Convention (norm)

Last updated October 14, 2024

A convention influences a set of agreed, stipulated, or generally accepted standards, social norms, or other criteria, often taking the form of a custom.

In physical sciences, numerical values (such as constants, quantities, or scales of measurement) are called conventional if they do not represent a measured property of nature, but originate in a convention, for example an average of many measurements, agreed between the scientists working with these values.

General

A convention is a selection from among two or more alternatives, where the rule or alternative is agreed upon among participants. Often the word refers to unwritten customs shared throughout a community. For instance, it is conventional in many societies that strangers being introduced shake hands. Some conventions are explicitly legislated; for example, it is conventional in the United States and in Germany that motorists drive on the right side of the road, whereas in Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Nepal, India and the United Kingdom motorists drive on the left. The standardization of time is a human convention based on the solar cycle or calendar. The extent to which justice is conventional (as opposed to natural or objective) is historically an important debate among philosophers.

The nature of conventions has raised long-lasting philosophical discussion. Quine, Davidson, and David Lewis published influential writings on the subject. Lewis's account of convention received an extended critique in Margaret Gilbert's On Social Facts (1989), where an alternative account is offered. Another view of convention comes from Ruth Millikan's Language: A Biological Model (2005), once more against Lewis.^{[ example needed ]}

According to David Kalupahana, The Buddha described conventions—whether linguistic, social, political, moral, ethical, or even religious—as arising dependent on specific conditions. According to his paradigm, when conventions are considered absolute realities, they contribute to dogmatism, which in turn leads to conflict. This does not mean that conventions should be absolutely ignored as unreal and therefore useless. Instead, according to Buddhist thought, a wise person adopts a Middle Way without holding conventions to be ultimate or ignoring them when they are fruitful.^[1]

Customary or social conventions

In sociology, a social rule refers to any social convention commonly adhered to in a society. These rules are not written in law or otherwise formalized. In social constructionism, there is a great focus on social rules. It is argued that these rules are socially constructed, that these rules act upon every member of a society, but at the same time, are re-produced by the individuals.

Sociologists representing symbolic interactionism argue that social rules are created through the interaction between the members of a society. The focus on active interaction highlights the fluid, shifting character of social rules. These are specific to the social context, a context that varies through time and place. That means a social rule changes over time within the same society. What was acceptable in the past may no longer be the case. Similarly, rules differ across space: what is acceptable in one society may not be so in another.

Social rules reflect what is acceptable or normal behaviour in any situation. Michel Foucault's concept of discourse is closely related to social rules as it offers a possible explanation how these rules are shaped and change. It is the social rules that tell people what is normal behaviour for any specific category. Thus, social rules tell a woman how to behave in a womanly manner, and a man, how to be manly. Other such rules are as follows:

Strangers being introduced shake hands, as in Western societies,^[2]^[3] but:
- Bow toward each other, in Korea, Japan and China
- Wai each other in Thailand
- Do not bow at each other, in the Jewish tradition
- In the United States, eye contact, a nod of the head toward each other, and a smile, with no bowing; the palm of the hand faces sideways, neither upward nor downward, in a business handshake.
- Present business cards to each other, in business meetings (both-handed in Japan)
Click heels together, while saluting in some military contexts ^[4]
In most places it's always polite to ask before kissing or hugging, this is called public display of affection.^[5]
A property norm is to place things back where we found them.
A property norm is used to identify which commodities are accepted as money.^[6]^[7]
A sexual norm can refer to a personal or a social norm.^[8] Most cultures have social norms regarding sexuality, and define normal sexuality to consist only of certain sex acts between individuals who meet specific criteria of age, consanguinity, race/ethnicity, and/or social role and socioeconomic status. In the west outside the traditional norm between consenting adults what is considered not normal is what falls under what is regarded as paraphilia or sexual perversion.
A form of marriage, polygyny or polyandry, is right or wrong in a given society,^[9]^[10]^[11] as is homosexual marriage considered wrong in many of the societies. An religious more for an example is that a woman or man must not cohabitate, live together, when romantically involved until they have gotten married. Adultery is considered wrong that is not violating sexual fidelity when there is union of a couple in marriage.
A men's and women's dress code.^[12]
Avoid using rude hand gestures like pointing at people, swear words, offensive language etc.,^[12]
A woman's curtsey ^[13] in some societies
In the Middle East, never displaying the sole of the foot toward another, as this would be seen as a grave insult.
In many schools, though seats for students are not assigned they are still "claimed" by certain students, and sitting in someone else's seat is considered an insult.^[14]
To reciprocate when something is done for us.^[15]
Etiquette norms,^[16] like asking to be excused from the gathering's table, be ready to pay for your bill particularly in the case you asked people to dinner, it is a faux pas to refuse an offer of food as a guest.
Contraception norms, not to limit access to them by women who require it, some cultures limit contraception.^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20]^{[ non-primary source needed ]}
Recreational drug use restrictions on access or as popularly accepted in the culture^[21] where it is used as an example alcohol, nicotine, cannabis and hashish, there is a disincentive and prohibition for controlled substances where use and sale is prohibited like MDMA and party drugs.
The belief that certain forms of discrimination are unethical because they take something away from the person by restrictions and by being ostracised. Furthermore, can "Restrict women's and girls' rights, access to empowerment opportunities and resources".^[22]
A person has a duty of care for the aged persons within the family.^[2] This is particularly true in countries of Asia. Much of aged care falls under unpaid labor.
Refuse to favor known persons, as this would be an abuse of power relationship.
Do not make a promise if you know that you can not keep it.^[2]
Do not ask for money if you know that you can not pay it back to that person or place.
"Practice honesty and not deceive the innocent with false promises to obtain economic benefits or gratuities."^[2]
It is suitable to make a Pledge of Allegiance in the United States, when prompted to in some social contexts.^[23]^[24]
An gentlemen's agreement, or gentleman's agreement, is an informal and legally non-binding agreement between two or more parties. We follow through on our business dealings, when we say we will do something then we do it and will not falter to do so.^[2]
Do not divulge the privacy of others.^[2]
Treat friends and family nonviolently, be faithful and honest in a couple, to treat with respect the beliefs, activities or aims of our parents, show respect for beliefs, religious and cultural symbols of others.^[2]
Tolerate and respect people with functional diversity, particularly when they wish to integrate in a game or sports equipment. Also tolerate different points of view than your own, even if contrary, and do not try and change their beliefs by force.^[2]
Give the seat to people with children, pregnant or elderly, in public and private transportation.^[2]
Face the front, do not go elevator surfing, and do not push extra buttons in an elevator or stand too close to someone if there are few people.^[12]
In a library, it is polite to have talk in the same noise volume as that of a classroom.
In a cinema, it is correct to not talk during a movie because people are there to watch the film, also it is correct to not have phones on as the light and sound will distract other patrons.^[25]
If you are going to be punctual, notify friends or acquaintances if you will be late.^[25]
If you cannot show up to an outing, restaurant, theater, cinema, etc., it's proper to give the reason over your phone or address sometime prior.^[25]
It is a norm to speak one at a time.^[25]
A religious vow is a special promise. It made in a religious sense or in ceremonies such as in marriages when there is a couple who are being promised to marriage called "marriage vows", they are also promising one another to be faithful and take care of their children.^[26]
Helping somebody in need,^[27] for social responsibility or to prevent harm. See the parable of the Good Samaritan.
Do not go to a non-fast food restaurant or bar unless you have enough to make a good tip, depending on the place.^[28]
Examples of US social norms or customs turned into laws include the following:
- People under 21 cannot buy alcohol.
- You must be 16 to drive.^{[ citation needed ]}
- Firearms are legal and relatively accessible to anyone who wants one.^{[ citation needed ]}
- In a city you cannot cross the street wherever you like, you must use a zebra crossing. You can be fined if the police catch you breaking this rule.^{[ relevant? – discuss ]}
- It is a social norm to provide tips in the US to waitresses and waiters.
There are numerous gender-specific norms that influence society:^[25]^{[ better source needed ]}
- Girls should wear pink; boys should wear blue.
- Men should be strong and not show any emotion.
- Women should be caring and nurturing.
- Men should do repairs at the house and be the one to work and make money; while women are expected to take care of the housework and children.
- A man should pay for the woman's meal when going out to dinner.
- Men should open doors for women at bars, clubs, workplace, and should clear the way for the exit.^[16]

Government

In government, convention is a set of unwritten rules that participants in the government must follow. These rules can be ignored only if justification is clear, or can be provided. Otherwise, consequences follow. Consequences may include ignoring some other convention that has until now been followed. According to the traditional doctrine (Dicey)^{[ citation needed ]}, conventions cannot be enforced in courts, because they are non-legal sets of rules. Convention is particularly important in the Westminster System of government, where many of the rules are unwritten.

Related Research Articles

Romantic comedy is a subgenre of comedy and romance fiction, focusing on lighthearted, humorous plot lines centered on romantic ideas, such as how true love is able to surmount all obstacles. In a typical romantic comedy, the two lovers tend to be young, likeable, and seemingly meant for each other, yet they are kept apart by some complicating circumstance until, surmounting all obstacles, they are finally united. A fairy-tale-style happy ending is a typical feature.

The sexual revolution, also known as the sexual liberation, was a social movement that challenged traditional codes of behavior related to sexuality and interpersonal relationships throughout the developed Western world from the 1960s to the 1970s. Sexual liberation included increased acceptance of sex outside of traditional heterosexual, monogamous relationships. The normalization of contraception and the pill, public nudity, pornography, premarital sex, homosexuality, masturbation, alternative forms of sexuality, and the legalization of abortion all followed.

A social norm is a shared standard of acceptable behavior by a group. Social norms can both be informal understandings that govern the behavior of members of a society, as well as be codified into rules and laws. Social normative influences or social norms, are deemed to be powerful drivers of human behavioural changes and well organized and incorporated by major theories which explain human behaviour. Institutions are composed of multiple norms. Norms are shared social beliefs about behavior; thus, they are distinct from "ideas", "attitudes", and "values", which can be held privately, and which do not necessarily concern behavior. Norms are contingent on context, social group, and historical circumstances.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mores</span> Customary behaviour

Mores are social norms that are widely observed within a particular society or culture. Mores determine what is considered morally acceptable or unacceptable within any given culture. A folkway is what is created through interaction and that process is what organizes interactions through routine, repetition, habit and consistency.

Family planning is the consideration of the number of children a person wishes to have, including the choice to have no children, and the age at which they wish to have them. Things that may play a role on family planning decisions include marital situation, career or work considerations, financial situations. If sexually active, family planning may involve the use of contraception and other techniques to control the timing of reproduction.

Reproductive rights are legal rights and freedoms relating to reproduction and reproductive health that vary amongst countries around the world. The World Health Organization defines reproductive rights as follows:

Reproductive rights rest on the recognition of the basic right of all couples and individuals to decide freely and responsibly the number, spacing and timing of their children and to have the information and means to do so, and the right to attain the highest standard of sexual and reproductive health. They also include the right of all to make decisions concerning reproduction free of discrimination, coercion and violence.

Abnormality is a behavioral characteristic assigned to those with conditions that are regarded as dysfunctional. Behavior is considered to be abnormal when it is atypical or out of the ordinary, consists of undesirable behavior, and results in impairment in the individual's functioning. As applied to humans, abnormality may also encompass deviance, which refers to behavior that is considered to transgress social norms. The definition of abnormal behavior in humans is an often debated issue in abnormal psychology.

Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development constitute an adaptation of a psychological theory originally conceived by the Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget. Kohlberg began work on this topic as a psychology graduate student at the University of Chicago in 1958 and expanded upon the theory throughout his life.

Gender equality, also known as sexual equality or equality of the sexes, is the state of equal ease of access to resources and opportunities regardless of gender, including economic participation and decision-making, and the state of valuing different behaviors, aspirations, and needs equally, also regardless of gender.

Norms are concepts (sentences) of practical import, oriented to affecting an action, rather than conceptual abstractions that describe, explain, and express. Normative sentences imply "ought-to" types of statements and assertions, in distinction to sentences that provide "is" types of statements and assertions. Common normative sentences include commands, permissions, and prohibitions; common normative abstract concepts include sincerity, justification, and honesty. A popular account of norms describes them as reasons to take action, to believe, and to feel.

Sexual and reproductive health (SRH) is a field of research, health care, and social activism that explores the health of an individual's reproductive system and sexual well-being during all stages of their life. Sexual and reproductive health is more commonly defined as sexual and reproductive health and rights, to encompass individual agency to make choices about their sexual and reproductive lives.

Sexual ethics is a branch of philosophy that considers the ethics or morality of sexual behavior. Sexual ethics seeks to understand, evaluate and critique interpersonal relationships and sexual activities from social, cultural, and philosophical perspectives. Some people consider aspects of human sexuality, such as gender identification and sexual orientation, as well as consent, sexual relations and procreation, as giving rise to issues of sexual ethics.

Childlessness is the state of not having children. Childlessness may have personal, social or political significance.

Dating is a stage of romantic relationships in which two individuals regularly engage in activity together, most often with the intention of evaluating each other's suitability as a partner in a future intimate relationship. It falls into the category of courtship, consisting of social events carried out by the couple either alone or with others.

Reproductive justice is a critical feminist framework that was invented as a response to United States reproductive politics. The three core values of reproductive justice are the right to have a child, the right to not have a child, and the right to parent a child or children in safe and healthy environments. The framework moves women's reproductive rights past a legal and political debate to incorporate the economic, social, and health factors that impact women's reproductive choices and decision-making ability.

Christianity and abortion have a long and complex history. Condemnation of abortion by Christians goes back to the 1st century with texts such as the Didache, the Epistle of Barnabas, and the Apocalypse of Peter. In later years some Christian writers argued that abortion was acceptable under certain circumstances, such as when necessary to save the life of the mother, but these views did not become accepted teachings until some denominations changed their views in the 20th century. The Bible itself does not contain direct references to abortion.

Criticisms of marriage are arguments against the practical or moral value of the institution of matrimony or particular forms of matrimony. These have included the effects that marriage has on individual liberty, equality between the sexes, the relation between marriage and violence, philosophical questions about how much control can a government have over its population, the amount of control a person has over another, the financial risk when measured against the divorce rate, and questioning of the necessity to have a relationship sanctioned by government or religious authorities.

Shortly after feminist ideology started gaining popularity in the mid-19th and early 20th century in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the United States, and slowly the rest of the world, the movement begun affecting changes to the social and political life of Greece. In 1952, Greek women gained the right to vote. However, other changes did not come until a few decades later, as with, for example, the introduction of sweeping changes in family law in 1983. Greece signed the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and ratified it in 1983.

Women in Yemen suffer from gender-based discrimination due to the highly patriarchal character of Yemeni society. Although the government of Yemen has made efforts to improve the rights of women, many cultural and religious norms stand in the way of equal rights for women. Poor enforcement of the legislation by the Yemeni government exacerbates the problem.

Women in South Sudan are women who live in and are from South Sudan. Since the Independence of South Sudan on 9 July 2011, these women have gained more power but still face issues of inequality. Many women in this area do not have adequate access to health resources and education. While these women often face inequality, there has been progress since South Sudan's official declaration of independence. In recent years, this inequality has gained national attention and people have become more interested in the issue of child marriage that this area faces. Along with this, there has started to be a focus on the very high level of maternal mortality in South Sudan. With a maternal mortality rate of 789 deaths per 100,000 live births, South Sudan has one of the highest rates in the world.

References

↑ David Kalupahana, Nagarjuna: The Philosophy of the Middle Way. SUNY Press, 1986, pages 17-18. The author refers specifically to the thought of the Buddha here.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "40 Examples of Moral and Social Norms". www.lifepersona.com. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
↑ Hagan, Ekua. "The Art of Handshaking". www.psychologytoday.com. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
↑ "Rendering Honours". moebius.freehostia.com. Retrieved 2019-04-21.
↑ "Public Displays of Affection Abroad (PDA) - Expat Guide Asia". www.expatguideasia.com. Archived from the original on 24 May 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
↑ Young, H. Peyton. Social Norms: Prepared for the New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. doi:10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_2338-1. ISBN 9781349951215. S2CID 13026974 . Retrieved 7 April 2021.{{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
↑ Araujo, Luis (2004). "Social norms and money". Journal of Monetary Economics. 51 (2): 241–256. doi:10.1016/j.jmoneco.2003.01.005 . Retrieved 7 April 2021.
↑ Bozon, Michel; Rennes, Juliette (February 2015). The history of sexual norms: the hold of age and gender (42 ed.). Belin. p. 304. ISBN 9782701194325 . Retrieved 2019-09-26.
↑ Burton, Neel. "The Pros and Cons of Polygamy Is there a link between polygamy and social unrest?". www.psychologytoday.com. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
↑ Solomon, Andrew (12 March 2021). "How Polyamorists and Polygamists Are Challenging Family Norms". www.newyorker.com. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
↑ Mondal, Puja (12 April 2014). "Mores (Strongest Social Norms): Meaning and Characteristics". www.yourarticlelibrary.com/. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
1 2 3 McNaught, Amber (9 May 2017). "What Are Social Norms? You Follow Them Every Day Without Even Noticing". www.lifehack.org. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
↑ Croffey, Amy (14 June 2016). "Etiquette to meet the Queen: The curtsy is out and kissing was never in". www.smh.com.au. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
↑ Robins, Aaron Vela (23 November 2016). "A Social Norms Experiment: The Unspoken Rule of Class Seats". www.gcmag.org. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
↑ "Norm of Reciprocity and Persuasion". www.psychologistworld.com. 23 January 2017. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
1 2 "25 Etiquette Rules You Should Never Forget". www.powerofpositivity.com. 17 November 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
↑ SC, DL, D, JC., Dixon, Herbert, Loxton, Lucke (2014). "'As many options as there are, there are just not enough for me': Contraceptive use and barriers to access among Australian women". Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 19 (5): 340–51. doi:10.3109/13625187.2014.919380. PMID 24901891. S2CID 20602371 . Retrieved 8 April 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
↑ CC, LA, A, J, JS, Garrett, Keogh , Kavanagh, Tomnay , Hocking (2015). "Understanding the low uptake of long-acting reversible contraception by young women in Australia: A qualitative study". BMC Women's Health. 15: 15:72. doi: 10.1186/s12905-015-0227-9 . PMC 4566517 . PMID 26359250.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
↑ A, L, Mills, Barclay (2006). "None of them were satisfactory: Women's experiences with contraception". Health Care Women Int. 27 (5): 379–98. doi:10.1080/07399330600629468. PMID 16877290. S2CID 9017737 . Retrieved 8 April 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
↑ Drucker, Donna J. (7 April 2020). Contraception A Concise History By. The MIT Press Essential Knowledge series. MIT Press. ISBN 9780262538428 . Retrieved 7 April 2021.{{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
↑ "Specialty Drug Classes That Are Costing Consumers an Arm and a Leg". The Motley Fool. 2015-10-24.
↑ Ferrant, Fuiret, Gaëlle, Léa (11 June 2018). "Social norms and gender equality: The potential for social transformation and women's empowerment". www.womendeliver.org. Retrieved 7 April 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
↑ Etzler, Cooper, Summer, Brandon. "The Pledge of Allegiance: To stand or not to stand". lhslance.org. Lancer Media. Retrieved 7 April 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
↑ Longley, Robert. "A Brief History of the Pledge of Allegiance". www.thoughtco.com. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
1 2 3 4 5 "Social Norm Examples". examples.yourdictionary.com. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
↑ Anderson, Ryan. "The Social Costs of Abandoning the Meaning of Marriage". www.heritage.org. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
↑ "The Social Psychology Perspectives On Helping Others". www.psychologynoteshq.com. 14 February 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
↑ "US social customs | American cultural Norms". www.estavisaus.org. Retrieved 7 April 2021.

External links

Rescorla, Michael (2007) Convention – Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Law-Ref.org – an index of important international conventions

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[1] David Kalupahana, Nagarjuna: The Philosophy of the Middle Way. SUNY Press, 1986, pages 17-18. The author refers specifically to the thought of the Buddha here.

[auto2-2] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "40 Examples of Moral and Social Norms". www.lifepersona.com. Retrieved 4 April 2021.

[3] Hagan, Ekua. "The Art of Handshaking". www.psychologytoday.com. Retrieved 4 April 2021.

[4] "Rendering Honours". moebius.freehostia.com. Retrieved 2019-04-21.

[5] "Public Displays of Affection Abroad (PDA) - Expat Guide Asia". www.expatguideasia.com. Archived from the original on 24 May 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2018.

[6] Young, H. Peyton. Social Norms: Prepared for the New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. doi:10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_2338-1. ISBN 9781349951215. S2CID 13026974 . Retrieved 7 April 2021.{{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)

[7] Araujo, Luis (2004). "Social norms and money". Journal of Monetary Economics. 51 (2): 241–256. doi:10.1016/j.jmoneco.2003.01.005 . Retrieved 7 April 2021.

[8] Bozon, Michel; Rennes, Juliette (February 2015). The history of sexual norms: the hold of age and gender (42 ed.). Belin. p. 304. ISBN 9782701194325 . Retrieved 2019-09-26.

[9] Burton, Neel. "The Pros and Cons of Polygamy Is there a link between polygamy and social unrest?". www.psychologytoday.com. Retrieved 7 April 2021.

[10] Solomon, Andrew (12 March 2021). "How Polyamorists and Polygamists Are Challenging Family Norms". www.newyorker.com. Retrieved 7 April 2021.

[11] Mondal, Puja (12 April 2014). "Mores (Strongest Social Norms): Meaning and Characteristics". www.yourarticlelibrary.com/. Retrieved 7 April 2021.

[auto1-12] 1 2 3 McNaught, Amber (9 May 2017). "What Are Social Norms? You Follow Them Every Day Without Even Noticing". www.lifehack.org. Retrieved 4 April 2021.

[13] Croffey, Amy (14 June 2016). "Etiquette to meet the Queen: The curtsy is out and kissing was never in". www.smh.com.au. Retrieved 7 April 2021.

[14] Robins, Aaron Vela (23 November 2016). "A Social Norms Experiment: The Unspoken Rule of Class Seats". www.gcmag.org. Retrieved 7 April 2021.

[15] "Norm of Reciprocity and Persuasion". www.psychologistworld.com. 23 January 2017. Retrieved 7 April 2021.

[auto-16] 1 2 "25 Etiquette Rules You Should Never Forget". www.powerofpositivity.com. 17 November 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2021.

[17] SC, DL, D, JC., Dixon, Herbert, Loxton, Lucke (2014). "'As many options as there are, there are just not enough for me': Contraceptive use and barriers to access among Australian women". Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 19 (5): 340–51. doi:10.3109/13625187.2014.919380. PMID 24901891. S2CID 20602371 . Retrieved 8 April 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[18] CC, LA, A, J, JS, Garrett, Keogh , Kavanagh, Tomnay , Hocking (2015). "Understanding the low uptake of long-acting reversible contraception by young women in Australia: A qualitative study". BMC Women's Health. 15: 15:72. doi: 10.1186/s12905-015-0227-9 . PMC 4566517 . PMID 26359250.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[19] A, L, Mills, Barclay (2006). "None of them were satisfactory: Women's experiences with contraception". Health Care Women Int. 27 (5): 379–98. doi:10.1080/07399330600629468. PMID 16877290. S2CID 9017737 . Retrieved 8 April 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[20] Drucker, Donna J. (7 April 2020). Contraception A Concise History By. The MIT Press Essential Knowledge series. MIT Press. ISBN 9780262538428 . Retrieved 7 April 2021.{{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)

[21] "Specialty Drug Classes That Are Costing Consumers an Arm and a Leg". The Motley Fool. 2015-10-24.

[22] Ferrant, Fuiret, Gaëlle, Léa (11 June 2018). "Social norms and gender equality: The potential for social transformation and women's empowerment". www.womendeliver.org. Retrieved 7 April 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[23] Etzler, Cooper, Summer, Brandon. "The Pledge of Allegiance: To stand or not to stand". lhslance.org. Lancer Media. Retrieved 7 April 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[24] Longley, Robert. "A Brief History of the Pledge of Allegiance". www.thoughtco.com. Retrieved 7 April 2021.

[auto3-25] 1 2 3 4 5 "Social Norm Examples". examples.yourdictionary.com. Retrieved 7 April 2021.

[26] Anderson, Ryan. "The Social Costs of Abandoning the Meaning of Marriage". www.heritage.org. Retrieved 7 April 2021.

[27] "The Social Psychology Perspectives On Helping Others". www.psychologynoteshq.com. 14 February 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2021.

[28] "US social customs | American cultural Norms". www.estavisaus.org. Retrieved 7 April 2021.

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