Conservative liberalism

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Conservative liberalism, also referred to as right-liberalism, [1] [2] is a variant of liberalism combining liberal values and policies with conservative stances, or simply representing the right wing of the liberal movement. [3] In the case of modern conservative liberalism, scholars sometimes see it as a more positive and less radical variant of classical liberalism; it is also referred to as an individual tradition that distinguishes it from classical liberalism and social liberalism. [4] [5] Conservative liberal parties tend to combine economically liberal policies with more traditional stances and personal beliefs on social and ethical issues.[ specify ] [6] Ordoliberalism is an influential component of conservative-liberal thought, particularly in its German, British, Canadian, French, Italian, and American manifestations. [7]

Contents

In general, liberal conservatism and conservative liberalism have different philosophical roots. Historically, liberal conservatism refers mainly to the case where conservatives embrace the elements of classical liberalism, and conservative liberalism refers to classical liberals who support a laissez-faire economy as well as socially conservative principles (for instance, Christian family values). Since classical liberal institutions were gradually accepted by conservatives, there is very little to distinguish liberal conservatives from conservative liberals. [8] Neoconservatism has also been identified as an ideological relative or twin to conservative liberalism, [9] and some similarities exist also between conservative liberalism and national liberalism. [10] [11]

Overview

Alexis de Tocqueville had a profound influence on modern conservative-liberal philosophy. Alexis de tocqueville cropped.jpg
Alexis de Tocqueville had a profound influence on modern conservative-liberal philosophy.

Conservative liberalism emerged in late 18th-century France and the United Kingdom, when the moderate bourgeoisie supported the monarchy within the liberal camp. Representatively, Doctrinaires, which existed during the Bourbon Restoration was a representative conservative-liberal party. [12] Radicalism, the leftward flank of liberalism during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that is referred to as classical radicalism, emerged as an opposition against the moderateness of these conservative liberals. Whiggism, or Whig liberalism, in the United Kingdom also forms early conservative liberalism and is distinguished from the Radicals (radical liberalism). [13]

Raymond Aron is known as Jean-Paul Sartre's "great intellectual opponent". Raymond Aron (1966).jpg
Raymond Aron is known as Jean-Paul Sartre's "great intellectual opponent".

According to Robert Kraynak, a professor at Colgate University, rather than "following progressive liberalism (i.e. social liberalism), conservative liberals draw upon pre-modern sources, such as classical philosophy (with its ideas of virtue, the common good, and natural rights), Christianity (with its ideas of natural law, the social nature of man, and original sin), and ancient institutions (such as common law, corporate bodies, and social hierarchies). This gives their liberalism a conservative foundation. It means following Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, St. Augustine, St. Thomas Aquinas, and Edmund Burke rather than Locke or Kant; it usually includes a deep sympathy for the politics of the Greek polis , the Roman Republic, and Christian monarchies. But, as realists, conservative liberals acknowledge that classical and medieval politics cannot be restored in the modern world. And, as moralists, they see that the modern experiment in liberty and self-government has the positive effect of enhancing human dignity as well as providing an opening (even in the midst of mass culture) for transcendent longings for eternity. At its practical best, conservative liberalism promotes ordered liberty under God and establishes constitutional safeguards against tyranny. It shows that a regime of liberty based on traditional morality and classical-Christian culture is an achievement we can be proud of, rather than merely defensive about, as trustees of Western civilization." [15]

In the European context, conservative liberalism should not be confused with liberal conservatism, which is a variant of conservatism combining conservative views with liberal policies in regards to the economy, social and ethical issues. [6] The roots of conservative liberalism are to be found at the beginning of the history of liberalism. Until the two world wars, the political class in most European countries from Germany to Italy was formed by conservative liberals. The events such as World War I occurring after 1917 brought the more radical version of classical liberalism to a more conservative (i.e. more moderate) type of liberalism. [16] Conservative liberal parties have tended to develop in those European countries where there was no strong secular conservative party and where the separation of church and state was less of an issue. In those countries, where the conservative parties were Christian democratic, this conservative brand of liberalism developed. [3]

Political stance

Wilhelm Ropke was representative of ordoliberalism and president of the Mont Pelerin Society from 1961 to 1962. Wilhelm Ropke.jpg
Wilhelm Röpke was representative of ordoliberalism and president of the Mont Pelerin Society from 1961 to 1962.

Conservative liberalism is generally a liberal ideology that contrasts with social liberalism. [17] Conservative liberalism, along with social liberalism and classical liberalism, is mentioned as the main liberal ideology of European politics. [5] While there are conservative liberals who are located on the right-wing political position, liberal conservatism is often used to describe liberalism close to the political centre to the centre-right of the political spectrum. [18] [19]

Social, classical and conservative liberalism

Social liberalism is a combination of economic Keynesianism and cultural liberalism. Classical liberalism is economic liberalism that partially embraces cultural liberalism. Conservative liberalism is an ideology that highlights the conservative aspect of liberalism, so it can appear in a somewhat different form depending on the local reality. Conservative liberalism refers to ideologies that show relatively conservative tendencies within the liberal camp, so it has some relative meaning. In the United States, conservative liberals mean de facto classical liberals; [20] in Europe, Christian democrats and ordoliberals can also be included. Christian democracy is a mainstream European conservative ideology, so there are cases where it supports free markets, such as Röpke. [21]

By country

France

Alexis de Tocqueville and Adolphe Thiers were representative French conservative liberals. [22] [23] They were classified as centre-left liberals (progressive-Orléanists) during the July Monarchy alone; [24] [25] after the French Revolution of 1848, the now French Second Republic entered and they were relegated to conservative liberals.[ citation needed ]

Germany

Before World War II, conservative liberalism or right-liberalism (German : Rechtsliberalismus) was often used in a similar sense to national-liberalism (German : Nationalliberalismus). National Liberal Party during the German Empire and German People's Party during the Weimar Republic are representative. "Right-liberalism" and "national liberalism" are used in similar meanings in Germany.[ citation needed ] According to the German Wikipedia, most of the national liberals during the Weimar Republic joined the CDU, a liberal-conservative party. For this reason, the terms "conservative liberalism" are not often used in Germany.[ citation needed ]

Ordoliberalism is more a variant of conservative liberalism than classical liberalism, which is economic liberalism that embraces cultural liberalism, or social liberalism, in principle because it is influenced by the notion of social justice based on traditional Catholic teachings. After the war, Germany pursued economic growth based on the social market economy, which is deeply related to ordoliberalism. [21]

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, David Hume, Adam Smith, and Edmund Burke have been identified as conservative liberals. [26]

United States

In the United States, liberal usually refers to a social liberal form. As such, those referred to as conservative liberals in Europe are often simply referred to as conservatives in the United States. Milton Friedman and Irving Kristol are mentioned as representative conservative liberal scholars. [20] [27]

Political scientists evaluate all politicians in the United States as liberals in the academic sense. [28] In general, rather than the Democratic Party, which is close to social liberalism, the Republican Party is evaluated as a conservative-liberal party. [29] In the case of the Democratic Party, the Blue Dog Coalition is evaluated as close to conservative-liberal in fiscal policy, [30] and as moderate to liberal on cultural issues. [31] Unlike classical liberals, conservative liberals in Europe, such as Finland's Centre Party, sometimes criticize cultural liberalism. [32]

American neoconservatives might be classified as conservative liberals according to Peter Lawler, a professor at Berry College, who argued:

[I]n America today, responsible liberals—who are usually called neoconservatives—see that liberalism depends on human beings who are somewhat child-centered, patriotic, and religious. These responsible liberals praise these non-individualistic human propensities in an effort to shore up liberalism. One of their slogans is "conservative sociology with liberal politics." The neoconservatives recognize that the politics of free and rational individuals depends upon a pre-political social world that is far from free and rational as a whole. [33]

Notable thinkers

List of conservative-liberal parties or parties with conservative-liberal factions

Current parties

Historical parties

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The LDP was described as a liberal or conservative-liberal party in the 1990s and prior to the 1990s, and was described as a liberal-conservative before the Second Abe Cabinet. Since 2012, the LDP has been controversial due to its relations to ultranationalism and neo-fascism. Major LDP members are linked to the far-right Nippon Kaigi. [66] [67]

References

  1. ↑ Keith L. Nelson, ed. (2019). The Making of Détente: Soviet-American Relations in the Shadow of Vietnam. JHU Press. ISBN   978-1421436210. ... and even today our political parties can most appropriately be described as "right liberal" (those who fear government) and "left liberal" (those who fear concentrated wealth).2 This does not mean, however, that individual American ...
  2. ↑ Paul Orlowski, ed. (2011). Teaching About Hegemony: Race, Class and Democracy in the 21st Century. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 110. ISBN   978-9400714182. This pull-yourself-up-by-the-bootstraps idea is part of the conservative and right liberal ideologies.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 M. Gallagher, M. Laver and P. Mair, Representative Government in Europe, p. 221.
  4. ↑ R.T. Allen, Beyond Liberalism, p. 2.
  5. 1 2 Emilie van Haute; Caroline Close, eds. (2019). Liberal Parties in Europe. Routledge. p. 326.
  6. 1 2 "Content". Parties and Elections in Europe. 2020. Retrieved 23 June 2023. Liberal conservatism: Liberal conservative parties combine conservative policies with more liberal stances on social and ethical issues.
  7. ↑ Kenneth Dyson (2021). "Introduction". In Kenneth Dyson (ed.). Conservative Liberalism, Ordo-liberalism, and the State: Discipling Democracy and the Market. Oxford University Press. p. 5. ISBN   978-0-19-885428-9.
  8. ↑ Johnston, Larry (2007). Politics: An Introduction to the Modern Democratic State (3rd ed.). Peterborough, Ont.: University of Toronto Press. pp. 154–155. ISBN   978-1442600409.
  9. ↑ Roger Scruton. "Liberal Conservatism, Not Conservative Liberalism" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 October 2017. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
  10. ↑ Telos. Telos Press. 1998. p. 72.
  11. ↑ Shannan Lorraine Mattiace, ed. (1998). Peasant and Indian: Political Identity and Indian Autonomy in Chiapas, Mexico, 1970–1996. University of Texas at Austin.
  12. ↑ Robert Tombs, ed. (2014). France 1814–1914. Routledge. ISBN   978-1317871439. ... The conservative liberal Doctrinaires argued that the classe moyenne (their preferred term) was the representative part of the nation, and could legitimately govern on behalf of all. All this placed the idea of class at the centre of ...
  13. ↑ Efraim Podoksik, ed. (2013). In Defence of Modernity: Vision and Philosophy in Michael Oakeshott. Imprint Academic. p. 14. ISBN   9781845404680. ... For Whig liberalism is also known as 'conservative liberalism' ...
  14. ↑ The New York Times Book Review. New York Times Company. 1986. p. 1. ISBN   978-1317755098. ... a friend and philosophical colleague of both Sartre and Sartre's great intellectual opponent, Raymond Aron. ...
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  17. ↑ Hans Slomp, ed. (2011). Europe, A Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 107. ISBN   978-0313391811. Although businesspeople are more inclined to conservative liberalism, professionals and intellectuals constitute the backbone of social liberalism.
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  19. 1 2 3 Emilie van Haute; Caroline Close, eds. (2019). Liberal Parties in Europe. Routledge. pp. 338–339.
  20. 1 2 3 David Cayla, ed. (2021). Populism and Neoliberalism. Routledge. p. 62. ISBN   978-1000366709. He demonstrates that the concept of "neoliberalism" did not emerge in the American context and that it was thereby not invented to distinguish Paul Krugman's left-wing liberalism from Milton Friedman's conservative liberalism.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 Kenneth Dyson, ed. (2021). Conservative Liberalism, Ordo-liberalism, and the State: Disciplining Democracy and the Market. Oxford University Press.
  22. 1 2 Martin Fitzpatrick; Peter Jones, eds. (2017). The Reception of Edmund Burke in Europe. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN   978-1350012554. ... If Burke is a liberal conservative, Tocqueville is a conservative liberal.49 Bénéton then silently excludes French liberalism from conservatism, and concentrates on a definition of a genuine conservatism proceeding from the ...
  23. 1 2 Andrew Cleveland Gould, ed. (1992). Politicians, Peasants and Priests: Conditions for the Emergence of Liberal Dominance in Western Europe, 1815–1914. University of California. p. 82. Conservative liberal Adolphe Thiers , advocate of peace and liberal opposition leader under ...
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  25. ↑ Agulhon, Maurice (1983). The Republican Experiment, 1848–1852. Cambridge University Press. p. 135.
  26. 1 2 3 4 Klein, Daniel B. (1 March 2021). "Conservative liberalism: Hume, Smith, and Burke as policy liberals and polity conservatives". Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization. 183: 861–873. doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2020.11.021. ISSN   0167-2681. S2CID   233880111.
  27. 1 2 Otis L. Graham Jr., ed. (1976). Toward a Planned Society: From Roosevelt to Nixon. Oxford University Press. p. 1911. ISBN   978-0199923212. The journal The Public Interest in recent years has published notable essays by the skeptics of the planning and Planning impulse, by conservative liberal writers like Aaron Wildavsky, James O. Wilson, and Irving Kristol.
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  29. ↑ Slomp 2011, p.  107.
  30. ↑ Educating for Social Justice: Field Notes from Rural Communities. Brill. 2020. p. 93. ISBN   978-9004432864. It is entirely feasible that a Liberal, for example, might hold Conservative views when it comes to financial policy (a fiscally conservative liberal—or "blue dog Democrat").
  31. ↑ "Centrist Democrats are back. But these are not your father's Blue Dogs". Christian Science Monitor . 4 June 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2021. Progressives like Mr. Lawson disagree; he says many Blue Dogs today use socially liberal views to win support from Democratic voters, despite the fact that on economic matters they represent corporate interests.
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  34. ↑ Kansas State College of Pittsburg, ed. (1945). The Educational Leader. Kansas State College. p. 67. The greatest leader of the English Liberal Party in the last century, William E. Gladstone, was in principle and practice a conservative liberal. As leader of the party from 1868 to 1894, he was directly ...
  35. ↑ Paul Kelly, ed. (2005). Liberalism. Polity. p. 71. ISBN   978-0745632902. Conservative liberal critics of social justice, such as Friedrich Hayek, have sought to reject precisely this distinction.
  36. ↑ In Defense of Decadent Europe. Transaction Publishers. 1996. p. XI. ISBN   978-1412826044. ... Aron was a conservative liberal who appreciated that a true affirmation of political liberty required the ...
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  43. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Parties and Elections in Europe".
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  112. ↑ Jerzy Szacki (1994). Liberalism After Communism . Central European University Press. p.  182. ISBN   978-1858660165.
  113. ↑ Dariusz Skrzypinski (2016). "Patterns of Recruitment of Polish Candidates in the 2014 European Parliament Elections". In Ruxandra Boicu; Silvia Branea; Adriana Stefanel (eds.). Political Communication and European Parliamentary Elections in Times of Crisis: Perspectives from Central and South-Eastern Europe. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 245. ISBN   978-1137585912.
  114. ↑ Nyagulov, Blagovest (2014). Early Socialism in the Balkans: Ideas and Practices in Serbia, Romania and Bulgaria. Vol. 2. Brill. p. 232.{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  115. ↑ Jacques Rupnik; Jan Zielonka (2003). The Road to the European Union. Manchester University Press. p. 52. ISBN   978-0719065972.
  116. ↑ "Three conservative opposition parties, 'President Roh, apologize for canceling his pledge to relocate the office to Gwanghwamun'. (Korean)". views&news. 8 January 2019. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
  117. ↑ Slomp 2011, p.  518.
  118. ↑ Slomp 2011, p.  489.

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