Abortion in Italy

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Abortion in Italy became legal in May 1978, when Italian women were allowed to terminate a pregnancy on request during the first 12 weeks. A proposal to repeal the law was considered in a 1981 referendum, but was rejected by nearly 68% of voters; another referendum aimed at eliminating the restrictions was rejected by 88.4%. [1]

Contents

Italian women are eligible to request an abortion for health, economic or social reasons, including the circumstances under which conception occurred. Abortions are performed free of charge in public hospitals or in private structures authorized by the regional health authorities. The law also allows termination in the second trimester of the pregnancy only when the life of the woman would be at risk if the pregnancy is carried to term or the fetus carries genetic or other serious malformations which would put the mother at risk of serious psychological or physical consequences.

The law states that, unless a state of emergency requires immediate intervention, a period of seven days, not compulsory, has to occur between the medical authorization and the effective date of the termination. Although the law only permits pregnancy termination to women at least eighteen years old, it also includes provisions for women younger than eighteen, who can request the intervention of a judge when the legal tutor refuses the intervention, or there are reasons to exclude the legal tutor from the process. The judge has to make a decision within five days of the request. Women younger than eighteen do not need parental consent in case of urgent situation or after 90 days. [2]

Since 1980, the Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biostatistics at the High Institute of Health (Istituto Superiore di Sanità, ISS) in Rome has maintained a surveillance system for legal induced abortions. This system is based on quarterly reporting by the regional health authorities. A standardized form is compiled that contains aggregate data on major social-demographic characteristics of the woman (age, residency status, marital status, reproductive history) as well as details about the procedure (weeks of gestation, whether the procedure is elective or performed on an emergency basis, where certification was issued, type of procedure and location where it was performed, duration of stay, and immediate complications). This information is then sent to the ISS, which examines data quality and performs data analysis of trends, geographic distribution, and characteristics of women undergoing abortion. These analyses are performed annually by the ISS and the Ministry of Health (MH) and presented by the Minister of Health to the Parliament; results are also published in ISTISAN reports, an official publication of the ISS. Italy is considered to have one of the most accurate and timely abortion surveillance systems in the world.

Anonymous childbirth option

In 2000, the decree of the President of Italy n. 396/2000 [3] introduced the right for women to opt for anonymous childbirth. The newborn is not legally recognized by their natural parents and does not assume the father/mother's surname. The mother has by law the right to remain permanently anonymous and the custody of the newborn is temporarily given to the hospital, waiting until a third party adoption takes place. [4]

Abortion rate

VTP movements in Italy during 2021 VTP italy 2021.svg
VTP movements in Italy during 2021

In 2018, the abortion rate (the number of abortions per 1,000 women of childbearing age) in Italy was 6 per 1,000 women between 15 and 49 years old. The abortion ratio in 2018 was 173.8 per 1,000 live births. [5] It has been reported that 67% of unwanted pregnancies in Italy successfully managed to result in abortion. [6] At the peak in 1983, the ratio was of 389.8 per 1,000 live births and has been steadily decreasing since then. [7]

Abortion ratio (number of abortions per 1,000 live births) in Italy by geographical area, 1983-2018 [8]
Region1983199120142015201620172018
Northern Italy 484.2327.1194.6182.7184.2180.8179.2
Central Italy 515.2356.1214.0211.4199.9194.6192.0
Southern Italy 283.8253.0202.6182.9177.6169.1163.4
Italian Islands 205.3176.1159.3156.3155.4149.6143.1
Italy381.7286.9196.2185.1182.4177.1173.8

The central and northern regions (in particular Emilia-Romagna, Liguria and Tuscany) are characterized by relatively low TFRs (one lifetime birth per woman), high abortion rates and elevated abortion ratios. While low levels of fertility can also be found in some of the northwestern regions, abortion rates are moderate in these regions (9–12 abortions per 1,000);[ dubious discuss ] therefore, abortion ratios in a few of these areas are closer to the national level.[ citation needed ]

Subsequent to the legalization of abortion in Italy in 1978, abortion rates among Italian women first rose and then declined steadily, from a peak of 16.9 abortions per 1,000 women of reproductive age in 1983 to 9.8 per 1,000 in 1993. Abortion rates vary considerably by geographic region, with rates typically highest in the more secular regions and lowest in regions where traditional values predominate. Data from 1981 and 1991 indicate that age-specific abortion rates decreased during the 1980s for all age-groups, with the largest declines occurring in regions with the highest levels of abortion. Moreover, a shift in the age distribution of abortion rates occurred during the 1980s, with women aged 30–34 registering the highest abortion rate in 1991, whereas in 1981 the highest level of abortion occurred among those aged 25–29. The abortion rate among adolescent women was low at both times (7.6 per 1,000 in 1981 and 4.6 per 1,000 in 1991). These data are based only on reported legal abortions; the number of clandestine abortions remains unknown.

A phenomenon to emerge in recent years has been an increase in the number of abortions requested by immigrant women. Among the 138,357 abortions performed in 1993, 13,826 (10%) involved foreign residents, an increase from 9,850 in 1996. This increase is most likely due to the rising number of immigrant women in Italy; the resident permits, for example, according to the data of the National Statistics Institute (ISTAT), have increased from 678,000 in 1995 to 1,100,000 in 1999. Based on estimates of the population of immigrant women 18–49 years of age, Istat has calculated that the AR for immigrant women was 28.7/1000 in 1998, approximately three times higher than that observed in Italian citizens. Indeed, the increase in the numbers of immigrant women may be the main cause of the leveling-off of the abortion rate in Italy. If the analysis of trends is limited to 1996–1998, years for which information is most complete on residency status, the number of abortions in Italian women declined from 127,700 in 1996 to 123,728 in 1998.

Abortion incidence

In 1993, approximately 140,000 induced abortions were performed in Italy. In comparison, the average annual number during the period 1982–1984 was more than 230,000. Similar patterns can also be seen in abortion rates. After legalization, abortion rates rose modestly, increasing from 13.7 abortions per 1,000 women aged 15–44 in 1979 to a peak of 16.9 per 1,000 in 1982 and 1983. During the period 1982–1984, Italian abortion rates stabilized, and this period was followed by a steady decline: By 1986, the rate had dropped to 14.0 abortions per 1,000 women, and by 1990 it had reached 11.1 per 1,000; by 1993, the abortion rate had decreased to 9.8 per 1,000. [9]

As of 2010, the abortion rate was 10.0 abortions per 1000 women aged 15–44 years. [10]

Law n. 194 (1978)

Abortion law
Emblem of Italy.svg
Italian Parliament
  • Provisions regarding the social protection of motherhood and the voluntary termination of a pregnancy
CitationLaw No. 194 of 1978
Enacted by Chamber of Deputies
Enacted by Senate of the Republic
Signed by Giovanni Leone
Signed22 May 1978
Commenced22 May 1978
Legislative history
First chamber: Chamber of Deputies
Introduced by Vincenzo Balzamo
Passed13 April 1978
Voting summary
  • 308 voted for
  • 275 voted against
Second chamber: Senate of the Republic
Passed18 May 1978
Voting summary
  • 160 voted for
  • 148 voted against
Status: Current legislation
Demonstration for abortion in Milan, 1975 Demonstration for abortion rights in Milan, 1975.jpg
Demonstration for abortion in Milan, 1975

Historical background

Before the approval of the law, in 1978, abortion was considered to be a crime against the integrity and the bloodline, as stated in the Criminal Code book 2 Title X. [11]

In particular, Article 546 prohibited all types of abortions, with penalties of 2–5 years in prison. [12] The only exception was so-called state of necessity, which entails a current and imminent danger to the woman.

The turning point for the abortion debate was decision number 27 of the Italian Constitutional Court on 18 February 1975 that stated that Article 546 is unconstitutional. [13] Indeed, the Court ruled that Article 546 was contradicted by Article 31 of the Italian Constitution, which "protects maternity, infancy and youth, promoting the institutions necessary thereto". [14] Moreover, Article 546 was found to be precluded by Article 32 of the Constitution, which specified that the Republic safeguards health as a fundamental right of the individual. [14]

The Italian magazine Panorama, in 1974, found out that a significant number of illegal abortions were performed every year, and it suggested that all women had either had an abortion or knew a friend who had one. [15]

Parliamentary debate

In the early seventies, two bills originating from the radical left aimed to legalize therapeutic abortion. These bills did not reach the discussion state before the dissolution of parliament and the calling of new elections. [16] In 1973 the fight to legalize abortion was begun with the Fortuna first bill. [17] Fortuna's law provided for the possibility of therapeutic abortions but required the agreement of three doctors and precluded abortion unless the woman was seriously ill or insane. It also demanded the consent of parents for girls under 18. After the election in 1976, the pro-abortion majority was committed to legalization and nine different bills were presented from June 1976 till April 1978. Finally, a bill was passed and published on 22 May 1978. [15]

The influence of feminism

From the end of the 1960s, feminism played a leading role in reorganizing the terms of the debate about women and their condition. Abortion has united feminist groups which have fought to demand abortion rights. [18] The peak was reached between 1974 and 1976 with the mass mobilization. This coincides with the political struggle for abortion, but, by the time the abortion law was passed in 1978, the major moment of activity had passed. [19] [20]

Catholic church

The power and strength of the Vatican and the organized church is exerted in economic and political terms, but it is also exercised at a more local level through its strength in the provision of social services and neighborhood organization. The Church's stance on sexuality and the family is a highly significant public statement to the faithful. It is a central doctrinal area and one through which the church is intent on reinforcing and extending its influence. [19] For the church, since abortion involves the destruction of human life, it can never be accepted regardless of the difficulties this position imposes. This means that the church cannot admit the possibility of legal abortions. [21] The Christian Democratic Party had governed Italy since 1948, together with the Italian Communist Party's interpretation of the importance of Catholicism for any analysis of the balance of forces. The council of Italian bishops issued a statement confirming the church's position on abortion and arguing against its legalization. [19]

The content of Law n. 194

The law 194 on the adoption of social protection of motherhood and the voluntary termination of pregnancy. [22]

Art. 1 stated that the State guarantees the right to responsible and planned parenthood, recognizes the social value of motherhood, and shall protect human life from the beginning. [23]

Moreover, the voluntary termination of pregnancy as covered by this law shall not be a means of birth control.

Art. 2 regards the function of family counseling center (consultori familiari) and what it is their role in relation to the law. Family counselling centers shall assist any pregnant woman:

The law presents two different scenarios: [24]

1) Pregnancy during the first 90 days (Art. 4) [23]

In order to practice the termination of pregnancy during the first 90 days, women whose situation is such that continuation of the pregnancy, childbirth, or motherhood would seriously compromise their physical or mental health, in view of their state of health, their economic, social, or family circumstances, the circumstances in which conception occurred, or the chance that the child would be born with abnormalities or malformations, shall apply to a public counselling center or to a fully authorized medical-social agency in the region, or to a physician of her choice. [23]

Art. 5 extends the explanation of family counselling centre when economic, social or family circumstances motivate the reasons to interrupt the pregnancy. [23]

2) Pregnancy after the first 90 days (Art.6) [23]

Voluntary termination of pregnancy may be performed after the first 90 days when the pregnancy or childbirth is a serious threat to the woman's life or when the pathological processes constitute a serious threat to the woman's physical or mental health, such as those associated with serious abnormalities or malformations of the fetus, have been diagnosed. [23]

Furthermore, there is the need for guardian's approval if a girl that is under 18 years old or the woman that is interdicted in order to carry out abortion (Art. 12 and Art. 14). [23] Articles 18 and 19 cover the consequences for any person inducing a termination without the consent of the woman.

Conscientious objection

Geographical distribution of conscientious objectors in Italy

.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}
Italy
North
Centre
South
Sicily and Sardinia Geographical distribution of conscientious objectors in Italy.svg
Geographical distribution of conscientious objectors in Italy
  Italy  North  Centre  South  Sicily and Sardinia
Abortions per gynecologist in Italy per working week in 2016 (data for Lombardia is of 2016) Abortions per gynecologist in Italy.svg
Abortions per gynecologist in Italy per working week in 2016 (data for Lombardia is of 2016)

The law gives the option for health professionals to claim the right to refuse to perform abortion. If the health personnel demands to be conscientious objector, they have to declare it in advance (Art.9). However, conscientious objection may not be invoked by health professionals if the personal intervention is essential in order to save the life of a woman in imminent danger. [23]

Italy keeps a record of the objecting doctors. According to data from the Ministry of Health, between 1997 and 2016 there was a 12.9% increase in the number of gynecologists who refuse to perform abortions on moral grounds, from 62.8% to 70.9%, the highest percentage ever recorded. As of 2016 the percentage is higher than the national average in Southern Italy (83.5%) and Sicily and Sardinia (77.7%), and lower in Central (70.1%) and Northern Italy (63.9%). The percentage is growing in all the macroregions except the North. As a result, voluntary abortion is performed only in 60% of the hospitals of the country. Also, non-objecting doctors suffer discrimination, and—in some provinces—need to perform record numbers of abortions, up to 15.8 per week in the province of Taranto (Apulia) or 12.2 in the province of Catania (Sicily). [25]

A resolution by the Council of Europe has found several violations of the European Social Charter in the situation:

Access to abortion clinics

In April 2024, Italy's parliament approved a legislation proposed by the government of Giorgia Meloni to give anti-abortion groups access to abortion facilities where they can try to convince women seeking abortion. The legislation will be funded by European Union's post-pandemic recovery fund. [28] [29]

Meloni cited Law 194 to introduce the package arguing that women should be fully informed of their decisions. Medical practitioners criticized the legislation saying they will allow unqualified and anti-abortion groups to have access to women seeking the service. [29]

Access to abortion facilities have already been restricted in Italy because of the high number of gynaecologists who morally object to perform the procedure, who in 2021 accounted for 63% of the total. [28]

See also

Notes

  1. "CCIES at the Kinsey Institute: Italy". Archived from the original on 2012-02-18. Retrieved 2011-11-05.
  2. Standards for social protection of motherhood and on abortion, 194 Italy (1978) <http://www.urich.edu/~jolt/vlil/burk.html%5B%5D> (Italian language).
  3. "Decreto del Presidente della Repubblica (DPR) n. 396/2000, article 30" (in Italian).
  4. "Parto in anonimato" [Anonymous childbirth and entrustment to healthcare structure for a third party adoption] (in Italian). Italian Ministry of Health. April 17, 2019. Archived from the original on November 12, 2016.
  5. "L'IVG in Italia nel 2018" (in Italian). Istituto Superiore di Sanità.
  6. "Unintended pregnancy and abortion". Guttmacher Institute. Retrieved November 4, 2022.
  7. "Historical abortion statistics, Italy". Johnston's Archive.
  8. Relazione del Ministro della Salute sulla attuazione della legge contenente norme per la tutela sociale della maternità e per l'interruzione volontaria di gravidanza (legge 194/78) (PDF) (Report) (in Italian). Ministry of Health (Italy).
  9. Salvini Bettarini, Silvana. "Induced Abortion in Italy: levels, Trends, and Charastics." Guttmacher Institute . 6 Nov. 1996. Family Planning Perspectives. <http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/2826796.html>.
  10. "World Abortion Policies 2013". United Nations. 2013. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
  11. Lalli, C. (2011). C'è chi dice no. Dalla leva all'aborto. Come cambia l'obiezione di coscienza (Vol. 747). Il Saggiatore. ISBN   9788865761465.
  12. "Art 546 codice penale aborto di donna consenziente »". Mondo Diritto. Retrieved 2018-05-18.
  13. "Consulta OnLine - Sentenza n. 27 del 1975". www.giurcost.org. Retrieved 2018-05-18.
  14. 1 2 Constitution of Italy.
  15. 1 2 Scirè, G. (2011). L'aborto in Italia: storia di una legge. Mondadori. ISBN   9788861595231.
  16. Flamigni, Carlo (2008). L'aborto. Storia e attualità di un problema sociale. Pendragon. ISBN   9788883426360.
  17. "La proposta di legge Fortuna sull'aborto" (in Italian). Archived from the original on 2018-06-13. Retrieved 2018-05-18.
  18. Kuhn, Annette; Wolpe, AnnMarie (2012-10-11). Feminism and Materialism: Women and Modes of Production. Routledge. ISBN   9780415635059.
  19. 1 2 3 Caldwell, Lesley (1981). "Abortion in Italy". Feminist Review (7): 49–63. doi:10.2307/1394759. JSTOR   1394759.
  20. Caldwell, Lesley (1991). "Italian Feminism: Some Considerations". Women and Italy. University of Reading European and International Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, London. pp. 95–116. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-21260-6_5. ISBN   9780333455777.
  21. "The Battle against Reproductive Rights: The Impact of the Catholic Church on Abortion Law in Both International and Domestic Areas". heinonline.org. Retrieved 2018-05-18.
  22. "*** NORMATTIVA ***". www.normattiva.it. Retrieved 2018-05-18.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Law 194" (PDF). Columbia. Italian legislation. Retrieved 2018-05-18.
  24. "Abortion Legislation in Europe". www.loc.gov. Acosta, Luis; Yatsunska-Poff, Olena; Zeldin, Wendy; Boring, Nicolas; Hofverberg, Elin; Feikert-Ahalt, Clare; Figueroa, Dante; Soares, Eduardo; Roudik, Peter; Rodriguez-Ferrand, Graciela. January 2015. Retrieved 2018-05-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  25. 1 2 3 Tamma, Paola (24 May 2018). "Even where abortion is legal, access is not granted". VoxEurop/EDJNet. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  26. "Resolution CM/ResChS(2016)3". Council of Europe. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  27. "European Social Charter (Revised)". Council of Europe. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  28. 1 2 Giuffrida, Angela (2024-04-16). "Italy passes measures to allow anti-abortion activists to enter abortion clinics". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 2024-04-26.
  29. 1 2 "Italy permits pro-life groups access to abortion clinics". euronews. 2024-04-24. Retrieved 2024-04-26.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abortion law</span> Laws that allow, prohibit, or regulate abortion

Abortion laws vary widely among countries and territories, and have changed over time. Such laws range from abortion being freely available on request, to regulation or restrictions of various kinds, to outright prohibition in all circumstances. Many countries and territories that allow abortion have gestational limits for the procedure depending on the reason; with the majority being up to 12 weeks for abortion on request, up to 24 weeks for rape, incest, or socioeconomic reasons, and more for fetal impairment or risk to the woman's health or life. As of 2022, countries that legally allow abortion on request or for socioeconomic reasons comprise about 60% of the world's population. In 2024, France became the first country to explicitly protect abortion rights in its constitution.

Abortion in Sweden was first legislated by the Abortion Act of 1938. This stated that an abortion could be legally performed in Sweden upon medical, humanitarian, or eugenical grounds. That is, if the pregnancy constituted a serious threat to the woman's life, if she had been impregnated by rape, or if there was a considerable chance that any serious condition might be inherited by her child, she could request an abortion. The law was later augmented in 1946 to include socio-medical grounds and again in 1963 to include the risk of serious fetal damage. A committee investigated whether these conditions were met in each individual case and, as a result of this prolonged process, abortion was often not granted until the middle of the second trimester. As such, a new law was created in 1974, stating that the choice of an abortion is entirely up to the woman until the end of the 18th week.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abortion in France</span>

Abortion in France is legal upon request until 14 weeks after conception. Abortions at later stages of pregnancy up until birth are allowed if two physicians certify that the abortion will be done to prevent injury to the physical or mental health of the pregnant woman; a risk to the life of the pregnant woman; or that the child will suffer from a particularly severe illness recognized as incurable. The abortion law was liberalized by the Veil Act in 1975.

Abortion in Germany is legal on demand during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy upon condition of mandatory counseling. The same goes later in pregnancy in cases that the pregnancy poses an important danger to the physical or mental health of the pregnant woman. In the case that the abortion is because of a rape, counseling is not mandatory. The woman needs to receive counseling, called Schwangerschaftskonfliktberatung, at least three days prior to the abortion and must take place at a state-approved centre, which afterwards gives the applicant a Beratungsschein.

Abortion in Israel is permitted when determined by a termination committee, with the vast majority of cases being approved, as of 2019. The rate of abortion in Israel has steadily declined since 1988, and compared to the rest of the world, abortion rates in Israel are moderate. According to government data, in Israel, abortion rates in 2016 dropped steadily to 9 per 1,000 women of childbearing age, lower than England (16.2) and the United States (13.2). 99% of abortions are carried out in the first trimester. Despite allegations of permitting abortion under limited circumstances, Haaretz noted in 2019 that this is not the case, and abortion is almost always permitted in Israel.

Abortion in Russia is legal as an elective procedure up to the 12th week of pregnancy, and in special circumstances at later stages.

Abortion in Japan is allowed under a term limit of 22 weeks for endangerment to the health of the pregnant woman, economic hardship, or rape. Chapter XXIX of the Penal Code of Japan makes abortion de jure illegal in the country, but exceptions to the law are broad enough that it is widely accepted and practiced. Exceptions to the prohibition of abortion are regulated by the Maternal Health Protection Law that allows approved doctors to practice abortion on a woman if the pregnancy was the result of rape or if the continuation of the pregnancy endangers the maternal health because of physical or economic reasons. Anyone trying to practice abortion without the consent of the woman will be prosecuted, including the doctors. If a woman is married, consent from her spouse is also needed to approve abortions for socioeconomic reasons, although the rule doesn't apply if she is in a broken marriage, suffering abuse, or other domestic issues. Despite the partner's consent not being necessary for unmarried women and women who were impregnated by abusive partners or through rape, many doctors and medical institutions seek a signature from the man believed to have made the woman pregnant for fear of getting into legal trouble, rights advocates say.

Abortion in Iceland is legal on request until the end of the 22nd week of pregnancy. The abortion rate in Iceland is relatively high, in comparison to other Nordic countries.

Abortion in Turkey has been legal on request since May 27, 1983. Abortion is legal up to 10 weeks of pregnancy, and in special circumstances the time threshold can be extended if there is danger to the woman's life or the life of the fetus. During the ten weeks, an abortion is allowed for the following reasons: the pregnancy threatens the woman's mental and/or physical health, the fetus would be physically or mentally impaired, if the conception occurred through rape or incest, and economic or social reasons. The woman's consent is required. If the woman is under the age of 18, then parental consent is required. If the woman is married, the consent of the husband is also required. Single women over the age of 18 can choose to have an abortion on their own.

Abortion in Denmark was fully legalized on 1 October 1973, allowing the procedure to be done electively if a woman's pregnancy has not exceeded its 12th week. Under Danish law, the patient must be over the age of 18 to decide on an abortion alone; parental consent is required for minors, except in special circumstances. An abortion can be performed after 12 weeks if the woman's life or health are in danger. A woman may also be granted an authorization to abort after 12 weeks if certain circumstances are proved to be present.

Abortion in Greece has been fully legalized since 1986, when Law 1609/1986 was passed effective from 3 July 1986. Partial legalization of abortion in Greece was passed in Law 821 in 1978 that provided for the legal termination of a pregnancy, with no time limitation, in the event of a threat to the health or life of the woman. This law also allowed for termination up to the 12th week of pregnancy due to psychiatric indications and to the 20th week due to fetal pathology. Following the passage of the 1986 law, abortions can be performed on-demand in hospitals for women whose pregnancies have not exceeded 12 weeks. In the case of rape or incest, an abortion can occur as late as 19 weeks, and as late as 24 weeks in the case of fetal abnormalities. In case of inevitable risk to the life of the pregnant woman or a risk of serious and continuous damage to her physical or mental health, termination of pregnancy is legal any time before birth. Girls under the age of 18 must get written permission from a parent or guardian before being allowed an abortion.

Abortion in Austria has not been punishable by law during the first three months of pregnancy since 1 January 1975. Abortions can be performed later if there is a physical or mental health threat to the pregnant person, if there is an incurable problem with the development of the fetus, or if the patient is under the age of 14. Generally, performing or receiving an abortion is still considered a criminal offence.

Abortion in Zimbabwe is available under limited circumstances. Zimbabwe's current abortion law, the Termination of Pregnancy Act, was enacted by Rhodesia's white minority government in 1977. The law permits abortion if the pregnancy endangers the life of the woman or threatens to permanently impair her physical health, if the child may be born with serious physical or mental defects, or if the fetus was conceived as a result of rape or incest. Nevertheless, an estimated 70,000+ illegal abortions are performed in Zimbabwe each year.

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Abortion in Kazakhstan is legal as an elective procedure up to 12 weeks, and special circumstances afterwards. The relevant legislation is based on the laws inherited from the country's Soviet past, when abortion was legally permitted as a contraceptive.

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Abortion in Singapore is legal and widely accessible. It was formally legalised in 1974, being one of the first countries in Asia to do so. It is available on request for Singaporean citizens, permanent residents, individuals with an issued student or work pass, individuals who have been a resident of Singapore for a minimum of four months as well as anyone married to a Singaporean citizen or a permanent resident. Foreigners may also obtain an abortion in Singapore if their lives are endangered.

In 2005, the Ethiopian Parliament liberalised the abortion law to grant safe abortions to women in specific circumstances.

References