Culture of life

Last updated

A culture of life describes a way of life based on the belief that human life begins at conception, and is sacred at all stages from conception through natural death. [1] It opposes abortion, euthanasia, capital punishment (also known as the death penalty), [note 1] studies and medicines involving embryonic stem cells, and contraception, because they are seen as destroying life. [5] [6] [7] It also promotes policies that "lift up the human spirit with compassion and love." [8] The term originated in moral theology, especially that of the Catholic Church, and was popularly championed by Pope John Paul II; [9] [10] it has been widely used by religious leaders in evangelical Christianity as well. [11] [12] The philosophy of such a culture is a consistent life ethic. [13]

Contents

In the United States, secular politicians such as George W. Bush and Kanye West have also used the phrase. [14] [15] [8] In 2004, the Republican Party included a plank in their platform for "Promoting a Culture of Life". [16]

Catholic Church

Issues included in a Culture of Life
Promotion ofOpposition to
Agape love and charity [17] [18] Abortion [5]
Unjust wars [19] [20]
Capital punishment [21] [22]
Murder and suicide [23] [24] [25]
Motherhood, fatherhood,

Matrimony, chastity, fidelity

Virtue [26]

Contraception [7] [5]

Human sterilization [27] [28] [29] [30] [5]

Organ donation [31] [26] Euthanasia [6] [25]
Human cloning [32] [33]
Adult stem cell research [34] [33] Embryonic stem cell and fetal research

The expression "culture of life" entered popular parlance from Pope John Paul II in the 1990s. [9] [10] He used the term in his 1991 encyclical Centesimus annus , and then more fully expanded upon it in the 1995 encyclical Evangelium vitae ("Gospel of Life"):

In our present social context, marked by a dramatic struggle between the "culture of life" and the "culture of death", there is need to develop a deep critical sense, capable of discerning true values and authentic needs. [35]

In the encyclical, the pope noted that even those who were not Catholic "can appreciate the intrinsic value of human life." [36] He also issued "a pressing appeal addressed to each and every person, in the name of God: Respect, protect, love, and serve life, every human life! Only in this direction will you find justice, development, true freedom, peace and happiness!" [36] [37]

John Paul linked this to Catholic teaching, which believes every person is created in the image and likeness of God and is intimately loved by God. [38] [39] The Church, then, must build a culture of life that values each person as a person, not for what they own, do, or produce. [40] [39] It must also protect every human life, especially those that are threatened or weak. [41] [39] The doctrine had foundations in earlier church teaching such as Pope Paul VI's 1968 encyclical Humanae vitae , [42] which articulated the Church's position defending life from conception to natural death, disapproving medical procedures harming an unborn fetus, which the Church holds to be a person with an inviolable right to life. Catholic hospitals and medical institutions will not perform such procedures.[ citation needed ]

Following the promulgation of Evangelium vitae , advocates of a culture of life founded the Culture of Life Foundation in the United States to promote the concepts behind the Pope's encyclical. [43] Pope John Paul II recognized and blessed the foundation in 1997. [44] [43]

United States politics

George W. Bush signing the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003, surrounded by members of Congress PBAsigning.jpg
George W. Bush signing the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003, surrounded by members of Congress

Evangelium vitae has been described as the Catholic academic Christopher Kaczor as the "magna carta for the pro-life movement." [36] Evangelicals and others have also adopted the phrase. [45]

Abortion

On October 3, during the 2000 U.S. presidential election campaign, then-Texas Governor George W. Bush, a Methodist, cited the term during a televised debate against then Vice President Al Gore. Bush expressed concerns that Mifepristone, then newly approved as an abortifacient pill, would encourage more women to terminate their pregnancies; whereas his goal was to make such terminations rarer:

Surely this nation can come together to promote the value of life. Surely we can fight off these laws that will encourage doctors or allow doctors to take the lives of our seniors. Sure, we can work together to create a culture of life so some of these youngsters who feel like they can take a neighbor's life with a gun will understand that that's not the way America is meant to be. [46]

Leonard Mary of The Boston Globe said that Bush had directly borrowed his language from John Paul II, viewing this as a deliberate strategic attempt to gain political support from "moderate" Catholics voters (while not coming out so strongly against abortion rights that it would alienate pro-choice voters). [36] [8] Some voters believed that only the Republican Party would build a culture of life in the United States, and this helped Bush win. [47] Some Catholics,[ who? ] criticized Bush for apparent inconsistency between his support of a culture of life and his strong support for the death penalty, which Catholic doctrine permits where there is no other means for society to protect itself. As Governor of Texas, Bush repeatedly authorized executions of convicted murderers.

Kristen Day, the executive director of Democrats for Life of America, says that "achieving a culture of life cannot be done by simply voting Republican." Day says that "to be truly pro-life, we must support a broad spectrum of issues including worker's compensation, minimum wage, and education assistance for displaced workers", [48] as well as addressing poverty, including a livable wage and health care. [49] Day says that Republicans should broaden their definition of a culture of life beyond simple opposition to abortion, and that to achieve a true culture of life that members of both parties will be needed. [50]

The 2004 Republican National Convention adopted a platform with a plank titled "Promoting a Culture of Life." [51] [16] The platform's anti-abortion stance included positions on abortion; access to healthcare despite disability, age, or infirmity; euthanasia; assisted suicide; and promoted research and resources to alleviate the pain of the terminally ill. [16]

Other issues

The phrase "culture of life" was also invoked during the Terri Schiavo case of March 2005 when the phrase was used in support of legislative and legal efforts to prolong the life of a woman in an persistent vegetative state. [52] [45] It has also been used to promote providing inexpensive medical care for people in impoverished countries. [53]

Following the Boston Marathon bombing, the Catholic bishops of Massachusetts opposed the death penalty for terrorist bomber Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, citing the need to build a culture of life. [54] In their statement, they cited a 2005 document by the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, A Culture of Life and the Penalty of Death, which said "no matter how heinous the crime, if society can protect itself without ending a human life, it should do so." [54]

A growing culture of life in the United States, one that took the protection of life more seriously, led to the rapid adoption of infant safe-haven laws in the early 2000s. [55] Under these laws, mothers can leave their newborn children in places such as hospitals, police stations and fire stations, without being criminally charged with child abandonment.

Culture of death

Pope John Paul II also used the opposing term "culture of death" in Evangelium vitae (April 1995):

In fact, while the climate of widespread moral uncertainty can in some way be explained by the multiplicity and gravity of today's social problems, and these can sometimes mitigate the subjective responsibility of individuals, it is no less true that we are confronted by an even larger reality, which can be described as a veritable structure of sin. This reality is characterized by the emergence of a culture which denies solidarity and in many cases takes the form of a veritable "culture of death". This culture is actively fostered by powerful cultural, economic and political currents which encourage an idea of society excessively concerned with efficiency. [56]

He argued that there was "a war of the powerful against the weak: a life which would require greater acceptance, love and care is considered useless, or held to be an intolerable burden, and is therefore rejected in one way or another." [56] Those who are ill, handicapped, or just simply threaten the well being or lifestyle of the more powerful thus become enemies to be eliminated. [56] John Paul said he saw this as applying both between individuals and between peoples and states. [56]

He added his belief that every time an "innocent life" is taken (dating back to the time of Cain and Abel) that it was "a violation of the ‘spiritual’ kinship uniting mankind in one great family, in which all share the same fundamental good: equal personal dignity." [36] [57] Any threat to the human person, including wars, class conflict, civil unrest, ecological recklessness, and sexual irresponsibility, should therefore be regarded in his opinion as part of the "culture of death." [36]

Without morals, Cardinal Cormac Murphy-O'Connor said, "it is the strong who decide the fate of the weak," and "human beings therefore become instruments of other human beings... We are already on that road: for what else is the termination of millions of lives in the womb since the Abortion Act was introduced, and embryo selection on the basis of gender and genes?" [58]

Wider usage

Advocates of a culture of life argue that a culture of death results in political, economic, or eugenic murder. They point to historical events like the USSR's Great Purges, the Nazi Holocaust, China's Great Leap Forward and Pol Pot's Khmer Rouge as examples of devaluation of human life taken to an extreme conclusion. The term is used by those in the consistent life ethic movement to refer to supporters of embryonic stem cell research, legalized abortion, and euthanasia. [59] [60] [61] [62] [63] [64] Some in the anti-abortion movement, such as those from the Center for Bio-Ethical Reform, have compared those in the abortion-rights movement to the perpetrators of the Nazi Holocaust. [65] They say that their opponents share the same disregard for human life. [66] [67] [68]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ In 1969, Paul VI removed the death penalty from Vatican Fundamental Law. In 1995, Pope John Paul II issued his Evangelium vitae doctrine, where he urged members of the Catholic Church to oppose executions unless they were necessary to defend others. In 2011, Pope Benedict XVI launched efforts to eliminate capital punishment completely. In 2018, Pope Francis declared capital punishment inadmissible, ending any church support for executions. [2] [3] [4]

Related Research Articles

<i>Humanae vitae</i> 1968 encyclical by Pope Paul VI

Humanae vitae is an encyclical written by Pope Paul VI and dated 25 July 1968. The text was issued at a Vatican press conference on 29 July. Subtitled On the Regulation of Birth, it re-affirmed the teaching of the Catholic Church regarding married love, responsible parenthood, and the rejection of artificial contraception. In formulating his teaching he explained why he did not accept the conclusions of the Pontifical Commission on Birth Control established by his predecessor, Pope John XXIII, a commission he himself had expanded.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith</span> Dicastery of the Roman Curia

The Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith (DDF) is a department of the Roman Curia in charge of the religious discipline of the Catholic Church. The Dicastery is the oldest among the departments of the Roman Curia. Its seat is the Palace of the Holy Office in Rome. It was founded to defend the Catholic Church from heresy and is the body responsible for promulgating and defending Catholic doctrine.

<i>Catechism of the Catholic Church</i> Summary of doctrine of the Catholic Church

The Catechism of the Catholic Church is a reference work that summarizes the Catholic Church's doctrine. It was promulgated by Pope John Paul II in 1992 as a reference for the development of local catechisms, directed primarily to those responsible for catechesis and offered as "useful reading for all other Christian faithful". It has been translated into and published in more than twenty languages worldwide.

According to Catholicism and Lutheranism, a venial sin is a lesser sin that does not result in a complete separation from God and eternal damnation in Hell as an unrepented mortal sin would. A venial sin consists in acting as one should not, without the actual incompatibility with the state of grace that a mortal sin implies; they do not break one's friendship with God, but injure it.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mortal sin</span> Sinful act which can lead to damnation

A mortal sin, in Christian theology, is a gravely sinful act which can lead to damnation if a person does not repent of the sin before death. It is alternatively called deadly, grave, and serious; the concept of mortal sin is found in both Catholicism and Lutheranism. A sin is considered to be "mortal" when its quality is such that it leads to a separation of that person from God's saving grace. Three conditions must together be met for a sin to be mortal: "Mortal sin is sin whose object is grave matter and which is also committed with full knowledge and deliberate consent." The sin against the Holy Spirit and the sins that cry to Heaven for vengeance are considered especially serious. This type of sin is distinguished from a venial sin in that the latter simply leads to a weakening of a person's relationship with God. Despite its gravity, a person can repent of having committed a mortal sin. Such repentance is the primary requisite for forgiveness and absolution.

Casti connubii is a papal encyclical promulgated by Pope Pius XI on 31 December 1930 in response to the Lambeth Conference of the Anglican Communion. It stressed the sanctity of marriage, prohibited Catholics from using any form of artificial birth control, and reaffirmed the prohibition on abortion. It also explained the authority of church doctrine on moral matters, and advocated that civil governments follow the lead of the church in this area.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Catholic Church</span> Major Christian church based in Rome

The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.378 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2021. It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a prominent role in the history and development of Western civilization. The church consists of 24 sui iuris churches, including the Latin Church and 23 Eastern Catholic Churches, which comprise almost 3,500 dioceses and eparchies located around the world. The pope, who is the bishop of Rome, is the chief pastor of the church. The Diocese of Rome, known as the Holy See, is the central governing authority of the church. The administrative body of the Holy See, the Roman Curia, has its principal offices in Vatican City, a small independent city-state and enclave within the Italian capital city of Rome, of which the pope is head of state.

Catholic social teaching (CST) is an area of Catholic doctrine which is concerned with human dignity and the common good in society. It addresses oppression, the role of the state, subsidiarity, social organization, social justice, and wealth distribution. CST's foundations are considered to have been laid by Pope Leo XIII's 1891 encyclical, Rerum novarum, which advocated distributism. Its roots can be traced to Catholic theologians such as Thomas Aquinas and Augustine of Hippo. CST is also derived from the Bible and cultures of the ancient Near East.

Evangelium vitae translated in English as 'The Gospel of Life', is a papal encyclical published on 25 March 1995 by Pope John Paul II. It is a comprehensive document setting out the teaching of the Catholic Church on the sanctity of human life and related issues including murder, abortion, euthanasia, and capital punishment, reaffirming the Church's stances on these issues in a way generally considered consistent with previous church teachings.

Natalism is an ideology that promotes the reproduction of human life as an important objective of being human and advocates high birthrate. According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, the term, as it relates to the belief itself, dates from 1971 and comes from French: nataliste, formed from French: natalité, birthrate.

The Winnipeg Statement is the Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops' statement on the papal encyclical Humanae vitae from a plenary assembly held at Saint Boniface in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Published on September 27, 1968, it is the Canadian bishops' document about rejecting Pope Paul VI's July 1968 encyclical on human life and the regulation of birth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Private revelation</span> Christian concept

In Christian theology, a private revelation is an instance of revelation, in a broader sense of the term, of divine reality to a person or persons. It contrasts with revelation intended for humanity at large, which is sometimes termed public revelation.

Catholic theology of sexuality, like Catholic theology in general, is drawn from "natural law", canonical scripture, divine revelation, and sacred tradition, as interpreted authoritatively by the magisterium of the Catholic Church. Sexual morality evaluates sexual behavior according to standards laid out by Catholic moral theology, and often provides general principles by which Catholics can evaluate whether specific actions meet these standards.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Prayer in the Catholic Church</span> Roman Catholic beliefs on Christian prayer

Prayer in the Catholic Church is "the raising of one's mind and heart to God or the requesting of good things from God." It is an act of the moral virtue of religion, which Catholic theologians identify as a part of the cardinal virtue of justice.

Catholic theology is the understanding of Catholic doctrine or teachings, and results from the studies of theologians. It is based on canonical scripture, and sacred tradition, as interpreted authoritatively by the magisterium of the Catholic Church. This article serves as an introduction to various topics in Catholic theology, with links to where fuller coverage is found.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mariological papal documents</span> Papal decrees and doctrines concerning the Virgin Mary

Mariological papal documents have been a major force that has shaped Roman Catholic Mariology over the centuries. Mariology is developed by theologians on the basis not only of Scripture and Tradition but also of the sensus fidei of the faithful as a whole, "from the bishops to the last of the faithful", and papal documents have recorded those developments, defining Marian dogmas, spreading doctrines and encouraging devotions within the Catholic Church.

The post–Vatican II history of the Catholic Church is the recent history of the Catholic Church since the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ten Commandments in Catholic theology</span> Influence of Hebrew Bible law of Moses in doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church

The Ten Commandments are series of religious and moral imperatives that are recognized as a moral foundation in several of the Abrahamic religions, including the Catholic Church. As described in the Old Testament books Exodus and Deuteronomy, the Commandments form part of a covenant offered by God to the Israelites to free them from the spiritual slavery of sin. According to the Catechism of the Catholic Church—the official exposition of the Catholic Church's Christian beliefs—the Commandments are considered essential for spiritual good health and growth, and serve as the basis for Catholic social teaching. A review of the Commandments is one of the most common types of examination of conscience used by Catholics before receiving the sacrament of Penance.

The position of the Catholic Church on capital punishment has varied throughout history, with the Church becoming significantly more critical of the practice since the early to mid-20th century. In 2018, the Catechism of the Catholic Church was revised to read that "in the light of the Gospel" the death penalty is "inadmissible because it is an attack on the inviolability and dignity of the person" and that the Catholic Church "works with determination for its abolition worldwide."

The deposit of faith is the body of revealed truth in the scriptures and sacred tradition proposed by the Roman Catholic Church for the belief of the faithful. The phrase has a similar use in the U.S. Episcopal Church for their own belief.

References

  1. ↑ Evangelium vitae.
  2. ↑ "The Church's Anti-Death Penalty Position | USCCB". Archived from the original on October 16, 2011.
  3. ↑ "Op-Ed: The Catholic Church's opposition to the death penalty began with previous popes". Los Angeles Times . August 8, 2018.
  4. ↑ "Pope Francis declares death penalty inadmissible in all cases". BBC News. August 2, 2018.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Evangelium vitae, p. 16.
  6. 1 2 Catechism of the Catholic Church (2nd ed.). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 2019. Paragraphs 2276–2279.
  7. 1 2 Humanae vitae, pp. 15–18.
  8. 1 2 3 Leonard, Mary (October 9, 2000). "Bush woos Catholics on abortion". The Boston Globe. p. 1.
  9. 1 2 Grondelski, John (June 30, 2018). "Thoughts on a Culture of Life" . Retrieved October 1, 2018.
  10. 1 2 Barry, Vincent (2011). Bioethics in a Cultural Context. Cengage Learning. p. 192. ISBN   9780495814085.
  11. ↑ George, Timothy; Guarino, Thomas G. (2015). Evangelicals and Catholics Together at Twenty: Vital Statements on Contested Topics. Brazos Press. ISBN   978-1-4934-0237-3.
  12. ↑ Goodstein, Laurie (March 24, 2005). "Schiavo Case Highlights Catholic-Evangelical Alliance". The New York Times . Retrieved August 20, 2020. ... is testament to growing alliance of conservative Roman Catholics and evangelicals who have found common cause in 'culture of life' agenda ...
  13. ↑ Rozell, M.; Whitney, G. (2007). Religion and the Bush Presidency. Springer. p. 206. ISBN   978-0-230-60735-4.
  14. ↑ Kornhaber, Spencer (August 14, 2020). "Kanye West, Political Pawn". The Atlantic . Retrieved August 20, 2020.
  15. ↑ David Masci (April 11, 2007). "The Culture War and the Coming Election". Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life.
  16. 1 2 3 "2004 Republican Party Platform: A Safer World and a More Hopeful America" (PDF). The American Presidency Project. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 24, 2015. Retrieved October 3, 2018.
  17. ↑ Kaczor, Christopher. "Build the Culture of Life". Catholic Answers. Archived from the original on November 29, 2016. Retrieved November 28, 2016.
  18. ↑ Tonti-Filippini, Nichols. "The Culture of Life". John Paul II Institute. Archived from the original on November 29, 2016. Retrieved November 28, 2016.
  19. ↑ Catechism of the Catholic Church (2nd ed.). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 2019. Paragraphs 2307–2317.
  20. ↑ Evangelium vitae, p. 27.
  21. ↑ Catechism of the Catholic Church (2nd ed.). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 2019. Paragraph 2267.
  22. ↑ Evangelium vitae, p. 56.
  23. ↑ Catechism of the Catholic Church (2nd ed.). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 2019. Paragraphs 2268–2269.
  24. ↑ Catechism of the Catholic Church (2nd ed.). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 2019. Paragraphs 2280–2283.
  25. 1 2 Evangelium vitae, p. 3.
  26. 1 2 Evangelium vitae, p. 86.
  27. ↑ Catechism of the Catholic Church (2nd ed.). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 2019. Paragraph 2399.
  28. ↑ Catechism of the Catholic Church (2nd ed.). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 2019. Paragraph 2379.
  29. ↑ Catechism of the Catholic Church (2nd ed.). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 2019. Paragraphs 2374–2375.
  30. ↑ Humanae vitae, p. 14.
  31. ↑ Catechism of the Catholic Church (2nd ed.). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 2019. Paragraph 2296.
  32. ↑ Catechism of the Catholic Church (2nd ed.). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 2019. Paragraph 2378.
  33. 1 2 "Culture of Life". United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
  34. ↑ United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (2008). United States Catechism for Adults. USCCB Publishing. pp. 392–393. ISBN   978-1-57455-450-2.
  35. ↑ John Paul II. "Evangelium vitae". Libreria Editrice Vaticana. Archived from the original on February 12, 2015.
  36. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Kaczor, Christopher (October 1, 2006). "Build the Culture of Life". Catholic Answers. Retrieved September 18, 2018.
  37. ↑ Evangelium vitae, p. 5.
  38. ↑ Evangelium vitae, p. 2.
  39. 1 2 3 "What is the Culture of Life?". Archdiocese of Hobart. Retrieved September 18, 2018.
  40. ↑ Evangelium vitae, p. 23.
  41. ↑ Evangelium vitae, p. 77.
  42. ↑ "HUMANAE VITAE OF THE SUPREME PONTIFF". Archived from the original on March 3, 2011.
  43. 1 2 "History". Culture of Life Fondation. Retrieved September 18, 2018.
  44. ↑ Fox, Renée Claire; Swazey, Judith P. (2008). Observing Bioethics. Oxford University Press. p. 319. ISBN   9780195365559.
  45. 1 2 Goodstein, Laurie (March 24, 2005). "Schiavo Case Highlights Catholic-Evangelical Alliance". New York Times. Retrieved January 8, 2019.
  46. ↑ "Presidential Candidates Debates: "Presidential Debate in Boston"". The American Presidency Project. Archived from the original on November 28, 2016. Retrieved November 28, 2016.
  47. ↑ Day 2006, p. 386.
  48. ↑ Day 2006, p. 385.
  49. ↑ Day 2006, p. 395.
  50. ↑ Day 2006, p. 387.
  51. ↑ Kirkpatrick, David D. (August 25, 2004). "THE 2004 CAMPAIGN: THE REPUBLICAN AGENDA; Draft G.O.P. Platform Backs Bush on Security, Gay Marriage and Immigration". New York Times. Retrieved October 3, 2018.
  52. ↑ Hanson, Mark J. "Culture of Life, Culture of Death" (PDF). University of Montana.
  53. ↑ Rajkumar, Rahul (May 26, 2005). "CAFTA will hurt people with HIV". The Boston Globe. Retrieved October 3, 2018.
  54. 1 2 Ransom, Jan; Tempera, Jacqueline (May 18, 2015). "Religious leaders conflicted on death penalty". Boston Globe. Retrieved October 5, 2018.
  55. ↑ Sanger, Carol (May 2006). "Infant Safe Haven Laws: Legislating in the Culture of Life". Columbia Law Review. 106 (4).
  56. 1 2 3 4 Evangelium vitae, p. 12.
  57. ↑ Evangelium vitae, pp. 7–8.
  58. ↑ Pook, Sally (March 28, 2005). "Cardinal attacked over abortion link to Nazi eugenics". The Telegraph.
  59. ↑ Dennehy, Raymond. "Liberal Democracy as a Culture of Death: Why John Paul II Was Right" (PDF). IgnatiusInsight.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 17, 2017. Retrieved November 28, 2016.
  60. ↑ Blanke, Hermann-Josef; Villalón, Pedro Cruz; Klein, Tonio; Ziller, Jacques (2015). Common European Legal Thinking. Springer. pp. 391–402. ISBN   9783319193007.
  61. ↑ Smith, Wesley J. (2000). Culture of Death: The Assault on Medical Ethics in America . Encounter Books. ISBN   9781893554061.
  62. ↑ Watson, Bradley C. S. (2002). Courts and the Culture Wars. Lexington Books. pp. 45–62. ISBN   9780739104156.
  63. ↑ Pasquini, John J. (2003). Pro-Life: Defending the Culture of Life Against the Culture of Death. iUniverse. ISBN   9780595297795.
  64. ↑ Dietrich, David R. (2014). Rebellious Conservatives: Social Movements in Defense of Privilege. Springer. pp. 155–165. ISBN   9781137429186.
  65. ↑ "College Campus Outreach". Archived from the original on January 4, 2007.
  66. ↑ Dowbiggin, Ian (2003). A Merciful End: The Euthanasia Movement in Modern America. Oxford University Press. p. i-xix. ISBN   9780198035152.
  67. ↑ Hartman, Andrew (2015). A War for the Soul of America. University of Chicago Press. p. 155. ISBN   9780226254647.
  68. ↑ Slane, Andrea (2001). A Not So Foreign Affair. Duke University Press. p. 80. ISBN   9780822380849.

Bibliography

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.