Forza Italia (2013)

Last updated

Forza Italia
AbbreviationFI
Secretary Antonio Tajani
Founder Silvio Berlusconi
Founded16 November 2013;10 years ago (2013-11-16)
Preceded by The People of Freedom
HeadquartersPiazza San Lorenzo in Lucina 4, Rome
NewspaperIl Mattinale
Student wing Studenti per le Libertà
Youth wing Forza Italia Giovani
Women's wing Azzurro Donna
Membership (2024)110,000 [1]
Ideology
Political position Centre-right
National affiliation Centre-right coalition
European affiliation European People's Party
European Parliament group European People's Party
Colours  Azure
Chamber of Deputies
44 / 400
Senate
19 / 200
European Parliament
11 / 76
Regional Councils
71 / 896
Conference of Regions
5 / 21
Website
www.forzaitalia.it OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg

Forza Italia [nb 1] (transl. "Forward Italy", [2] [3] "Come on Italy" or "Let's go Italy"; [4] [5] FI) is a centre-right [6] [7] political party in Italy, whose ideology includes elements of liberal conservatism, [8] [9] [10] Christian democracy, [8] [11] liberalism [12] [13] and populism. [14] [15] [16] FI is a member of the European People's Party. Silvio Berlusconi (former Prime Minister of Italy, 1994–1995, 2001–2006, and 2008–2011) was the party's leader and president until his death in 2023. The party has since been led by Antonio Tajani (former President of the European Parliament, 2017–2019), who had been vice president and coordinatior and now functions as secretary. Other leading members include Elisabetta Casellati (former President of the Senate, 2018–2022).

Contents

The party branched out of the People of Freedom (PdL) in 2013, and is a revival of the original Forza Italia (FI), founded in 1994 and disbanded in 2009, when it was merged with National Alliance (AN) and several minor parties to form the PdL. FI is a smaller party than the early PdL, [17] which suffered three significant splits: Future and Freedom in 2010, Brothers of Italy in 2012, and the New Centre-Right in 2013. In the 2018 general election FI was overtaken by the League as the largest party of the centre-right coalition, and in the 2022 general election it became the third largest in the coalition, as Brothers of Italy (FdI) became the new dominant party of the Italian centre-right.

After participating in the national unity government led by Mario Draghi, in October 2022 FI joined the government majority of the Meloni Cabinet with five ministers, including Tajani as deputy prime minister and foreign affairs minister.

History

Background and foundation

The new FI, announced in June 2013, [18] [19] was launched on 18 September [20] [21] [22] [23] and the PdL was formally dissolved into the party on 16 November. [24] The day before a group of dissidents (mainly Christian democrats), led by Berlusconi's former protégé Angelino Alfano, had broken away by announcing the foundation of the alternative New Centre-Right (NCD). [25] Another group of PdL members, led by former mayor of Rome Gianni Alemanno, had left the party earlier to form Italy First and would later join Brothers of Italy (FdI). [26] According to Berlusconi, the PdL would become a coalition of centre-right parties, including the new FI, Lega Nord (LN), the NCD, the FdI, etc. [27]

Among the supporters of the return to FI, the so-called "hawks" [28] and self-proclaimed "loyalists", [29] a leading role was played by Raffaele Fitto, who, despite the common Christian-democratic background, was a long-time rival of Alfano. Loyalists included Antonio Martino, Renato Brunetta, Denis Verdini, Mariastella Gelmini, Mara Carfagna, Daniela Santanchè, Niccolò Ghedini and Daniele Capezzone, while Maurizio Gasparri, Altero Matteoli and Paolo Romani tried to mediate, but finally joined the new FI. [30] [31] The symbol of FI made its return in the 2013 Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol provincial elections, although in a regional fashion: "Forza Trentino" [32] and "Forza Alto Adige" (in list with Lega Nord Alto Adige – Südtirol). [33]

On 27 November, the Senate approved Berlusconi's expulsion, [34] following the leader's conviction for tax evasion in August, when Berlusconi was sentenced to four years of imprisonment, the last three being automatically pardoned. [35] The day before FI had joined the opposition to Enrico Letta's government, [36] which was still supported by Alfano's NCD instead. The latter voted against Berlusconi's expulsion, [37] [38] but since then completely parted ways from FI.

Internal struggles and Toti's rise

As of the end of December 2013, Berlusconi was set to appoint two vice presidents: Antonio Tajani (European Commissioner and vice president of the European People's Party) and Giovanni Toti (former editor of Studio Aperto and TG4, [39] two news programs of Berlusconi's Mediaset). [40] As a result of the resentment by the party's old guard, notably including Fitto, on the alleged appointment of Toti also as coordinator-at-large, Berlusconi appointed him merely "political counselor" to the party. [41] [42]

Silvio Berlusconi in 2018 Silvio Berlusconi - Trento 2018 04.jpg
Silvio Berlusconi in 2018

In the 2014 European Parliament election, FI obtained 16.8% of the vote and had 13 MEPs elected, including Toti in the North-West, Elisabetta Gardini in the North-East, Tajani (who had first been elected to the European Parliament in 1994) in the Centre and, most notably, Fitto (who garnered more than 180,000 votes in his native Apulia alone) in the South. [43]

Fitto, the strongest backer of Berlusconi's leadership in late 2013, became his main internal challenger by mid 2014. After months of bickering with Berlusconi over the so-called "Nazareno pact" with Matteo Renzi, leader of the Democratic Party and Prime Minister, in February 2015, Fitto launched his own faction, named "Rebuilders". [44] Fitto's supporters included Capezzone, Maurizio Bianconi, Rocco Palese, Saverio Romano, Cinzia Bonfrisco, Augusto Minzolini and most Apulian MPs. [45]

In September 2014, FI was admitted into the European People's Party (EPP), inheriting the PdL's membership. [46]

2015 regional elections and splits

In the run-up of the 2015 regional elections, the party was riven in internal disputes and was divided mainly in three groups: Berlusconi's loyalists, Fitto's "Rebuilders" and nostalgics of the "Nazareno pact". [47] [48] The latter were led by Verdini and some of them, notably including Bondi, were openly pro-Renzi. [49] [50] Bondi, a former Berlusconi loyalist, and his partner Manuela Repetti left the party in March, [51] [52] while other disgruntled Verdiniani propped up the government from time to time. Berlusconi chose Toti as candidate for president in Liguria, confirmed incumbent Stefano Caldoro as the party's standard-bearer in Campania and renewed their support of LN's Luca Zaia in Veneto. [53] However, Berlusconi and Fitto did not find an agreement on the composition of the slates in Apulia, where the two wings of the party fielded two opposing candidates for president, [54] [55] [56] and similar problems arose in Tuscany, [57] Verdini's (and Renzi's) home region and stronghold.

Two weeks before the elections, Fitto left FI and the European People's Party group in the European Parliament in order to join the European Conservatives and Reformists and start his own party, the Conservatives and Reformists (CR). [58] [59] By mid July, when CR was formally established as a party, nine deputies, ten senators and another MEP had left FI to follow Fitto. [60] [61] [62] [63]

In the elections, the party lost many votes, mainly to the LN, and gained more than 10% only in three regions out seven (including Apulia, where the party's candidate did worse than Fitto's one, while, in Veneto, a former stronghold, FI barely reached 6%), but, thanks to the LN's strong showing, Toti was elected President of Liguria.

Another split occurred in late July, when Verdini led his group out of the party and launched the Liberal Popular Alliance (ALA). [64] [65] [66]

Toward a new centre-right coalition

Antonio Tajani, President of the European Parliament from 2017 to 2019 EPP Summit, Brussels, March 2017 (32497344774).jpg
Antonio Tajani, President of the European Parliament from 2017 to 2019

In the 2016 Milan municipal election, FI found a strong candidate for mayor in Stefano Parisi, a former director-general of Confindustria and CEO of Fastweb, who pulled the party to 20.2% (virtually double than the LN's score), but however narrowly lost to his Democratic opponent in the run-off, Giuseppe Sala. After the election, FI was basically divided in two camps: one led by Parisi, who did not officially joined the party and proposed a more traditional centre-right "liberal-popular" path, and the other led by Toti, who had formed a strong partnership with Roberto Maroni and Luca Zaia, the LN's presidents of Lombardy and Veneto, and was supportive of a full-scale alliance with LN and, possibly, of its leader Matteo Salvini's bid to become the leader of the centre-right coalition. [67] [68] [69] In November, when it was clear that Parisi would not come to terms with Salvini, Berlusconi disowned Parisi, [70] [71] who responded by launching his own Energies for Italy (EpI) party. [72] [73] [74]

Since then, the party has strengthened its position in parliament, thanks to an influx of MPs from other parties, including several returning after years of dissent. In August 2016, the party was re-joined by two senators, including Renato Schifani from the NCD and another from the ALA. In November came Mario Mauro and his Populars for Italy (PpI). [75] Since June 2017, the party was joined by three deputies and one senator from Popular Alternative (AP, ex-NCD), one deputy and one senator from the Mixed Group (ex-Five Star Movement, M5S), one deputy from Direction Italy (DI, ex-CR), one from Solidary Democracy (Demo.S), one from Act! (F!, ex-LN) and two senators from the ALA. [76] [75] Particularly, Enrico Costa left AP and resigned from minister of Regional Affairs in Paolo Gentiloni's centre-left government, [77] aiming at forming a "liberal centre" with FI. [78] In the context of a more united centre-right, Costa might form the "fourth leg" of the coalition, after the LN, FI and the FdI, by uniting other AP splinters, DI, F!, Identity and Action (IdeA), the Italian Liberal Party (PLI), the Union of the Centre (UdC), and the Pensioners' Party (PP), [79] [80] [81] all variously affiliated with FI and the centre-right. Not all FI members were happy with all that; in fact, two senators and one deputy, Daniela Santanchè, switched to the FdI. [82]

In January 2017, Antonio Tajani was elected President of the European Parliament, the first Italian since Emilio Colombo (1977–1979).

2018 general and 2019 European Parliament elections

In the 2018 general election, FI obtained 14.0% of the vote and was overtaken by the LN for the first time as the largest party of the centre-right. After the election, long-time FI senator Elisabetta Casellati, was appointed President of the Senate, with centre-right's and M5S' support. After months of negotiations, the centre-right fragmented as the LN chose to team up with the M5S and formed a yellow-green government, also dubbed as Government of Change, under Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte.

In July, Berlusconi appointed Tajani, who had been previously tipped as candidate for Prime Minister in the run-up of the 2018 general election, [83] vice president and Adriano Galliani coordinator of departments, [84] [85] [86] in an effort to restructure the party, which was shrinking in opinion polls.

2019 European Parliament election and internal developments

Berlusconi at the European People's Party Congress in 2019 Berlusconi at the EPP Zagreb Congress.jpg
Berlusconi at the European People's Party Congress in 2019

Berlusconi decided to run in the 2019 European Parliament election as FI's top candidate in all Italian constituencies, except for central Italy. [87] [88] In the election, FI received only 8.8% of the vote, its worst result ever. Berlusconi was one of the party's elected representatives to the European Parliament, and the oldest member of the assembly. [89]

In June, Berlusconi appointed Toti and Carfagna national coordinators, with the goal of reforming and relaunching the party. [90] However, after a few weeks, Toti left the party in opposition to Berlusconi [91] and launched Cambiamo!. [92] One of the main reasons for the split was Toti's support of an alliance with the League and the Brothers of Italy (FdI) at national-level, about which Berlusconi was reticent and Carfagna against. [92] [93] [94]

Draghi's national unity government

In January 2021, Conte's second government fell after losing support from Matteo Renzi's Italia Viva party. [95] Subsequently, President Mattarella appointed Mario Draghi to form a cabinet, [96] which won support from FI, the League, [97] the PD [98] and the M5S. [99] FI was given three ministers in the new government: Renato Brunetta at Public Administration, Mariastella Gelmini at Regional Affairs and Mara Carfagna at the South.

In July 2022 the M5S did not participate in a Senate's confidence vote on a government bill. Prime Minister Draghi offered his resignation, which was rejected by President Mattarella. [100] After a few days, Draghi sought a confidence vote again to secure the government majority supporting his cabinet, while rejecting the proposal put forward by Lega and FI of a new government without the M5S. [101] In that occasion, FI as well as the M5S, Lega and FdI, did not participate in the vote. [102] Consequently, Draghi tendered his final resignation to President Mattarella, who dissolved the houses of Parliament, leading to a snap election. [103] [104] The party's abstention led some leading members of FI, notably including the three ministers Brunetta, Gelmini and Carfagna, to leave the party. [105] [106] [107]

Meloni government and Berlusconi's death

In the 2022 general election, FI, which was part of the winning centre-right coalition, won 8.1% of the vote, compared to FdI's 26.0% and the League's 8.8%. As a result, Giorgia Meloni, leader of FdI, accepted the task of forming a new government and announced the Meloni Cabinet, which assumed official functions after each ministers were sworn in on 22 October. [108] [109] FI joined the new government with five ministers, notably including Tajani as deputy prime minister and minister of Foreign Affairs. [110]

On 12 June 2023 Berlusconi died, [111] leaving the party's future in uncertainty. [112] [113] The Italian government, led by Meloni, proclaimed a national day of mourning for the day of the funeral, also ordering that flags be flown half mast for three days. [114] On 14 June, Berlusconi's state funeral was officiated in the Ambrosian Rite in the Milan Cathedral by Mario Delpini, the Archbishop of Milan; the funeral was attended, among others, by President Mattarella, Meloni and the entire government, as well as opposition leaders and foreign heads of state or government. [115]

A few days after Berlusconi's death, the party announced that a national council would be summoned before the end of summer in order to appoint an acting president and determine the road map toward the national congress that would elect the new party's leadership. [116]

Leadership of Tajani and 2024 EP election

In July 2023 the party's national council amended the party's statute by removing the post of president, which would be forever associated with Berlusconi (including in the party's symbol), and introducing the post of secretary. Contextually, Tajani was unanimously elected secretary. [117]

In February 2024 the party held its first national congress. Tajani was unanimously re-elected secretary, along with four deputy secretaries (Stefano Benigni, Deborah Bergamini, Alberto Cirio and Roberto Occhiuto), while Renato Schifani was appointed president of the national council. [118] [119] [120]

In the run-up of the 2024 European Parliament election FI formed a joint list with Us Moderates, [121] was endorsed by Coraggio Italia, [122] the Movement for Autonomy, [123] several minor or local Christian-democratic groups, [124] the Transnational Radical Party [125] and, partially, the Italian Liberal Party, [126] welcomed a candidate of the Sardinian Reformers, [127] and signed an electoral pact with the South Tyrolean People's Party. [128] Additionally, a number of former members of Lega Nord, notably including Flavio Tosi (former leader of Liga Veneta, now leader of FI in Veneto), Alessandro Sorte (leader of FI in Lombardy), Roberto Cota (former president of Piedmont), Marco Reguzzoni (former floor leader of Lega Nord in the Chamber of Deputies), Massimiliano Bastoni (former member of Lega Nord's right-wing and leading Padanian nationalist), Matteo Gazzini (outgoing MEP and leader of FI in South Tyrol) and Stefania Zambelli (outgoing MEP), formed, within the party, a coalition named "Forza Nord". [129]

Ideology and factions

FI's ideology is similar to that of its predecessor, The People of Freedom (PdL), a big tent centre-right party including Christian democrats, liberals, conservatives, and social democrats. FI presents itself as a "liberal", "Catholic", "reformist", and "moderate" alternative to the political left in alliance with the political right [130] [131] [132] but not rightist itself. [133] The PdL's break-up and the exit of the New Centre-Right (NCD) left FI with a more liberal base. Generally speaking, with the long-prepared return to FI, Berlusconi aimed at returning to the party's "liberal roots"; in doing so, he reinforced his ties with those liberals, like Antonio Martino, who had been marginalised in the PdL, [134] while losing many of its Christian democrats and conservatives to the NCD. After NCD's internal struggles, its transformation into Popular Alternative (AP) and several splits, some NCD conservatives have returned to FI. In 2015, FI lost several liberal MPs, who formed the Liberal Popular Alliance in support to Matteo Renzi's cabinet.

FI includes several factions and ideological trends. The party's leading faction was long not an organised one: named the "magic circle" by journalists (a reference to a defunct faction within Lega Nord), it was composed of Berlusconi's closest allies, notably including Giovanni Toti, Mariarosaria Rossi, Deborah Bergamini, and Francesca Pascale (Berlusconi's partner). [135] [136] Since being elected President of Liguria in 2015, Toti became more autonomous from Berlusconi and more and more a strong supporter of closer ties with Lega Nord. [137] [138] In 2018, Toti lost the title of "political counselor" (the closest thing to a number two so far) and Berlusconi appointed Antonio Tajani as vice president. In 2019, Toti finally left the party. [91] [92]

Berlusconi with then FI's leaders in the Parliament, Mariastella Gelmini and Anna Maria Bernini Berlusconi Gelmini Bernini.jpg
Berlusconi with then FI's leaders in the Parliament, Mariastella Gelmini and Anna Maria Bernini

On social issues, most FI politicians are conservative, even though a minority of them can be considered liberal. According to an article from Corriere della Sera , on the so-called "ethical issues" like abortion and LGBT rights, the party aimed at returning to its 1994's original values, including "liberalism, the socialist roots, even the radical component", respected its MPs' "freedom of conscience", and was open to civil unions, while NCD's positions were "closer to those of the European traditionalist right". [139] In October 2014, Berlusconi personally endorsed Renzi's proposals on civil unions for gays and a quicker path to citizenship to Italian-born children of immigrants; [140] however, the party remained socially conservative. FI clarified that it considers marriage solely as the union between a man and a woman. [141] The majority of its members voted against civil unions, whereas the NCD voted in favour. [142] [143] Moreover, the party is critical of teaching gender studies in schools. [144] Party members are generally opposed to abortion and seek to limit access to them [145] and euthanasia. [146] The party has criticised illegal immigration and the way it has been managed by centre-left coalition governments. [147] It has also declared itself against the introduction of jus soli in Italy. [148] In addition, the party is opposed to drug liberalisation, which it considers potentially negative for health and not useful for solving criminal matters. [149] When FI's predecessors were in power, they restricted the legislation on the matter, with the Fini-Giovanardi law. [150] Finally, FI considers Italy as a country with a Christian civilisation and favours displaying Christian symbols in public places. [151]

On economic issues, FI is more supportive of the private rather than the public sector. It aims at representing business owners' interests and has often advocated for a reduction of taxation, red tape, and public expenditure. One of its latest proposals is the introduction of a flat tax. In addition, FI is more supportive of free trade agreements rather than protectionism. [152]

On foreign policy, the party supports the European Union (EU), despite elements of criticism, NATO, and a close relationship with the United States. FI also seeks good relations with Russia, especially in defence of the interests of Italian companies that export to the Russian market. [153] The party is a member of the Europeanist, centre-right European People's Party (EPP). Whereas most of its members are supportive of the European Union (EU), the most notable example being Tajani (President of the European Parliament from 2017 to 2019), others are slightly Eurosceptic and have criticised the Euro and Germany's role in the EU. [154] [155] [156] The party refuses the "Eurosceptic" label, while supporting a reform of the EU. [157] In 2017 Berlusconi reconciled with Angela Merkel, Chancellor of Germany and one of the EPP leaders, after years of hostility, re-affirming his support to the European integration and his hostility towards populism. [158] [159] [160]

The electoral results of the FI in general (Chamber of Deputies) and European Parliament elections since 2014 are shown in the chart below.

Electoral results

Italian Parliament

ElectionLeader Chamber of Deputies Senate of the Republic
Votes %Seats+/–PositionVotes %Seats+/–Position
2018 Silvio Berlusconi 4,596,95614.0
106 / 630
New4th4,358,00414.4
58 / 315
New4th
2022 2,278,2178.1
45 / 400
Decrease2.svg 61Decrease2.svg 5th2,279,8028.3
18 / 200
Decrease2.svg 40Decrease2.svg 5th

European Parliament

ElectionLeaderVotes %Seats+/–Position
2014 Silvio Berlusconi 4,614,36416.8
13 / 73
New3rd
2019 2,351,6738.8
7 / 76
Decrease2.svg 6Decrease2.svg 4th

Regional Councils

RegionElection yearVotes%Seats+/−Status in legislature
Aosta Valley 2020 Joint list with Brothers of Italy
0 / 35
Decrease2.svg 1No seats
Piedmont 2019 161,1378.4
3 / 50
Decrease2.svg 3Majority
Lombardy 2023 208,4207.2
6 / 80
Decrease2.svg 8Majority
South Tyrol 2023 1,6250.6
0 / 35
Steady2.svg 0No seats
Trentino 2023 4,7082.0
0 / 35
Decrease2.svg 1No seats
Veneto 2020 73,2443.6
2 / 51
Decrease2.svg 1Majority
Friuli-Venezia Giulia 2023 26,3296.7
3 / 49
Decrease2.svg 2Majority
Emilia-Romagna 2020 55,3172.6
1 / 50
Decrease2.svg 1Opposition
Liguria 2020 33,0405.3
1 / 31
Decrease2.svg 2Majority
Tuscany 2020 69,4564.3
1 / 41
Decrease2.svg 1Opposition
Marche 2020 36,7165.9
2 / 31
Steady2.svg 0Majority
Umbria 2019 22,9915.5
1 / 21
Steady2.svg 0Majority
Lazio 2023 130,3688.4
3 / 50
Decrease2.svg 3Majority
Abruzzo 2024 77,84113.4
4 / 31
Increase2.svg 1Majority
Molise 2023 16,92412.0
3 / 21
Steady2.svg 0Majority
Campania 2020 121,6955.2
2 / 51
Decrease2.svg 5Opposition
Apulia 2020 149,3998.9
4 / 51
Decrease2.svg 1Opposition
Basilicata 2024 34 01813.0
3 / 21
Steady2.svg 0Majority
Calabria 2021 131,88217.3
7 / 31
Increase2.svg 2Majority
Sicily 2022 275,73614.8
11 / 70
Decrease2.svg 3Majority
Sardinia 2024 43,1716.3
3 / 60
Decrease2.svg 2Opposition

    Leadership

    2013–2023
    2023–present
    Parliament

    Symbols

    See also

    Notes

    1. ↑ The name is not usually translated into English: forza is the second-person singular imperative of forzare, in this case translating to "to compel" or "to press", and so means something like "Forward, Italy", "Come on, Italy" or "Go, Italy!". Forza Italia! was used as a sport slogan, and was also the slogan of Christian Democracy in the 1987 general election (see Giovanni Baccarin, Che fine ha fatto la DC?, Gregoriana, Padova 2000). See Forza Italia for details.

    Related Research Articles

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Forza Italia</span> Former Italian political party

    Forza Italia was a centre-right liberal-conservative political party in Italy, with Christian-democratic, liberal, social-democratic and populist tendencies. It was founded by Silvio Berlusconi, who served as Prime Minister of Italy four times.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">The People of Freedom</span> Italian centre-right political party

    The People of Freedom was a centre-right political party in Italy. The PdL launched by Silvio Berlusconi as an electoral list, including Forza Italia and National Alliance, on 27 February for the 2008 Italian general election. The list was later transformed into a party during a party congress on 27–29 March 2009. The party's leading members included Angelino Alfano, Renato Schifani, Renato Brunetta, Roberto Formigoni, Maurizio Sacconi, Maurizio Gasparri, Mariastella Gelmini, Antonio Martino, Giancarlo Galan, Maurizio Lupi, Gaetano Quagliariello, Daniela Santanchè, Sandro Bondi, and Raffaele Fitto.

    The Liberal Populars were a short-lived Christian-democratic political party in Italy (2008–2009), which currently functions as an internal faction of Identity and Action (IdeA).

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Mara Carfagna</span> Italian politician, former showgirl, and model

    Maria Rosaria "Mara" Carfagna is an Italian politician and former showgirl and model. After obtaining a degree in law, Carfagna worked for several years on Italian television shows and as a model. She later entered politics and was elected to the Chamber of Deputies for Forza Italia party in 2006. From 2008 to 2011, she served as Minister for Equal Opportunity in Berlusconi IV Cabinet. In 2018 she was elected vice president of the Chamber of Deputies. In 2021, she has become the Minister for the South and territorial cohesion in the cabinet presided by Mario Draghi.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Raffaele Fitto</span> Italian politician (born 1969)

    Raffaele Fitto is an Italian politician and a former member of the European Parliament. He is serving as the Minister for European Affairs in the Meloni Cabinet since 2022.

    Liberamente is a liberal-centrist foundation and think-tank within Forza Italia (FI), a political party in Italy. Its main leader is Mariastella Gelmini and, previously, Franco Frattini.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Elisabetta Gardini</span> Italian politician (born 1956)

    Elisabetta Gardini is an Italian politician and former actress.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Cantiere Popolare</span> Italian political party

    Cantiere Popolare is a Christian-democratic political party in Italy, based in Sicily.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Civic Choice</span> Political party in Italy

    Civic Choice was a centrist and liberal political party in Italy founded by Mario Monti. The party was formed in the run-up of the 2013 general election to support the outgoing Prime Minister Monti and continue his political agenda. In the election SC was part of a centrist coalition named With Monti for Italy, along with Union of the Centre of Pier Ferdinando Casini and Future and Freedom of Gianfranco Fini.

    The centre-right coalition is a political alliance of political parties in Italy active under several forms and names since 1994, when Silvio Berlusconi entered politics and formed the Forza Italia party. It has mostly competed with the centre-left coalition. It is composed of right-leaning parties in the Italian political arena, which generally advocate tax reduction and oppose immigration, and in some cases are eurosceptic.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">New Centre-Right</span> Political party in Italy

    New Centre-Right was a centre-right political party in Italy. The party was launched on 15 November 2013 by a group of dissidents of The People of Freedom (PdL) who opposed the party's reformation as Forza Italia (FI), which would take place the following day. The NCD leader was Angelino Alfano, who had been Silvio Berlusconi's protégé and national secretary of the PdL from 2011 to 2013.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Conservatives and Reformists (Italy)</span> Political party in Italy

    The Conservatives and Reformists was a broadly conservative and, to some extent, Christian-democratic and liberal political party in Italy, led by Raffaele Fitto.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Act! (Italy)</span> Italian political party

    Act! was a centre-right liberal political party in Italy, based in Veneto.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Identity and Action</span> Italian political party

    Identity and Action is a conservative political party in Italy, whose membership stretches from Christian democracy to liberal conservatism.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Direction Italy</span> Political party in Italy

    Direction Italy was a liberal-conservative political party in Italy.

    Popular Alternative is a Christian-democratic political party in Italy that was founded on 18 March 2017 after the dissolution of New Centre-Right (NCD), one of the two parties that emerged at the break-up of The People of Freedom. "Popular" is a reference to popolarismo, the Italian variety of Christian democracy. The party has been a member of the European People's Party (EPP) since its foundation, having inherited the membership of the NCD.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Us with Italy</span> Political party in Italy

    Us with Italy was a liberal-conservative and Christian-democratic political party in Italy.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Cambiamo!</span> Italian political party

    Cambiamo! was a centre-right political party in Italy, led by Giovanni Toti.

    Action is a liberal political party in Italy. Its leader is Carlo Calenda, a member of the European Parliament within the group of Renew Europe and former minister of Economic Development.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Coraggio Italia</span> Italian political party

    Coraggio Italia is a liberal-conservative political party in Italy, led by Luigi Brugnaro.

    References

    1. ↑ https://www.agenzianova.com/a/659bdb7a7512f4.61350505/4754072/2024-01-08/fi-tajani-raggiunto-110-mila-iscritti-gia-eletti-196-delegati-al-congresso-del-23-e-24-febbraio#:~:text=FI%3A%20Tajani%2C%20raggiunto%20110%20mila,Agenzia%20Nova
    2. ↑ Thomas Jansen; Steven Van Hecke (2011). At Europe's Service: The Origins and Evolution of the European People's Party. Springer. pp. 63–65. ISBN   978-3-642-19414-6.
    3. ↑ Donatella M. Viola (2015). Italy. Routledge. p. 115. ISBN   978-1-317-50363-7.
    4. ↑ Patrick McCarthy (2002). Stephen Gundle; Simon Parker (eds.). Forza Italia: the new politics and old values of a changing Italy. Routledge. p. 135. ISBN   978-1-134-80791-8.{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
    5. ↑ Diego Gambetta; Steven Warner (2016). Josep M. Colomer (ed.). Italy: Lofty Ambitions and Unintended Consequences. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 244. ISBN   978-0-230-52274-9.{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
    6. ↑ Nicolò Conti (2015). "No Longer Pro-European? Politicisation and contestation of Europe and Italy". In Andrea Mammone; Ercole Giap Parini; Giuseppe Veltri (eds.). The Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Italy: History, Politics, Society. Routledge. p. 139. ISBN   978-1-317-48755-5.
    7. ↑ Morieson, Nicholas (2021). Religion and the Populist Radical Right. Wilmington, DE: Vernon Press. pp. xvii. ISBN   978-1-64889-217-2. OCLC   1241448267.
    8. 1 2 Nordsieck, Wolfram (2018). "Italy". Parties and Elections in Europe. Archived from the original on 23 October 2018. Retrieved 18 May 2018.
    9. ↑ Adami, Marina (30 September 2021). "A Crowded and Complex Picture: Local Elections in Italy". Green European Journal. Archived from the original on 29 June 2022. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
    10. ↑ Augusto Gnisci; Margherita Asterope; Risa Casapulla; Maria D’Agostino; Gaetano Perillo (2022). "Threat to Face and Equivocation in Televised Interviews of Italy's Politicians For and Against the 2016 Constitutional Referendum". In Ofer Feldman (ed.). Adversarial Political Interviewing: Worldwide Perspectives During Polarized Times. Springer Nature. p. 89. ISBN   9789811905766.
    11. ↑ "Fantasma Salvini agita 'cespugli' di Forza Italia" (in Italian). Adnkronos. 2 January 2020. Archived from the original on 19 August 2022. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
    12. ↑ Saini, Valentina (20 July 2022). "La Liga, Forza Italia y el M5E abandonan a Draghi al no votar la moción de confianza" (in Spanish). La Voz de Asturias. Archived from the original on 4 September 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
    13. ↑ Tori, Manuel (5 September 2020). "Villa Certosa, la mansión de los escándalos de Silvio Berlusconi, foco de Covid entre los VIP italianos". El Español (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 4 February 2023. Retrieved 4 February 2023.
    14. ↑ Woods, Dwayne (2014). The Many Faces of Populism in Italy: The Northern League and Berlusconism. Emerald Group. pp. 28, 41–44.{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
    15. ↑ The SAGE handbook of European foreign policy. Knud Erik Jrgensen, Åsne Kalland Aarstad, Edith Drieskens, Katie Verlin Laatikainen, Ben Tonra. London. 2015. p. 539. ISBN   978-1-4739-1443-8. OCLC   915156254.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
    16. ↑ Heinisch, Reinhard (2021). Political Populism : Handbook of Concepts, Questions and Strategies of Research. Christina Holtz-Bacha, Oscar Mazzoleni (2 ed.). Baden-Baden. p. 406. ISBN   978-3-7489-0751-0. OCLC   1286432010.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
    17. ↑ "Italian politics: Not so forza any more". The Economist. 13 August 2015. Archived from the original on 23 February 2017. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
    18. ↑ "Berlusconi al Tg1: torna Forza Italia e sarò io a guidarla" (in Italian). Il Sole 24 Ore. 28 June 2013. Archived from the original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
    19. ↑ "Berlusconi annuncia ritorno di Forza Italia. "Temo che sarò ancora il numero uno"" (in Italian). la Repubblica. 28 June 2013. Archived from the original on 31 October 2013. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
    20. ↑ "Berlusconi Revives Forza Italia in Plea for Help Against Trials". Bloomberg News. 18 September 2013. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
    21. ↑ "Silvio Berlusconi Relaunches Forza Italia on Senate Ousting Vote". International Business Times . 18 September 2013. Archived from the original on 13 February 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
    22. ↑ "Berlusconi Vows to Stay in Politics if Ousted From Senate". The Wall Street Journal. 18 September 2013.[ permanent dead link ]
    23. ↑ "Berlusconi Stakes a Claim for Relevance, but Avoids Threats". The New York Times. 18 September 2013. Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
    24. ↑ "Berlusconi breaks away from Italian government after party splits". Reuters. 16 November 2013. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
    25. ↑ "È rottura tra Berlusconi e Alfano Il vicepremier annuncia i nuovi gruppi" (in Italian). Corriere della Sera. 16 November 2013. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
    26. ↑ "Alemanno lancia "Prima l'Italia": "La priorità è portare il Paese fuori dalla crisi"" (in Italian). Il Messaggero. 13 October 2013. Archived from the original on 14 January 2015. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
    27. ↑ "L'addio al Pdl (in frantumi), rinasce Forza Italia" (in Italian). Corriere della Sera. 16 November 2013. Archived from the original on 26 November 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
    28. ↑ "Nel Pdl colombe pronte alla battaglia E il partito ora rischia la scissione". Archiviostorico.corriere.it. Archived from the original on 26 November 2015. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
    29. ↑ "Fitto: noi lealisti non vogliamo posti Azzerare tutto e poi congresso". Archiviostorico.corriere.it. Archived from the original on 13 October 2015. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
    30. ↑ "Pdl, tanti no all?ipotesi del congresso". Archiviostorico.corriere.it. Archived from the original on 26 November 2015. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
    31. ↑ "Il Pdl e la sfida sugli incarichi Si affacciano i mediatori". Archiviostorico.corriere.it. Archived from the original on 26 November 2015. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
    32. ↑ "Nasce Forza Trentino: ultimo pressing su Mosna" (in Italian). Trentino. 11 September 2013. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
    33. ↑ "Biancofiore candida l'Artioli capolista" (in Italian). Alto Adige. 14 September 2013. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
    34. ↑ "Alle 17.42 l'annuncio dopo il voto palese L'ira di Forza Italia sui Cinquestelle" (in Italian). Corriere della Sera. 28 November 2013. Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
    35. ↑ "Confermata la condanna Berlusconi sconterà 1 anno". Archiviostorico.corriere.it. Archived from the original on 2 November 2015. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
    36. ↑ "Forza Italia esce dalla maggioranza Alfano: "Un errore sabotare Letta"" (in Italian). Corriere della Sera. 26 November 2013. Archived from the original on 27 November 2013. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
    37. ↑ "Berlusconi, Alfano: no alla decadenza. Grasso: nessun rinvio sul voto". Ilmessaggero.it. 22 November 2013. Archived from the original on 28 May 2017. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
    38. ↑ "Decadenza Berlusconi, Alfano: una brutta giornata per la democrazia". Avvenire.it. 27 November 2013. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
    39. ↑ "Mediaset, cambio ai vertici Al posto di Giovanni Toti arrivano Giordano e Broggiato" (in Italian). il Giornale. 24 January 2014. Archived from the original on 24 January 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
    40. ↑ ""Forza Italia via dai palazzi romani" Si riparte da Milano (e dalla Brianza)" (in Italian). Corriere della Sera. 29 November 2013. Archived from the original on 2 January 2014. Retrieved 2 January 2014.
    41. ↑ "Forza Italia - Responsabili Uffici e Dipartimenti nazionali". Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
    42. ↑ "Berlusconi taps newsman as party advisor". Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata. 24 January 2014. Archived from the original on 11 January 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
    43. ↑ "Ministero dell'Interno Archivio Storico delle Elezioni - Europee del 25 Maggio 2014". 25 May 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
    44. ↑ "Fi, Fitto lancia i "ricostruttori" "Stiamo e saremo nel partito"". Corriere della Sera. 21 February 2015. Archived from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
    45. ↑ "Dall?ex tesoriere ai pugliesi: chi sta con Fitto E Verdini prova ad assottigliare la pattuglia". Archived from the original on 26 November 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
    46. ↑ "Forza Italia membro d'ufficio Ppe come erede del Pdl". Ansa.it (in Italian). 19 September 2014. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2014.
    47. ↑ "Lotte intestine e mosse del governo Berlusconi ora si sente sotto assedio". Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
    48. ↑ "Forza Italia, la mappa del partito: nomi e cognomi, ecco tutte le correnti e i loro obiettivi". Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
    49. ↑ "Italicum, oggi voto finale. Letta: Mattarella non firmi - Pagina Nazionale - il Tirreno". Iltirreno.gelocal.it. 4 May 2015. Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
    50. ↑ "il manifesto". 27 April 2015. Archived from the original on 1 May 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
    51. ↑ "Bondi e Repetti, ora l?addio è definitivo Nel partito è guerra generazionale". Archived from the original on 25 November 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
    52. ↑ "Berlusconi a tutto campo. Lite con Bondi E in Puglia il candidato va con Fitto". Archived from the original on 23 April 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
    53. ↑ "Chiuso l?accordo Lega-Forza Italia con Zaia in Veneto e Toti in Liguria". Archived from the original on 26 November 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
    54. ↑ "Berlusconi-Alfano, intesa in Campania È rottura con Fitto". Archived from the original on 26 November 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
    55. ↑ "In Puglia Berlusconi lancia Poli Bortone: è caos". Archived from the original on 26 November 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
    56. ↑ ""Poli Bortone dice sì". Toti: ora Fitto si allinei". Archived from the original on 26 November 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
    57. ↑ "Berlusconi fa le liste. E c?è il caso Toscana". Archived from the original on 10 November 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
    58. ↑ archiviostorico.corriere.it/2015/maggio/18/addio_Fitto_Pronto_gruppo_Senato_co_0_20150518_53b05284-fd1e-11e4-b125-7cf77d869e07.shtml
    59. ↑ "Fitto, nasce associazione Conservatori e Riformisti". ANSA.it. 19 May 2015. Archived from the original on 28 May 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
    60. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 7 November 2015. Retrieved 18 August 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
    61. ↑ "FI, gruppo Camera fa i conti: ipotesi scissione Fitto 'vale' 1 milione di euro". Adnkronos. 18 December 2020. Archived from the original on 23 October 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
    62. ↑ "Raffaele Fitto, con lui dodici senatori: ecco i nomi". Affaritaliani.it. 26 May 2015. Archived from the original on 11 July 2015. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
    63. ↑ "News // ECR Group". ECR Group. Archived from the original on 12 July 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
    64. ↑ "Denis Verdini lascia Forza Italia: "Con Berlusconi posizioni distanti, vado via"". 23 July 2015. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
    65. ↑ "Alfano, Bondi, Fitto, Verdini: Due anni di addii a Berlusconi". 29 July 2015. Archived from the original on 13 December 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
    66. ↑ "Il lento declino del Berlusconi politico e il centrodestra non sa più dove andare". 24 September 2015. Archived from the original on 22 March 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
    67. ↑ "Una poltrona per due: Salvini e Parisi in guerra per la leadership". Il Sole 24 ORE. 14 November 2016. Archived from the original on 15 November 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
    68. ↑ Pubblicato: 12 November 2016 20:43 CET (12 November 2016). "Donald Trump esalta e divide il centrodestra. Salvini contro Parisi, trumpisti contro moderati. Berlusconi fa la sua scelta". Huffingtonpost.it. Archived from the original on 17 November 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
    69. ↑ Altri articoli dalla categoria (12 November 2016). "Salvini a Firenze: "Pronto a fare il leader del centrodestra" - Repubblica.it". Firenze.repubblica.it. Archived from the original on 9 March 2017. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
    70. ↑ Redazione ANSA (15 November 2016). "Centrodestra: Berlusconi scarica Parisi, non può avere un ruolo se in contrasto con Salvini - Politica". ANSA.it. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
    71. ↑ Valentina Santarpia (15 November 2016). "Berlusconi scarica Parisi: "No a ruoli per lui se resta contrasto con Salvini" La replica di Parisi: "Io vado avanti". Corriere.it. Archived from the original on 23 November 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
    72. ↑ Redazione ANSA (18 November 2016). "Parisi launches new center-right party - English". ANSA.it. Archived from the original on 24 November 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
    73. ↑ Raffaella Cagnazzo (18 November 2016). "Centrodestra, Parisi lancia il nuovo movimento 'Energie per l'Italia': «Rinnovamento radicale dal basso". Corriere.it. Archived from the original on 23 November 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
    74. ↑ "Parisi lancia ŤEnergie per l'Italiať: alternativi a Renzi e Grillo". Il Sole 24 ORE. 18 November 2016. Archived from the original on 23 November 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
    75. 1 2 "senato.it - Senato della Repubblica senato.it - Variazioni nei Gruppi parlamentari". www.senato.it. Archived from the original on 15 November 2017. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
    76. ↑ "Camera.it - XVII Legislatura - Deputati e Organi Parlamentari - Composizione gruppi Parlamentari". www.camera.it. Archived from the original on 5 January 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
    77. ↑ "Governo, si è dimesso ministro Enrico Costa: "Niente ambiguità"". 19 July 2017. Archived from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 27 July 2017.
    78. ↑ Scafuri, Roberto (20 July 2017). "Costa lascia il governo Via al partito centrista che nasce contro Alfano". ilGiornale.it. Archived from the original on 24 July 2017. Retrieved 27 July 2017.
    79. ↑ "Berlusconi accoglie i centristi. Pronto il nome: "Italia Civica"". LaStampa.it. 21 July 2017. Archived from the original on 4 May 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
    80. ↑ "E Berlusconi ordinò: "Fermate l'esodo o cade l'esecutivo"". Il Fatto Quotidiano. Archived from the original on 6 July 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
    81. ↑ "TRA QUARTE GAMBE E BAD COMPANY, VIAGGIO NELLA GALASSIA CENTRISTA IMPLOSA PER L'ANSIA DA SEGGIO". 20 July 2017. Archived from the original on 21 October 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2017.
    82. ↑ Stefanoni, Franco (12 March 2017). "Fratelli d'Italia: via An e Msi dal simbolo. Entra Santanchè: "Tornata a casa mia"". Corriere della Sera. Archived from the original on 5 July 2022. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
    83. ↑ Online, Redazione (3 February 2018). "Chi è Antonio Tajani, il candidato premier scelto da Berlusconi". Corriere della Sera. Archived from the original on 4 April 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
    84. ↑ "Forza Italia, Berlusconi nomina Tajani suo vice. Galliani coordinatore dei dipartimenti". Repubblica.it. 5 July 2018. Archived from the original on 15 February 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
    85. ↑ Greco, Anna Maria (6 July 2018). "La svolta di Forza Italia: Tajani vice di Berlusconi". ilGiornale.it. Archived from the original on 13 August 2018. Retrieved 13 August 2018.
    86. ↑ "Berlusconi promuove Galliani, nuove gerarchie in Forza Italia. Ma la scelta scatena una guerra nel partito". www.liberoquotidiano.it. Archived from the original on 13 August 2018. Retrieved 13 August 2018.
    87. ↑ "Berlusconi: "Non sarò capolista ovunque, Tajani al centro"". Adnkronos. 14 December 2020. Archived from the original on 8 April 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
    88. ↑ "Verso le Europee, ecco i principali candidati dei partiti italiani". 12 April 2019. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
    89. ↑ Oltermann, Philip; Walker, Shaun; Giuffrida, Angela (27 May 2019). "An NBA star, a TV chef and a comedian: meet some of the new MEPs". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 1 September 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2019– via www.theguardian.com.
    90. ↑ "Forza Italia, Berlusconi: Carfagna e Toti coordinatori nazionali". Repubblica.it. 19 June 2019. Archived from the original on 28 June 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
    91. 1 2 "Toti: alleati con Lega e FdI, qui vogliamo restare - Politica". Agenzia ANSA. 1 August 2019. Archived from the original on 1 August 2019. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
    92. 1 2 3 "Fi, Toti dopo l'addio lancia il tour del suo movimento politico e si rivolge a Salvini. Carfagna resta nel partito". Repubblica.it. 2 August 2019. Archived from the original on 11 August 2019. Retrieved 11 August 2019.
    93. ↑ "Forza Italia implode, Toti lascia: "Ognuno per conto suo, buona fortuna". Carfagna: "Non farò parte del comitato di liquidazione"". Il Fatto Quotidiano. 1 August 2019. Archived from the original on 15 January 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
    94. ↑ "Giovanni Toti lascia Forza Italia, i motivi dell'addio al partito | Sky TG24 | Sky TG24". tg24.sky.it. August 2019. Archived from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
    95. ↑ Meredith, Sam; Amaro, Silvia (13 January 2021). "Italy's government in crisis after former PM pulls support for ruling coalition". CNBC.com. CNBC. CNBC International. Archived from the original on 19 February 2021. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
    96. ↑ "Ex-ECB chief Mario Draghi asked to form Italy's next government". euronews. 3 February 2021. Archived from the original on 13 February 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
    97. ↑ "Berlusconi e Salvini: "Sostegno a Draghi con responsabilità e senza veti"". ilGiornale.it (in Italian). 10 February 2021. Archived from the original on 13 February 2021. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
    98. ↑ "Zingaretti: "Unità contro chi vuole destabilizzare il Pd. Ora Costituente per riforme in Parlamento"". la Repubblica (in Italian). 11 February 2021. Archived from the original on 12 February 2021. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
    99. ↑ "Dal voto Cinquestelle via libera al governo Draghi con il 59,3%. Di Maio: "Il movimento prende la via europea". Fico: "Niente salti ne buio"". lastampa.it (in Italian). 11 February 2021. Archived from the original on 13 February 2021. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
    100. ↑ "Italian government on brink of collapse amid fears Mario Draghi could resign". The Guardian. 14 July 2022. Archived from the original on 20 July 2022. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
    101. ↑ "Perché per il premier era inaccettabile la richiesta di Lega e FI". 20 July 2022. Archived from the original on 21 July 2022. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
    102. ↑ "Italy's Mario Draghi expected to resign as prime minister". The Guardian. 20 July 2022. Archived from the original on 21 July 2022. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
    103. ↑ "Italy president calls snap elections after Draghi quits as PM". Financial Times. 21 July 2022. Archived from the original on 21 July 2022. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
    104. ↑ Chico Harlan; Stefano Pitrelli (21 July 2022) [2022-07-20]. "Italy's Mario Draghi resigns; new elections are set for September". The Washington Post . Washington, D.C. ISSN   0190-8286. OCLC   1330888409. Archived from the original on 21 July 2022. Retrieved 29 July 2022.[ please check these dates ]
    105. ↑ "Forza Italia: Gelmini e Brunetta lasciano, Carfagna "prende distanze". Resa dei conti draghiani-sovranisti". 20 July 2022. Archived from the original on 29 July 2022. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
    106. ↑ "Carfagna lascia Forza Italia: "No a salti nel buio, il Paese prima di tutto"". 25 July 2022. Archived from the original on 28 July 2022. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
    107. ↑ "Forza Italia perde un'altra deputata. Otto parlamentari hanno abbandonato Berlusconi dopo la non fiducia a Draghi". 27 July 2022. Archived from the original on 28 July 2022. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
    108. ↑ "Il governo Meloni giura oggi al Quirinale" [The Meloni government swears today at the Quirinale] (in Italian). RAI. 21 October 2022. Archived from the original on 21 October 2022. Retrieved 22 October 2022. Updated as of 22 October 2022.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
    109. ↑ "Nuovo governo, le news. Alle 10 il giuramento di Giorgia Meloni e dei ministri" [New government, the news. At 10 the oath of Giorgia Meloni and the ministers]. Sky TG24 (in Italian). 21 October 2022. Archived from the original on 21 October 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2022. Updated as of 22 October 2022.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
    110. ↑ Gagliardi, Andrea (21 October 2022). "Nasce il governo Meloni: ecco chi sono tutti i ministri". Il Sole 24 Ore (in Italian). Archived from the original on 26 October 2022. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
    111. ↑ "Former Italian prime minister Silvio Berlusconi dies at 86". BBC News. 12 June 2023.
    112. ↑ "The death of Silvio Berlusconi creates uncertainty for his party". The Economist.
    113. ↑ "Italy mourns and asks who will succeed Berlusconi". BBC News. 13 June 2023.
    114. ↑ "Berlusconi: Day of national mourning for state funeral Weds - English". 12 June 2023.
    115. ↑ "Da Mattarella a Orban, i leader al funerale di Berlusconi - Politica". 13 June 2023.
    116. ↑ "Tajani: "Marina Berlusconi ha ribadito vicinanza della famiglia a Forza Italia". Prove di unità con Ronzulli: "Non litigheremo"". 16 June 2023.
    117. ↑ "Tajani elected Forza Italia secretary - English". 15 July 2023.
    118. ↑ https://www.rainews.it/articoli/2024/02/forza-italia-riparte-dal-congresso-tajani-guarda-al-centro-2dd81b9b-ddcd-49b4-9b12-0511a8b856e6.html
    119. ↑ https://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/forza-italia-tajani-eletto-segretario-quattro-vice-grande-responsabilita-AFOPhLqC
    120. ↑ https://gds.it/articoli/politica/2024/02/24/schifani-nominato-presidente-del-consiglio-nazionale-di-fi-restiamo-il-partito-di-berlusconi-cd85121c-e67f-4c35-8a44-78cb7b88d7db
    121. ↑ "Forza Italia e Noi Moderati insieme per le Europee, Tajani: "Possiamo superare il 10%"". Rainews (in Italian). 9 April 2024.
    122. ↑ "Patto europeo fra Tajani e Brugnaro: Forza Italia arruola i sindaci civici". Corriere del Veneto (in Italian). 8 April 2024.
    123. ↑ "Europee, Lombardo trova l'intesa con Forza Italia: ecco le richieste di Tajani". La Sicilia. 12 April 2024.
    124. ↑ "Forza Italia sottoscrive un manifesto con le forze civiche moderate per il futuro del Ppe". Italpress. 29 April 2024.
    125. ↑ "Dichiarazioni di Maurizio Turco a margine della prima giornata del Congresso nazionale di Forza Italia". Radio Radicale. 23 February 2024.
    126. ↑ "Elezioni: il Partito Liberale Italiano con Forza Italia alle regionali e con uno sguardo alle europee". Torino Oggi. 29 April 2024.
    127. ↑ "Europee, accordo Forza Italia-Riformatori: il candidato per la Sardegna è Michele Cossa". La Nuova Sardegna (in Italian). 24 April 2024.
    128. ↑ "Europee: accordo Forza Italia-Svp per candidatura Dorfmann". Ansa (in Italian). 16 April 2024.
    129. ↑ "Forza Nord, l'opa dei berlusconiani sui delusi di Salvini: la regia è di Flavio Tosi". La Repubblica (in Italian). 26 March 2024.
    130. ↑ Silvio Berlusconi (25 April 2016). "Silvio Berlusconi: "Ecco dove va Forza Italia"". il Giornale . Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
    131. ↑ unknown (9 September 2017). "Berlusconi candida Fi alla guida del centrodestra: "Dobbiamo tornare a governare"". la Repubblica . Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
    132. ↑ Askanews (2 May 2017). "Berlusconi:ora progetto governo liberal-riformatore centrodestra". Tiscali . Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
    133. ↑ Editorial Staff (25 April 2016). "Berlusconi chiarisce: "Noi non siamo di destra. Ecco dove va Forza Italia"". Secolo d'Italia . Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
    134. ↑ "Berlusconi seeks return to liberal roots". Financial Times. 22 July 2012.
    135. ↑ Serenus Zeitblom (11 April 2015). "Berlusconi e il cerchio magico... scelto da lui". Archived from the original on 19 August 2015. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
    136. ↑ "Silvio Berlusconi, le badanti del cerchio magico e le profezie di Veronica Lario". l'Espresso. 28 June 2016. Archived from the original on 25 September 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2019.
    137. ↑ "Un doloroso retroscena. Berlusconi contro Toti, così è finita malissimo". www.liberoquotidiano.it. Archived from the original on 10 November 2017. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
    138. ↑ "Sconcerto da Tajani e Cav, Toti sceglie Salvini. Occhio, perché lui corre da solo. Sotto sotto..." www.liberoquotidiano.it. Archived from the original on 24 January 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
    139. ↑ "Pd-azzurri: asse sui diritti (senza Ncd)" (in Italian). Corriere della Sera. 4 January 2014. Archived from the original on 25 November 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
    140. ↑ ""Dico sì a unioni gay e ius soli" Un altro asse Berlusconi-premier". Archived from the original on 27 October 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
    141. ↑ Feo, Fabrizio de (13 January 2016). "Unioni civili, confronto in Forza Italia". ilGiornale.it. Archived from the original on 11 November 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2017.
    142. ↑ "Unioni civili e adozioni, Pd diviso Berlusconi: "No al ddl Cirinnà"". Corriere della Sera. 13 January 2016. Archived from the original on 19 November 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
    143. ↑ "Unioni civili sono legge: M5s si astiene. Lega e Fdi contro. Renzi: "E' un giorno di festa". Le destre: "Referendum" - Il Fatto Quotidiano". 11 May 2016. Archived from the original on 11 November 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2017.
    144. ↑ "Forza Italia rilancia". Archivio - la Repubblica.it. 24 September 2017. Archived from the original on 10 November 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
    145. ↑ "Aborto e nozze gay, ecco come hanno votato gli italiani a Strasburgo". www.lanuovabq.it. Archived from the original on 10 November 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
    146. ↑ "La Camera approva la legge sul biotestamento. I deputati cattolici: "E' eutanasia"". LaStampa.it. 20 April 2017.
    147. ↑ Neve, Giovanni (27 July 2017). "Migranti, Berlusconi: "Un accordo con la Libia è l'unica soluzione"". ilGiornale.it. Archived from the original on 10 November 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
    148. ↑ Romano, Luca (19 June 2017). "Ius soli, Berlusconi: "La cittadinanza va meritata"". ilGiornale.it. Archived from the original on 10 November 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
    149. ↑ Italia, Movimento Forza. "Forza Italia - Gasparri: Il professor Veronesi sbaglia, liberalizzare la droga non indebolisce la mafia". www.forzaitalia.it. Archived from the original on 10 November 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
    150. ↑ http://www.cesdop.it/public/Scheda%20droga%20e%20legge.PDF Archived 31 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine [ bare URL PDF ]
    151. ↑ "Esporre il crocifisso nelle aule consiliari, la mozione di Forza Italia - gonews.it". 3 July 2017. Archived from the original on 19 June 2019. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
    152. ↑ "Berlusconi: "No a patrimoniali e aumenti Iva, flat tax al 23%"". Il Sole 24 ORE. 9 June 2017. Archived from the original on 10 November 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
    153. ↑ "Fi, Berlusconi sul palco di Fiuggi. Coro dalla platea: "Un presidente, c'è solo un presidente"". 17 September 2017. Archived from the original on 10 November 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
    154. ↑ "Quegli economisti euroscettici (proprio come Berlusconi)" (in Italian). Il Foglio. 31 October 2011. Archived from the original on 14 May 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
    155. ↑ "Can Berlusconi make a eurosceptic comeback?". la Repubblica/The Guardian . Presseurop. 26 June 2012. Archived from the original on 4 February 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
    156. ↑ "Berlusconi turns Eurosceptic in bid to return to power". City A.M. 18 July 2012. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
    157. ↑ Paola Tavola (28 June 2017). "Tajani: "Centrodestra vince se guida Forza Italia. Europa da cambiare, ma non in discussione"". Euronews. Archived from the original on 1 July 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
    158. ↑ Goffredo De Marchis (18 August 2017). ""Silvio, pensaci tu". Merkel e Berlusconi, l'asse anti-populisti". la Repubblica . Archived from the original on 8 November 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
    159. ↑ Flavia Perina (5 August 2017). "Berlusconi abbraccia la Merkel e l'europeismo, ed era ora". Linkiesta . Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
    160. ↑ Marco Damilano (31 August 2017). "Coalizione alla tedesca: la Merkel "riabilita" Berlusconi per un governo Pd-Forza Italia". l'Espresso . Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
    161. ↑ "Tajani, Antonio nell'Enciclopedia Treccani". Archived from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
    162. ↑ "Chi è Tajani, una vita tra Forza Italia e l'Europa - Politica". 21 October 2022. Archived from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
    This page is based on this Wikipedia article
    Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
    Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.