Left-conservatism

This article is about the political philosophy of leftism as influenced by social conservatism. For political parties that combine left-wing economics with socially conservative stances, see List of economic left and socially conservative political parties.

Not to be confused with Liberal conservatism or Progressive conservatism.

Left-conservatism ^[a] is a syncretic political ideology that combines left-wing economic stances with social conservatism. The ideology is sometimes referred to as socialist conservatism, ^[b] though these terms are not necessarily identical in meaning. ^[1]

Often manifesting itself in Old Left-inspired Marxist parties, left-conservatism places a greater emphasis on collectivism and class struggle rather than cultural issues and identity politics. ^[2] The ideology supports Marxian economics, socialist economics or Keynesianism but generally holds negative views on the New Left, intersectionality, abortion, drugs, bourgeois feminism, LGBT rights, environmentalism, immigration and the abolition of capital punishment. Some left-conservatives view class struggle as having evolved into a struggle between civilizations. ^[3]

Overview

Left-conservatism is a syncretic political ideology that synthesizes left-wing economics and a vanguardist approach to social justice with socially conservative stances such as the defense of the family and traditional values, opposition to abortion rights, opposition to immigration, and an opposition to the legalization of drugs, sex work, and certain alcoholic beverages. ^{[4] [5] [6] [7] [8]} Left-conservatism is often associated with gender-critical feminist, antiglobalist, left-wing populist, and left-wing nationalist political groups. Left-conservative groups typically espouse anti-capitalist, anti-imperialist, anti-Americanist, anti-Western, Eurosceptic, anti-Zionist, ^[c] and anti-environmentalist ^[d] views. ^{[12] [13]}

The conservative-left is often compared to the Old Left and is influenced by historical Marxist–Leninist movements. The Marxist–Leninist countries of the "real socialism" tradition were often characterized by a union of communist and socially conservative policies, which their leaderships dubbed in line with the ideas of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels on issues such as homosexuality, bourgeois feminism, patriarchy, abortion, contraception, and prostitution. ^{[14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21]} This is contrasted with the New Left of the 1960s, influenced by social liberalism and libertarian socialism and by philosophers such as Herbert Marcuse and C. Wright Mills rather than by Marx and Engels, which rejected involvement with the labor movement and Marxism's historical theory of class struggle in favor of cultural liberation; ^[22] the conservative-left maintained the positions of the Old Left, emphasizing class conflict, proletarian internationalism, and social conservatism. ^{[23] [24] [25]} Numerous modern left-wing and anti-neoliberal political parties in Latin America would go on to adopt left-conservative positions under the influence of Marxism and religious socialism, including Free Peru and the United Socialist Party of Venezuela. ^[13]

The conservative-left has sometimes been accused of promoting a "red–brown alliance", a unification of the far-left and far-right. ^[26] In a Rolling Stone Italia article on red-brownism, author Steven Forti noted the left-wing origins of historical fascist and reactionary conservative figures, such as Benito Mussolini and Nicola Bombacci. ^[27]

Examples

Asia

China

In China, orthodox Marxist ideological bureaucrats who opposed the Chinese economic reforms were simultaneously regarded as both left-wing and conservative. ^[28] The left-conservative faction of the post-reform and opening up Chinese Communist Party (CCP) is represented by the supporters of Chen Yun, Deng Liqun, and Xi Jinping Thought within the party. ^{[29] [30] [28]} However, Xi Jinping is also considered a "traditionalist" or "neoauthoritarian" politician; ^{[31] [32] [33]} CCP's neoauthoritarianism was described as right-wing by Yuezhi Zhao. ^[34]

Europe

France

The views of Fabien Roussel, national secretary of the French Communist Party, have been described as left-conservative. ^[9] Roussel frames communism as a patriotic French movement, supports nuclear power, and opposes the French welfare state and "handout left". ^[9]

Germany

In the modern politics of Germany, the term Querfront is often used to refer to movements and ideologies which aim to combine the stances of the economic left and the conservative right. The most notable German Querfront publications are Compact, which is run by former left-wing activist Jürgen Elsässer, ^{[35] [36] [37]} and Manova News, operated by Jens Wernicke. ^{[38] [39]} During the COVID-19 protests in Germany, left-wingers and conservatives sometimes protested together against the German government's prevention measures. ^[40]

Sahra Wagenknecht speaking at a BSW electoral campaign event, 2024

Sahra Wagenknecht and her Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance (BSW) political party are noted for their "conservative leftist" outlook. ^{[41] [42] [43] [44] [45] [46]} BSW's platform emphasizes a redistributionist economic program and policies favoring the economic interests of the working class while adopting conservative stances on cultural issues. ^[9] Wagenknecht criticized the democratic socialist Die Linke party for ceasing "to reflect the outlook of poorer Germans" and for intolerant "wokeness". ^[9]

Greece

The Communist Party of Greece (KKE) rejects the ideas of the New Left, generally maintaining left-conservative and Marxist–Leninist positions. ^{[47] [48] [49]} KKE voted against the introduction of same-sex civil unions in 2015, but has also criticized homophobia and discrimination in general. ^{[50] [51]}

Despite criticizing homophobia, KKE envisions Greek communist society as promoting heteronormativity and having little room for non-heterosexuals, with the party stating: "With the formation of a socialist-communist society, a new type of partnership will undoubtedly be formed—a relatively stable heterosexual relationship and reproduction". ^[52]

Italy

There existed a left-conservative current in the Italian Communist Party (PCI). ^[14] Italian public intellectual Pier Paolo Pasolini was expelled from the PCI for his open homosexuality. ^[53] Pasolini himself would embrace left-conservative criticisms of the 1968 movement in Italy, believing the protests to be the result of the Italian economic miracle and subsequent rise of consumerism, modernity, and the permissiveness of divorce and abortion in Italian society. ^[54]

In 21st-century Italy, political commentators and politicians Diego Fusaro, Marco Rizzo, and Alessandro Di Battista have expressed left-conservative positions and cited Marxism when explaining their opposition to the LGBT+ movement and legalization of illegal drugs. ^{[55] [56] [57] [58] [59]}

Russia

Political scientist Nikolai Rabotyazhev described Russian left-conservatism as an extension of socialist ideologies writing: "the possibility of the existence of a political phenomenon such as left-wing conservatism is explained by the fact that conservative and socialist ideologies initially had numerous points of contact. Conservatism and socialism, in reaction to the process of modernization, rejected a liberal civilization based on individualism, rationalism, and the power of money." ^[60]

In Russia, the conservative-left is anchored in left-wing nationalist parties, such as the Communist Party of the Russian Federation (KPRF), which often mix a strong adherence to Orthodox Christianity and its moral principles with Soviet-style communist stances. ^[60] The National Patriotic Forces of Russia attempts to unite left-nationalist and right-nationalist political groups in support of KPRF. ^{[61] [62] [63]}

Rabotyazhev describes the Izborsky Club, a Russian conservative think tank, as being imbued with left-conservative thought, describing some members of the think tank as attempting to synthesize the Russian "red" and "white" traditions. ^[60]

The term "left-wing conservative" was used by the Russian nationalist writer Zakhar Prilepin in the founding declaration of his political party For Truth. ^[64]

United Kingdom

Maurice Glasman, founder of the Blue Labour faction

Historically, the Labour Party included a strong socially conservative element. From its inception, the party consisted of a broad coalition of the more progressive middle class intelligentsia and the more socially conservative working classes and trade unions. ^{[65] [66]} This coalition was enabled by Labour's socialist or social democratic policy agenda and its links to the trade union movement in the era of mass union membership, which enabled the inclusion of socially conservative voices in the party, particularly social conservatives in the working class who saw Labour's socialist and left-wing economic policies as improving their living standards and felt no affinity to the traditionally upper class Conservative Party. ^{[67] [66]}

Labour's left-conservative element was very influential in the party's early years, as exemplified by the rise of trade union leaders like Ernest Bevin and J. H. Thomas in early Labour governments, but became increasingly overshadowed by the more progressive middle-class wing of the party who came to dominate its leadership from the middle of the 20th century. ^[68] At the behest of the Fabian Society and its influential leader Sidney Webb, the early Labour Party crafted an agenda designed to appeal to the socially conservative working classes in particular, leading to the adoption of a gradualist and pragmatic approach to socialism which continues into the present day, by which the party aims to reform capitalism rather than abolish it. ^[65] However, the conservative-left started to fall out of fashion for progressivism by the time Labour prime minister Clement Attlee came to power in 1945. ^[68] Nonetheless, Attlee himself was known to hold socially conservative views, and his government was often criticised for taking a conservative approach on the military, foreign policy and the civil service. ^{[69] [70]} Labour also continued to adopt more socially conservative stances on certain issues, embracing patriotism and championing opposition to immigration and Euroscepticism. These were eventually toned down or superseded by progressive stances at the turn of the 21st century as the party shifted away from socialism towards social liberalism in the 1980s and 1990s. ^[70]

Since the 21st century, the coalition of social conservatives and progressives in the Labour Party has come under strain with the emergence of the Brexit and Scottish independence movements and rising anti-immigration sentiment among the white working class, in contrast to the more accepting attitudes of the more progressive Labour leadership and its pro-European and unionist stances. This has led to a political shift with much of Labour's traditional working class voting base abandoning Labour and turning towards the Conservative Party and Reform UK because of a sense of disillusionment with the party, seen with the loss of the predominantly working class Labour-voting red wall to the Conservatives in the 2019 general election. ^[68] The loss of this working class base has also been attributed to Labour's economic shift to the centre in the 1990s and 2000s under Tony Blair and Gordon Brown during the New Labour era and again in the 2020s under Keir Starmer, which led to the creation of the left-conservative Blue Labour movement, a faction in the party which seeks to promote left-wing economics and social conservatism to reconnect Labour with this base. ^{[67] [71] [72]} Despite Starmer's more centrist economic policies, the Blue Labour movement has been seen as exerting significant influence over Starmer's social policies, leading to the adoption of an oppositional stance on immigration, a focus on nationalism and patriotism, and a more conservative stance on LGBTQ rights and transgender rights in particular. ^{[71] [73]}

A separate left-conservative tradition existed in the United Kingdom, known as Tory anarchism, which was expressed by George Orwell and the Independent Labour Party. ^{[74] [75] [76] [77]}

North America

Mexico

The Ecologist Green Party of Mexico (PVEM), a Mexican centre-left environmentalist party that is part of the Sigamos Haciendo Historia electoral coalition with the progressive Morena party and Maoist Labor Party, ^{[78] [79] [80]} maintains left-conservative and green conservative positions. In 2008, the PVEM initiated an advertising campaign in favor of reintroducing the death penalty in Mexico. ^{[81] [82]} During a 2009 interview, PVEM candidate Gamaliel Ramirez verbally attacked an openly gay candidate for mayor of Guadalajara and called for criminal laws against homosexuality to be established. ^[83] That same year, during the 2009 Mexican legislative election, the party campaigned in favor of the death penalty for murderers and kidnappers and for the extension of school hours. ^{[84] [85]}

United States

The Prohibition Party is a political party in the United States founded in 1869 known for its opposition to the sale or consumption of alcoholic beverages and for being an integral part of the temperance movement.

Although it was never one of the leading parties in the United States, the Prohibition Party was once an important force in the Third Party System during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The organization declined during the Prohibition Era in the United States but saw a rise in vote totals following the repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment in 1933. However, following World War II it declined, with 1948 being the last time its presidential candidate received over 100,000 votes and 1976 being the last time the party received over 10,000 votes. Its platforms throughout the 19th century supported progressive and populist positions including women's suffrage, equal racial and gender rights, bimetallism, equal pay, and an income tax. ^[86] The platform of the party today is progressive on economic issues in that it supports Social Security and free education, but is conservative on social issues, such as supporting temperance and advocating for a consistent life ethic. The party also advocates for environmental stewardship. ^{[87] [88]}

A study found that that 12% of voters who supported democratic socialist Bernie Sanders in the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries voted for right-wing populist candidate Donald Trump in the 2016 U.S. presidential election. ^[89] Compared to average Democratic Party voters, Sanders–Trump voters were much more conservative on racial and social issues. Over 40% of Sanders–Trump voters disagreed that white people have advantages, compared to less than 10% of Sanders voters who voted for Bernie's rival Hillary Clinton. ^[90] Compared to the average Sanders voter, Sanders–Trump voters tend to be white and older. A CCES survey showed that only between 17% and 18% of Sanders–Trump voters identified themselves as ideologically liberal, with the rest either identifying as moderate or conservative. ^[90] In the VOTER survey conducted by YouGov, Sanders–Trump voters rated minority groups less favorably than Sanders-Clinton voters; this included Latinos, Muslims and LGBT people. ^[68] Jeff Stein of Vox suggested that many Sanders–Trump voters may have been Reagan Democrats who were white and pro-union. ^[90] Political scientist John M. Sides suggested that many Sanders–Trump voters were unlikely to support Clinton in the first place. ^[68] Writing in RealClearPolitics, Tim Chapman, executive director of conservative advocacy group Heritage Action, suggested that both Trump and Sanders had strong populist appeal, especially to working class voters in the heartland, despite their starkly different policies. ^[91]

According to a March 2020 ABC News/ Washington Post poll, 15% of Sanders 2020 campaign supporters planned to vote for Trump. ^[92] Citing exit polls on the 2020 South Carolina Democratic presidential primary, Washington Examiner columnist Timothy P. Carney suggested that Sanders voters were demographically similar to Trump voters. ^[93] In 2020, Brian Schaffner suggested that Sanders' appeal to Sanders–Trump voters was due to his outsider status, his populist policies, and his targeting of issues which affected groups of people Trump attempted to court in his 2016 campaign. ^[94]

In late 2022, American political commentators Jackson Hinkle and Haz Al-Din began advocating for the idea of "MAGA Communism". Hinkle was a Bernie Bro and supporter of Muammar Gaddafi, ^{[95] [96] [97]} while Al-Din had held Western Marxist and Bordigist views before embracing Marxism–Leninism. ^{[98] [99]} Vice described MAGA Communism as a "swirl of social conservatism, patriotism and subversive energy". ^[100] Hinkle and other supporters of the idea argued that those who care about the American working class should ally with the MAGA movement, which they considered to be the largest anti-establishment movement in the United States, to incite a populist revolution. ^[101] When Hinkle was questioned on whether he actually supported communism; he said that the United States can learn from the Soviet Union and Communist China, that Marxism–Leninism has historically been conservative, and that what he described as modern communism's "liberal-leftist values" are a perversion "funded by George Soros". ^[100] A core belief of MAGA Communism is opposition to NATO in favor of supporting a "multipolar axis", which is to include Russia, North Korea, and the Iran. ^[102]

On July 21, 2024, Hinkle and Al-Din announced the launch of the American Communist Party (ACP), which espouses socially conservative views. ^[103] ACP positions itself as a patriotic and anti-revisionist alternative to the Communist Party USA and other existing American communist parties.

John Fetterman, a senior United States senator from Pennsylvania and member of the Democratic Party, was described in 2024 as part the conservative-left for his support of border security and opposition to the American far-left. ^[9]

The Groyper Army, an American alt-right and paleoconservative group led by Nick Fuentes, was described by Rod Dreher in The European Conservative as a "right-wing Leninist movement". ^[104] According to Dreher, around 30–40 percent of Republican Party staffers under 30 years old in Washington, D.C. are Groypers. ^[105] In November 2025, Groypers were seen in the streets of New York celebrating the victory of Zohran Mamdani, a member of the Democratic Socialists of America, in the 2025 New York City mayoral election. ^[106]

South America

Brazil

Workers' Party member and former President of Brazil Dilma Rousseff maintained left-conservative stances on abortion, the legalization of marijuana, and other social issues. ^[107]

The Workers' Cause Party, a Brazilian Trotskyist party, expresses a religious conservative opposition to LGBTQ rights and denounced the criminalization of transphobic speech as an attack on the freedom of religion, with a party publication stating: "A citizen can no longer profess their religion if they believe that 'transsexuals' and homosexuals are, in their view, an anomaly and contrary to God's law. [Yet] The overwhelming majority of religions—if not all—share this understanding." ^[108] The party defends the progressive function of religion, stating: "Marxists, who aren't religious, never said we should force people to abandon their religion. That's absurd! Why would someone do that? They believe in God, they've had their little church since childhood, they were born there [...] If you're active in the labor movement, you'll never go to workers and raise issues with their religion." ^[109] It also defends Islam and Islamic fundamentalist groups like Al-Qaeda and the Taliban, stating "Islam is not a repressive religion. Generally speaking, it is even more progressive than Christianity. [...] Islam is the religion of countries oppressed by imperialism", and describing Islamist militants, like Osama bin Laden, as "an example of selflessness, conviction, [and] disposition". ^{[110] [111] [112]}

Peru

The Communist Party of Peru – Shining Path (PCP), a Marxist–Leninist–Maoist militant group in Peru, has been accused of opposing LGBT rights and engaging in violence against LGBT people. Between 1989 and 1992, the Shining Path and fellow communist group MRTA killed up to 500 "non-heterosexual" people. ^[113] According to one woman who was kidnapped by the Shining Path in 1981, a homosexual man's penis was cut into pieces before he was murdered by the group. The Shining Path defended its actions by saying that LGBT individuals were not killed because of their sexual identity, instead, they were killed because of their "collaboration with the police." ^{[114] [115]}

The Shining Path has denied allegations of homophobia or overt violence against LGBT people, stating, "It is probable that the PCP has executed a homosexual, but rest assured that it was not done because of their sexual orientation but because of their position against the revolution... Our view is that homosexual orientation is not an ideological matter but one of individual preference... Party membership is open to all those who support the cause of communist revolution and the principles of Marxism-Leninism-Maoism, Gonzalo Thought, regardless of what their sexual preferences may be." ^[116]

The Militarized Communist Party of Peru (MPCP), an offshoot of the Shining Path that follows Marxism–Leninism–Maoism and Xi Jinping Thought, ^{[117] [118] [119]} openly espouses socially conservative and anti-LGBT views. ^{[120] [121] [122]} On May 23, 2021, the MPCP carried out the San Miguel del Ene attack, leaving behind leaflets that stated the attack was carried out to "clean VRAEM and Peru" of outcasts, "parasites and corrupts" as well as "homosexuals, lesbians, drug addicts" and "thieves". ^[120] The leaflets additionally called for a boycott of the 2021 Peruvian general election, accusing Peruvians who planned to vote for Keiko Fujimori of the right-wing populist Popular Force party of treason. ^{[123] [124]}

In 2018, the MPCP announced an alliance with the ethnocacerist Plurinational Association of Tawantinsuyo Reservists (ASPRET), called the United Democratic Andean Revolutionary Front of Peru. ^[125] In 2022, the alliance was terminated over ASPRET's disagreements with the MPCP's alleged ties to Free Peru. ^[126]

Both Pedro Castillo and Vladimir Cerrón, leaders of the Marxist Free Peru party, ^[127] have taken conservative stances on social issues, ^{[128] [129]} including opposing same-sex marriage, supporting existing restrictions on abortion in Peru, and voicing an opposition to the discussion of gender in school curricula. ^{[129] [130] [131]} While Free Peru is officially opposed to Fujimorism, ^[132] IDL-Reporteros reported that the party had formed an alliance with right-wing Fujimorists in the government due to their widespread power within Peru's institutions. ^[133]

See also

• Blue Labour
• Bourgeois socialism
• Class reductionism
• Endokomuna
• Hardline
• Left-wing antiglobalism  [ jp ]
• MAGA Communism
• National Bolshevism
• National communism
• Old Left
• Paleo-Marxism
• Querfront

Notes

1. Also known as conservative leftism and left-wing conservatism
2. Also known as conservative socialism
3. Not all left-conservatives are anti-Zionists; some left-conservatives, like John Fetterman, adopt pro-Israel stances. ^[9]
4. Not all left-conservatives are anti-environmentalists; some left-environmentalists, such as the Ecological Democratic Party and the Lithuanian Farmers and Greens Union, adopt conservative social policies. ^{[10] [11]}

References

1. Burtin, Adrian (2024). "Imitation Game: The Rise of "Conservative Socialism"" (PDF). Head On: Facing the Far-Right. Green European Journal . 28 (1). ISBN   978-9-49-051519-5. ISSN   2684-4486.
2. Cynthia Kaufman (2003). Ideas For Action: Relevant Theory For Radical Change. South End Press. ISBN   9780896086937.
   - Todd Gitlin, "The Left's Lost Universalism", in Arthur M. Melzer, Jerry Weinberger and M. Richard Zinman, eds., Politics at the Turn of the Century, pp. 3–26 (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001)
   - Grant Farred (2000). "Endgame Identity? Mapping the New Left Roots of Identity Politics". New Literary History . 31 (4): 627–648. doi:10.1353/nlh.2000.0045. JSTOR   20057628. S2CID   144650061.
3. Bozóki, A and Ishiyama, J (2002). The Communist Successor Parties of Central and Eastern Europe. p. 245.
4. "Biografia di Elvira Banotti" (in Italian). Retrieved 13 July 2025.
5. Elvira Banotti (13 June 2013). "Attacco femminista alla Ministro Kyenge (e ai suoi alli maschi)". Il Foglio. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
6. "Izquierda Unida expulsa al Partido Feminista por cargar contra las leyes trans". February 22, 2020. Retrieved November 6, 2025.
7. Gerhard, Jane F., Desiring revolution: second-wave feminism and the rewriting of American sexual thought, 1920 to 1982, New York, Columbia University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-231-11204-1.
8. Rochelle Gurstein, "Puritanism" as Epithet: Common Standards and the Fate of Reticence, Salmagundi, No. 101/102 (Winter-Spring 1994), pp. 95-116.
9. C. Behrent, Michael (October 9, 2024). "The Rise of the Conservative Left". Discourse Magazine. Retrieved November 6, 2025.
10. Dann, Christine R. (1999). "From Earth's last islands: The global origins of Green politics" (PDF). Lincoln University. p. 230.
11. "Karbauskis rėžė – už Partnerystės įstatymą balsuojantiems "valstiečiams" nėra vietos frakcijoje". 17 July 2021.
12. Eric Kaufman (June 16, 2020). "The Rebirth of the Left-Conservative Tradition". Tablet . Retrieved November 23, 2023.
13. Moya, Marta (29 August 2021). "Ni aborto, ni matrimonio igualitario: la izquierda conservadora latinoamericana". ordenmundial.com. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
14. Ireland, Doug. "Turns out Norman Thomas's Socialist Party Came Close to Breaking the Gay Taboo in 1952". Archived from the original on July 1, 2009. Retrieved 29 April 2017.
15. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. "Russia: Update to RUS13194 of 16 February 1993 on the treatment of homosexuals". Refworld. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
16. Buetikofer, Anne (11 April 1999). "Homosexuality in the Soviet Union and in today's Russia". Savanne. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
17. "Intervista ad Alina Castro". Archived from the original on 16 May 2010.
18. Llovio-Menéndez, José Luis. Insider: My Hidden Life as a Revolutionary in Cuba (New York: Bantam Books, 1988), pp. 156-158, 172-174.
19. Lee Lockwood, (1967), Castro's Cuba, Cuba's Fidel, Revised edition (October 1990), p. 124, ISBN 0-8133-1086-5
20. "Communist Romania's Demographic Policy, U.S. Library of Congress country study".
21. "Ceausescu's Longest-Lasting Legacy -- the Cohort of '67" . Retrieved 19 September 2009.
22. Coker, Jeffrey W. (2002). Confronting American Labor: The New Left Dilemma. University of Missouri Press.
23. Cynthia Kaufman (2003). Ideas for Action: Relevant Theory for Radical Change . South End Press. ISBN 9780896086937.
24. Todd Gitlin, "The Lost Universalism of the Left," in Arthur M. Melzer, Jerry Weinberger, and M. Richard Zinman, eds., Politics at the Turn of the Century , pp. 107-110. 3–26 (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001)
25. Grant Farred (2000). "Final Identity? Mapping the New Roots of Left Identity Politics." New Literary History . 31 (4): 627–648 . doi:10.1353/nlh.2000.0045 . JSTOR 20057628. S2CID 144650061
26. Valerio Evangelisti. "The Rossobruni: New clothes for an old story".
27. "A ghost is haunting Italy: Rossobrunismo". Rolling Stone Italia. 20 September 2018. Retrieved 7 September 2019.
28. "萧功秦：中国改革开放以来政治中的自由派与保守派". 独立中文笔会 (in Chinese). 2019-07-26. Retrieved 2025-11-08.
29. "Xi Jinping Thought Explained: A New Ideology for a New Era?". www.nytimes.com. 18 Feb 2018. Retrieved 2025-10-29.
30. 改革派（窓・論説委員室から）. 朝日新聞・夕刊. January 26, 1993. "中国のばあい、改革派は市場経済移行を説き、保守派はマルクス主義や統制にこだわる。つまり、保守派が左傾しているのだ。香港の雑誌で「保守左派」という言葉も見た。一部の専門家は、このまぎらわしさをきらって、保守派を守旧派と言い換えている。"
31. Jonathan Fenby, ed. (29 May 2008). The Penguin History of Modern China: The Fall and Rise of a Great Power, 1850 – 2009. Penguin Books Limited. p. xxxii. ISBN   978-0-14-191761-0. Wang Huning, had fashioned the neo-authoritarian creed Xi was busy putting into practice.
32. Zi, Yang (6 July 2016). "Xi Jinping and China's Traditionalist Restoration". The Jamestown Foundation. Retrieved 22 June 2024.
33. Cai, Jane (12 June 2023). "How China's Xi Jinping promotes mix of Marxism and traditional culture to further Communist Party and 'Chinese dream'". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 12 June 2023. Retrieved 22 June 2024.
34. Yuezhi Zhao (March 20, 2008). Communication in China: Political Economy, Power, and Conflict. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 170. ISBN   978-0-7425-7428-1.
35. "Q wie Querfront: Über die Allianz der Populisten - mit Volker Weiß" (in German). Heinrich Böll Foundation. 25 January 2017. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
36. Thomas Vitzthum (1 September 2015). "Anti-Kapitalismus: Linker Publizist von der NPD für "Volksfront" gelobt". Die Welt (in German). Retrieved 20 February 2021.
37. "Reichsbürger, Neonazis und Antisemiten - Querfront kapert Friedensdemonstrationen". Störungsmelder (in German). 16 April 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
38. "Rubikon News: Ein Querfront-Magazin?". Belltower.News (in German). 2022-01-20. Retrieved 2023-12-02.
39. Hurtz, Simon (2020-05-11). "Falsch, aber faszinierend". Süddeutsche.de (in German). Retrieved 2023-12-01.
40. Hurtz, Simon (2020-05-12). "Corona-Querfront: Feindbilder und Verschwörungsmythen". Süddeutsche.de (in German). Retrieved 2023-08-11.
41. Schmoll, Thomas. "Wagenknecht, die Ein-Frau-Querfront ohne Mehrheit". n-tv.de (in German). Retrieved 2023-08-11.
42. Vorreyer, Thomas. "Wagenknecht auf "Friedensdemo": "Sie haben Angst vor uns"". tagesschau.de (in German). Archived from the original on 2024-05-03. Retrieved 2023-08-11.
43. Stöcker, Christian (2023-02-26). "Kundgebung in Berlin: Querfront ja, aber bitte diskret! - Kolumne". Der Spiegel (in German). ISSN   2195-1349 . Retrieved 2023-08-11.
44. "Rechts oder links?: Sahra Wagenknecht, die Nationalbolschewistin". Der Tagesspiegel Online (in German). ISSN   1865-2263 . Retrieved 2025-04-22.
45. "Sahra Wagenknecht und das nationalbolschewistische Kalkül". FAZ.NET (in German). 2016-08-02. Retrieved 2025-04-22.
46. "Koalitionen von CDU und BSW? : "Wagenknecht ist eine Nationalbolschewistin"". Der Tagesspiegel Online (in German). ISSN   1865-2263 . Retrieved 2025-04-22.
47. Tye, Danny (23 February 2024). "The Cradle of Queer Civilisation? Why Gays Still Love Greece". GAY45. Retrieved 29 August 2025. NPR reported that political opposition to the bill was present within the Hellenic Parliament, though limited to small far-right parties and the socially conservative Communist Party.
48. Višeslav, Raos (2022). "After the Storm: Party Systems in Southern Europe in the Wake of the Eurocrisis". Suvremeni Mediteran. The rather unusual far-right outliers for the Greek party system in the 2000s pertain to the Greek Communist Party (KKE), an orthodox Marxist-Leninist party with underpinnings of social conservatism.
49. "'Conservative leftists' want to upset the political spectrum". Semafor. 22 November 2024. Retrieved 29 August 2025. BSW has been placed in a tradition of "Old Left" parties that retain the social conservatism of the Soviet era. Communist and social democracy across Europe fall into this vein, like the Communist Party of Greece, which has campaigned against same-sex marriage parties in the country.
50. Epochi, rizospastis gr | Synchroni (2015-12-20). "rizospastis.gr - Η θέση του ΚΚΕ για το Σύμφωνο Συμβίωσης". ΡΙΖΟΣΠΑΣΤΗΣ (in Greek). Retrieved 2023-10-19.
51. "Δήλωση του Δημήτρη Κουτσούμπα για τη Διεθνή Ημέρα κατά της Ομοφοβίας". www.kke.gr. Retrieved 2023-10-19.
52. "Greek Communist Party Pushes Anti-Gay Bigotry". www.icl-fi.org. Archived from the original on 19 July 2021. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
53. Roberto Carnero (26 February 2008). "Pasolini's '68". treccani.it. Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
54. Pier Paolo Pasolini. "Sono contro l'aborto".
55. "The left of free drugs, of all the maxims and fanaticisms about individual bourgeois civil rights, is not the left that belongs to us. [...] We must understand that that left is the left American, it is the left that winks at the banks, that needs weapons of mass distraction to avoid the fundamental question, that of work; that of the conflict between capital, ever stronger, ever more concentrated in the hands of a few, and work, which is the necessity for the entire population. We are on that side, in short, we are communists." (Marco Rizzo)
56. "Di Battista: "Enough selfies with joints. Counterproductive Gay Pride transgressions"".
57. Fusaro, Diego (2013). Karl Marx's «Capital». A triumph of German idealism. Consorzio Festivalfilosofia. ISBN   978-88-6703-025-5 . Retrieved November 7, 2025.
58. Diego Fusaro (February 15, 2017). "Transgender, perché la nostra society sanctifies them". Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). Retrieved November 7, 2025.
59. Diego Fusaro. "In Praise of Putin's Russia".
60. "Левый консерватизм: ностальгия по утопии?". 2017. Retrieved November 23, 2023.
61. "Radical Right-Wing Political Parties and Groups". civic-nation.org. Retrieved 2022-08-02.
62. "Властям не нужны националисты никаких мастей / Политика / Независимая газета". www.ng.ru. Retrieved 2022-08-02.
63. "Г.А.Зюганов: КПРФ — за единство патриотов России | POLITPROS.COM". Онлайн-журнал Politpros.com. Retrieved 2022-08-02.
64. "Zakhar Prilepin launches "left-wing conservative" party in Russia". Courrier International. February 4, 2020. Retrieved November 23, 2023.
65. Barton, Len; Walker, Stephen (27 April 2012). Schools, Teachers and Teaching. Taylor & Francis. p. 122. ISBN   978-1-136-45067-9 . Retrieved 7 November 2025.
66. Mair, John; Clark, Tor; Fowler, Neil; Snoddy, Raymond; Tait, Richard (3 February 2022). Populism, the Pandemic and the Media: Journalism in the age of Covid, Trump, Brexit and Johnson. Routledge. pp. 74–75. ISBN   978-1-000-61848-8 . Retrieved 7 November 2025.
67. Pabst, Adrian (26 January 2016). "Debate: Why Blue Labour is a dead end". LSE. Retrieved 7 November 2025.
68. Sides, John (August 24, 2017). "Did enough Bernie Sanders supporters vote for Trump to cost Clinton the election?". The Washington Post . Archived from the original on October 3, 2020.
69. Diamond, Patrick (2015-01-28). New Labour's Old Roots: Revisionist Thinkers in Labour's History: Second Edition. Andrews UK Limited. ISBN   978-1-84540-797-1.
70. Thomas-Symonds, Nicklaus (2010). Attlee: A Life in Politics. I.B. Tauris. ISBN   978-600-00-4385-8.
71. "The battle for Labour's soul". New Statesman. 10 February 2025. Retrieved 7 November 2025.
72. Moss, Stephen (19 July 2011). "Lord Glasman: 'I'm a radical traditionalist'". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 November 2025.
73. Papazoglou, Alexis (2025-05-08). "Is Labour turning towards post-liberalism? | British Politics and Policy at LSE". LSE. Retrieved 2025-11-07.
74. Jacques Charpier (20 June 2019). "George Orwell, a "Tory anarchist"". UNESCO Courier . Retrieved 7 November 2025.
75. Rees, Richard (1961). Orwell: Fugitive from the Camp of Victory. Secker & Warburg.
76. Heppenstall, Rayner (1960). Four Absentees. Barrie & Rockcliff.
77. Peter Wilkin (January 2019). "(TORY) ANARCHY IN THE UK: THE VERY PECULIAR PRACTICE OF TORY ANARCHISM" (PDF). Brunel University Research Archive . Retrieved 7 November 2025.
78. "Verde Ecologista, se declara de centro izquierda". Metapolítica (in Mexican Spanish). 2020-01-04. Retrieved 2024-01-03.
79. Declaración de principios (PDF) (in Spanish), archived from the original on 2021-10-07, retrieved 2023-09-11
80. Almaraz, Karina (2024-05-28). "Ideología de Morena y coalición Sigamos Haciendo Historia: cuál es". Telediario México (in Mexican Spanish). Retrieved 2025-02-13.
81. "La Plaza". Los Angeles Times. 10 December 2008.
82. Blears, James (26 February 2009), Mexico's Green Party Urges Death Penalty for Kidnappers, VOA News , retrieved 2 August 2009^{[ dead link ]}
83. "Green Party rival crossed the line, says gay candidate". Guadalajara Reporter. May 16, 2009. Archived from the original on 22 February 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2009.
84. Rios, Lorena (30 June 2021). "Green Like AstroTurf—or Dollars". Slate. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
85. Premuzic, Angelika (12 July 2021). "The Green Party of Mexico: a Bystander to the Climate Crisis?". Global Green News. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
86. "Page 9 Partisan prophets; a history of the Prohibition Party, 1854–1972".
87. Lopez, German (October 28, 2016). "There's a Prohibition Party candidate running for president in 2016". Vox . Retrieved October 25, 2018.
88. James Hedges (June 2020). "Prohibition Platform incorporates a Consistent Life Ethic". National Prohibitionist. 10 (2). Mercersburg Printing: 4. ISSN   1549-9251.
89. Kurtzleben, Danielle (August 24, 2017). "Here's How Many Bernie Sanders Supporters Ultimately Voted For Trump". NPR. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
90. Stein, Jeff (August 24, 2017). "The Bernie voters who defected to Trump, explained by a political scientist". Vox. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
91. Chapman, Tim (March 7, 2019). "The Rise of the Trump-Sanders Voter". RealClearPolitics. Archived from the original on September 7, 2020. Retrieved 2020-10-04.
92. Sinozich, Sofi (29 March 2020). "Biden consolidates support, but trails badly in enthusiasm: Poll". ABC News. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved 2020-10-04.
93. Carney, Timothy P. (2020-03-01). "The Sanders/Trump voters: No church, no degree, yes to revolution". Washington Examiner. Archived from the original on March 10, 2020. Retrieved 2020-10-04.
94. "Could Sanders voters help Trump win the White House again?". NBC News. March 8, 2020. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
95. "American National Bolshevik And Face Of White Jihad Movement Jackson Hinkle, Who Has Close Ties To Russia, Takes Middle East Tour, Beginning In Qatar To Meet With Hamas Leadership, Then Lebanon Where He Will Attend Funeral Of Hezbollah Leader Hassan Nasrallah". MEMRI . February 21, 2025. Retrieved March 26, 2025.
96. Vittar, Daniel (13 September 2024). "El extraño grupo comunista en Estados Unidos que respalda a Trump". LM Neuquén (in Spanish).
97. "How a former Bernie Bro became a pro-Putin propaganda machine". CNN . September 13, 2024. Archived from the original on September 25, 2024. Retrieved October 12, 2024.
98. Ben B., Clint M. (February 1, 2024). "The Epoch of Empires: An Interview with Haz Al-Din". Platypus Review. Archived from the original on January 8, 2025. Retrieved 2025-02-04.
99. Wolfe, Ross (August 9, 2024). "Preliminary materials for a theory of the Young-Hegelian E-Girl". The Charnel-House.
100. Kim, Eddie (October 17, 2022). "What the Hell Is MAGACommunism?". Vice News . Archived from the original on November 12, 2023. Retrieved November 15, 2023.
101. Fernández, Celia (10 September 2024). "Trumpist communists: The anti-imperialist MAGA movement". El País . Retrieved 29 March 2025.
102. Marcos Adrián Alemán Alonso (6 August 2024). "La «vocación revolucionaria» de las nuevas derechas". La Joven Cuba (in Spanish).
103. Steinberg, Julia. "The MAGA Communists Launched a Party". The FP . Archived from the original on January 14, 2025. Retrieved 2025-02-07.
104. Dreher, Rod (November 5, 2025). "Zohran Mamdani, Nick Fuentes, and Weimar America". The European Conservative . Retrieved November 7, 2025.
105. Goldberg, Michelle (November 3, 2025). "Nick Fuentes Was Charlie Kirk's Bitter Enemy. Now He's Becoming His Successor". New York Times . Archived from the original on November 5, 2025. Retrieved November 5, 2025.
106. Marzia, Juhi (2025-11-06). "Sneako tells Elon Musk to "stay out of NYC politics" after the Tesla founder reacted to his encounter with a Groyper at Zohran Mamdani's party". www.sportskeeda.com. Retrieved 2025-11-07.
107. ""Dilma defends civil union between gays and says she is against the legalization of marijuana"". February 2018.
108. "O fim da liberdade religiosa?" (in Portuguese). 6 July 2025.
109. PCO – Partido da Causa Operária [@PCO29] (25 May 2023). "Os marxistas, que não são religiosos, nunca falaram que tinha que forçar o pessoal a largar a religião. Isso é absurdo!" (Tweet) (in Portuguese) – via Twitter.
110. PCO – Partido da Causa Operária [@PCO29] (25 May 2024). "As calúnias contra o Islã são uma campanha do imperialismo" (Tweet) (in Portuguese) – via Twitter.
111. "Viva Osama contra Obama, viva Bin Laden contra Biden! • Diário Causa Operária". www.causaoperaria.org.br (in Brazilian Portuguese). 22 August 2021. Retrieved 6 September 2021.
112. "Três pessoas e uma arma: uma homenagem ao cemitério de impérios • Diário Causa Operária" (in Brazilian Portuguese). 19 August 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
113. artículo en el sitio web Actitud Gay Magazine (Buenos Aires) del 21 de mayo de 2007. Consultado el 9 de abril de 2012.
114. «El Movimiento Homosexual Peruano pide un castigo contra el líder de Sendero Luminoso por la muerte de 500 gays y travestis», artículo en el sitio web M-X. Consultado el 9 de abril de 2012.
115. «Los homosexuales y Sendero Luminoso», artículo en el sitio web GPUC (Grupo Universitario por la Diversidad Sexual). Consultado el 9 de abril de 2012.
116. "PCP Responds to Allegations of Gay Persecution". www.prisonlegalnews.org. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
117. 22 March 2022. "Militarizado Partido Comunista del Perú se pone a las órdenes del presidente chino Xi Jinping "en pugna por la hegemonía única de Estados Unidos y sus aliados de la OTAN"". Caretas. Archived from the original on 26 February 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
118. "Camaradas 'Olga' y 'Vilma' piden ayuda a Rusia y China para derrocar a Dina Boluarte". Panamericana Televisión . 2023-02-07.
119. Mestre, Jorge (2023-02-07). "Las 'camaradas' Olga y Vilma: dos comunistas piden auxilio a Putin y Xi Jinping para derrocar a Dina Boluarte". Okdiario .
120. "Panfletos hallados en zona de ataque terrorista llaman a boicotear las elecciones". El Comercio . May 25, 2021. Retrieved November 11, 2025.
121. "Sendero Luminoso ya había amenazado en la zona del Vraem, previo al ataque de hoy". La Prensa Regional. May 24, 2021. Retrieved November 12, 2025.
122. Burt, Jo-Marie (June 5, 2021). "Peru's military say Shining Path insurgents killed 16 civilians. Others are not so sure". The Washington Post . Retrieved November 12, 2025.
123. "Vraem: 18 personas fueron asesinadas por miembros de Sendero Luminoso". El Comercio (in Spanish). 24 May 2021. Archived from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
124. "Al menos 14 personas mueren en Perú en un ataque que las autoridades atribuyen a Sendero Luminoso" (in Spanish). BBC News Mundo. Archived from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
125. "El Militarizado PC mantiene contactos con exmilitares ultranacionalistas". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 13 June 2018. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
126. Condor, Bryan (18 June 2022). "Eddy Villarroel "Sacha" será testigo en nueva investigación contra Cerrón, Bellido y Bermejo por presunto financiamiento al terrorismo". Caretas. Archived from the original on 21 February 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
127. "Pedro Castillo: The primary school teacher who became Peru's president". BBC News. 28 July 2021. Archived from the original on 28 July 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2021. Casting himself as a man of the people, Mr Castillo was rarely seen without the traditional white, broad-rimmed hat of his Cajamarca region, and a huge inflatable pencil, the symbol of his Marxist Free Peru party which also represents his background in education.
128. Puente, Javier (14 April 2021). "Who is Peru's Frontrunner Pedro Castillo?". North American Congress on Latin America . Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
129. "Peru polarized by two social conservatives in presidential runoff". The World from PRX. Archived from the original on 19 August 2022. Retrieved 2022-08-11.
130. "Ideario y Programo" (PDF). Perú Libre. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 April 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
131. "Vladimir Cerrón cambia de discurso y ahora dice que sí acepta enfoque de género en currícula escolar". Radio Cutivalù (in Spanish). 10 December 2019. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
132. Cerrón Rojas, Vladimir Roy. "Diferencias entre Perú Libre, nuevo Perú y frente amplio". Perú Libre (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 12 August 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
133. "Ni siquiera topo: apenas tapón". IDL-Reporteros (in Spanish). 2023-05-22. Retrieved 2023-05-26.