJA).[47]
In July 2021, Mirziyoyev's spokesperson attempted to generate some suspense as to whether or not the President would run in the elections again. It was widely acknowledged that Mirziyoyev would not only participate but likely win.[49][50]
Constitutional reform
On 1 July 2022 protests broke out in the autonomous region of Karakalpakstan over proposed amendments to the Constitution of Uzbekistan which would have ended Karakalpakstan's status as an autonomous region of Uzbekistan and right to secede from Uzbekistan via referendum. They were brutally suppressed, at least 18 people were killed.[51]
In April 2023, a referendum was held in Uzbekistan to change the constitution. The adopted amendments increased the presidential term from 5 to 7 years. The number of terms is still limited to two, but due to a change in the constitution, Mirziyoyev's previous presidencies are not counted. Shortly thereafter, the head of state called early elections. They passed on July 9, 2023. Mirziyoyev won with 87% of the vote on a turnout of almost 80%.[52]
Mirziyoyev's foreign policy is much more open than the policy of his predecessor. Uzbekistan was practically under international isolation after the Andijan massacre in 2005 and Karimov rarely travelled outside of Central Asia and other CIS states. Mirziyoyev promised to conduct an active foreign policy at the beginning of his tenure.
One of his most significant foreign policy achievements is the gradual improvement of relations with Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.[53][54] On 5 September 2017, just 3 days after the anniversary of the death of his predecessor, he made a historic visit to Kyrgyzstan. This was the first state visit of an Uzbek president to the neighboring country since 2000.[55] On 19 September 2017, Mirziyoyev addressed the UN General Assembly for the first time.
In 2018, a large number of foreign leaders visited or were expected in Uzbekistan, including Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, and Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko, whose visit took place in September and was his first state visit to the country in 24 years.[56] In March 2018, Mirziyoyev made a visit to Tajikistan, which made him the first Uzbek president to conduct a state visit to Dushanbe since 2000.[57][58]
In March 2019, Mirziyoyev held a telephone conversation with Nursultan Nazarbayev, who had resigned from office that day. In it, he expressed regret to the ex-president, saying that he was a "great politician".[59][60] During a visit to Abu Dhabi in March 2019, Mirziyoyev came away from his talks with Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed with over $10 billion in infrastructure, alternative energy and agriculture deals, as well as deals in other spheres.[61]
In 2022 Uzbekistan hosted the 22nd Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Summit in Samarkand. During the summit, which was attended by world leaders Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan, Russian President Vladimir Putin, Chinese President Xi Jinping, Iran's Ebrahim Raisi, Azerbaijan's Ilham Aliyev, presidents of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Mongolia, and the prime ministers of Pakistan and India, it was noted that the Chinese and Indian leaders chastised President Putin about his role in Ukraine.[62] In preparation for the Summit, the president ordered that the city be redeveloped. This included the construction of a new international airport[63] and a tourism complex that has had mixed reviews.[64]
Afghanistan
Mirziyoyev has also taken an important role in Afghanistan by offering to host peace talks between the government and the Taliban since March 2018. During the week of 6–10 August 2018, a Taliban delegation visited Tashkent, at the request of Mirziyoyev, to discuss issues including transport, power and peace in Afghanistan.[65][66] Mirziyoyev attended the Vibrant Gujarat international investment summit as a key guest, being the first Central Asian leader to participate as a partner in the summit.[67] In early 2019, it was announced that Mirziyoyev planned to visit 36 countries in official visits throughout the year.
Mirziyoyev with U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken on 1 March 2023
Culture policy
In October 2020, Mirziyoyev issued a decree to accelerate the full Latinization of the Uzbek language that outlined language policy for the 2020–30 period as the country continues an on-again, off-again attempt to reform the Uzbek language and widen its use.[68] Some of the main parts of the degree called on the development of a road map for a full transition to the Uzbek alphabet based on the Latin alphabet, as well as government officials by April 2021 to be certified in their knowledge of Uzbek.[68]
Personal life
He has two sisters, a half-brother, and sister. Mirziyoyev is married to Ziroat Mirziyoyeva and has two daughters, a son and six grandchildren.[69][70] The eldest daughter of Said Mirziyoyev heads the sector for communications and information policy of the executive office of the administration of the head of state.[71] His eldest son-in-law, Oybek Tursunov, is the current head of Mirziyoyev's presidential administration, while his younger son-in-law, Otabek Umarov, is the head of the presidential security services.[72]
Since coming to power, Mirziyoyev has built a new residence for himself in Qibray District, which could potentially include a presidential highway,[73] and an interior that is decorated with Argentinian marble slabs and Swarovski crystals.[74]
In February 2021, it was reported that Mirziyoyev was building an exclusive mountain compound, including a new reservoir. The compound, located about 100 kilometers by car from Tashkent, includes a luxurious mansion built for Mirziyoyev and his relatives. Two sources estimated the cost of the development at several hundred million dollars, though only a handful of publicly available official documents make reference to the compound and the adjacent reservoir, which were largely completed by 2019.[75]
Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan, is a doubly landlocked country located in Central Asia. It is surrounded by five countries: Kazakhstan to the north, Kyrgyzstan to the northeast, Tajikistan to the southeast, Afghanistan to the south, and Turkmenistan to the southwest, making it one of only two doubly landlocked countries on Earth, the other being Liechtenstein. Uzbekistan is part of the Turkic world, as well as a member of the Organization of Turkic States. Uzbek, spoken by the Uzbek people, is the official language and spoken by the majority of its inhabitants, while Russian and Tajik are significant minority languages. Islam is the predominant religion, and most Uzbeks are Sunni Muslims.
Islam Abduganiyevich Karimov was an Uzbek politician who served as the first president of Uzbekistan, from the country's independence in 1991 until his death in 2016. He was the last First Secretary of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan from 1989 to 1991, when the party was reconstituted as the People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan (O‘zXDP); he led the O‘zXDP until 1996. He was the President of the Uzbek SSR from 24 March 1990 until he declared the independence of Uzbekistan on 1 September 1991.
The Uzbekistan Liberal Democratic Party, officially the Movement of Entrepreneurs and Businessmen – Uzbekistan Liberal Democratic Party, is a political party in Uzbekistan and the country's ruling party. The four other parties in the Oliy Majlis, Uzbekistan's parliament, are pro-government.
The president of the Republic of Uzbekistan is the head of state and executive authority in Uzbekistan. The office of President was established in 1991, replacing the position of Chairperson of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Uzbek SSR, which had existed since 1925. The president is directly elected for a term of seven years, by citizens of Uzbekistan who have reached 18 years of age.
Kazakhstan–Uzbekistan relations refers to the relations between the neighbouring Republic of Kazakhstan and Republic of Uzbekistan. Kazakhstan has an embassy in Tashkent and a Consulate General in Samarkand. Uzbekistan has an embassy in Astana and have Consulates General in Almaty and Aktau.
Diplomatic relations between Belarus and Uzbekistan were established on 21 January 1993, with the Belarusian Embassy in Tashkent being opened in February 1994. Uzbekistan also has an embassy in Minsk.
Rustam Rasulovich Inoyatov is a former Uzbek government official, as well as a colonel general. He was head of the National Security Service of Uzbekistan (SNB) from 1995 until his dismissal in January 2018. He was said to have been part of the Tashkent clan, a powerful faction within the Uzbek elite. He was said to be one of the most powerful men in the country.
India–Uzbekistan relations are the international relations that exist between the Republic of India and the Republic of Uzbekistan. India has an embassy in Tashkent; Uzbekistan has an embassy in New Delhi.
ZiroatMirziyoyeva, also widely referred to by her maiden name Hoshimova, is the wife of the president of Uzbekistan and first lady of Uzbekistan.
Abdusalom Abdumavlonovich Azizov is an Uzbek military leader who was the Minister of Defence of Uzbekistan from 4 September 2017 to 11 February 2019. He now serves as head of the State Security Service.
The National Guard of the Republic of Uzbekistan is a uniformed independent formation within the Armed Forces of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The headquarters of the National Guard is based in Tashkent, where most of the 30,000 soldiers that make up the force are located. As of 2020, the individual in charge of the UNG is currently Rustam Jo'raev. He succeeded Colonel General Bakhodir Tashmatov and Botir Tursunov.
Kuksaroy Presidential Palace, meaning the Blue Palace in English, is currently the official workplace of the President of Uzbekistan. It is located in the northeastern Mirzo Ulugbek District of Tashkent.
Rustam Urmanovich Akhmedov is an Uzbek military officer who has served as first person to hold the post of Minister of Defence of Uzbekistan from September 6, 1991 to September 29, 1997.
The Presidency ofShavkat Mirziyoyev refers to the tenure of Shavkat Mirziyoyev as the 2nd President of Uzbekistan. His term began on 14 December 2016, after serving as prime minister and acting president following the death of his predecessor, Islam Karimov. In accordance with the Constitution of Uzbekistan, his mandate will last until 2030, following his re-election in 2023.
South Korea-Uzbekistan relations are the international relations between South Korea and Uzbekistan.
Presidential elections were held in Uzbekistan on 24 October 2021. This was the sixth presidential election held since independence. Incumbent President Shavkat Mirziyoyev won a second term with a majority 80.1% of the vote, although faring the lowest performance for an incumbent in terms of vote share since 1991. Maqsuda Vorisova from the People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan (XDP) was the runner-up and Alisher Qodirov from the Uzbekistan National Revival Democratic Party came third, which marked the first time that more than two candidates had officially received more than 5% of the vote.
Saida Shavkatovna Mirziyoyeva is an Uzbek politician and the eldest daughter of the President of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev. In August 2023, Mirziyoyeva was appointed the first assistant to the president of the country and took over the highest position in the president's administration after the head of state.
Individuals and events related to Uzbekistan in 2023.
Oybek Tursunov is an Uzbek entrepreneur and government official. Tursunov is married to Saida Mirziyoyeva, the eldest daughter of the current President of Uzbekistan, Shavkat Mirziyoyev. After Mirziyoyev was appointed president in 2017, Tursunov assumed the position of Deputy Head of the Presidential Administration. He is also known to have managed Uzbekistan's national payment system, Uzcard, and was the controlling shareholder of Kapitalbank, one of the largest private banks in the country.
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