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In set theory and its applications throughout mathematics, a class is a collection of sets that can be unambiguously defined by a property that all its members share. Classes act as a way to have set-like collections while differing from sets so as to avoid Russell's paradox. The precise definition of "class" depends on foundational context. In work on Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory, the notion of class is informal, whereas other set theories, such as von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel set theory, axiomatize the notion of "proper class", e.g., as entities that are not members of another entity.
{{Infobox academic | name = Dell Hymes | birth_date = June 7, 1927 | birth_place = Portland, Oregon | death_date = November 13, 2009 (aged 82) | death_place = Charlottesville, Virginia | alma_mater = Indiana University (PhD), Reed College | workplaces = University of Pennsylvania, University of California, Berkeley, Harvard University | notable_students = [[Regna Darnell] [Richard Bauman]] }}
Gregory Bateson was an English anthropologist, social scientist, linguist, visual anthropologist, semiotician, and cyberneticist whose work intersected that of many other fields. His writings include Steps to an Ecology of Mind (1972) and Mind and Nature (1979).
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Paralanguage, also known as vocalics, is a component of meta-communication that may modify meaning, give nuanced meaning, or convey emotion, by using techniques such as prosody, pitch, volume, intonation, etc. It is sometimes defined as relating to nonphonemic properties only. Paralanguage may be expressed consciously or unconsciously.
A double bind is a dilemma in communication in which an individual receives two or more reciprocally conflicting messages. In some scenarios this can be emotionally distressing, creating a situation in which a successful response to one message results in a failed response to the other, such that the person responding will automatically be perceived as in the wrong, no matter how they respond. This double bind prevents the person from either resolving the underlying dilemma or opting out of the situation.
Meta is a prefix meaning "more comprehensive" or "transcending".
Paul Watzlawick was an Austrian-American family therapist, psychologist, communication theorist, and philosopher. A theoretician in communication theory and radical constructivism, he commented in the fields of family therapy and general psychotherapy. Watzlawick believed that people create their own suffering in the very act of trying to fix their emotional problems. He was one of the most influential figures at the Mental Research Institute and lived and worked in Palo Alto, California.
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Systems theory in anthropology is an interdisciplinary, non-representative, non-referential, and non-Cartesian approach that brings together natural and social sciences to understand society in its complexity. The basic idea of a system theory in social science is to solve the classical problem of duality; mind-body, subject-object, form-content, signifier-signified, and structure-agency. System theory suggests that instead of creating closed categories into binaries (subject-object); the system should stay open so as to allow free flow of process and interactions. In this way the binaries are dissolved.
Jurgen Ruesch was an American psychiatrist.
References
- ↑ "Mind, Nature, and Consciousness: Gregory Bateson and the New Paradigm." Archived 2011-10-18 at the Wayback Machine Stanislav Grof, M.D.
- 1 2 Communication: The Social Matrix of Psychiatry, Ruesch and Bateson, 1951, p. 209
- ↑ The Free Dictionary Metacommunication
- 1 2 Bateson, G. (1956). The message 'this is play.' In B. Schaffner (Ed.), Group processes: Transactions of the second conference (pp. 145-242) New York: Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation.
- ↑ Birdwhistell, R. L. (1952). Introduction to Kinesics: An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture. Washington, DC: Department of State, Foreign Service Institute.
- ↑ Leeds-Hurwitz, W. (1994). Crossing disciplinary boundaries: The Macy Foundation Conferences on Cybernetics as a case study in multidisciplinary communication. Cybernetica: Journal of the International Association for Cybernetics, 3/4, 349-369.
- ↑ Leeds-Hurwitz, W. (1987). The social history of The Natural History of an Interview: A multidisciplinary investigation of social communication. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 20, 1-51.
- ↑ "Bateson on Communication and Meta-communication"
- 1 2 Staal, Frits (1975-09-01). "The concept of metalanguage and its Indian background introduction". Journal of Indian Philosophy. 3 (3): 315–354. doi:10.1007/BF02629150. ISSN 1573-0395.
- ↑ "Bibliography on Indian Logic and Ontology" Theory and History of Ontology by Raul Corazzon Retrieved on 2011-11-06
- ↑ "Bertrand Russell and the Paradoxes of Set Theory" Book Rags synopsis
- ↑ "Significance of the paradox" Irvine, A. D., "Russell's Paradox", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2009 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)
- 1 2 Gregory Bateson (1972). Steps to an Ecology of Mind: Collected Essays in Anthropology, Psychiatry, Evolution, and Epistemology (PDF). University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-03905-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-04-17. Retrieved 2018-04-22.
- ↑ "Spin Doctors in the United States, Great Britain, and Germany Metacommunication about Media Manipulation" - Frank Esser, Carsten Reinemann, David Fan. In: The International Journal of Press/Politics January 2001 vol. 6 no. 1, pp.16-45
- 1 2 A.J. Jones (1983). Communication and Meaning: An Essay in Applied Modal Logic. Springer. pp. 132–137. ISBN 978-90-277-1543-2.
- ↑ Alan Wolfe (January 1996). Marginalized in the Middle . University of Chicago Press. p. 200. ISBN 978-0-226-90517-4.
- ↑ Roger A. Lohmann; Nancy Lohmann (2013). Social Administration. Columbia University Press. p. 225. ISBN 978-0-231-50261-0.
