Abortion in Madagascar

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In Madagascar, abortion is illegal in all circumstances. The abortion law punishes receiving or assisting in an abortion with imprisonment or fines. It is one of the only countries with a total abortion ban. Abortion has been illegal since the French colonial era, influenced by attitudes favoring increased births. In 2017, the government rejected a proposal to legalize therapeutic abortion. A bill allowing abortion in the case of rape was proposed by Member of Parliament Masy Goulamaly in November 2021 but was withdrawn by the parliament.

Contents

Most people in Madagascar oppose legalizing abortion. Churches which oppose abortion influence politicians. International organizations have called for the legalization of abortion. The abortion-rights group Nifin'Akanga leads research and protests. Abortions in Madagascar are unsafe and are a major cause of maternal death. Some abortions are performed clandestinely by medical professionals. Some women self-induce abortions or seek traditional remedies from traditional midwives. Madagascar has low use of contraception.

Legislation

Article 317 of the penal code of Madagascar says women who receive abortions can be punished by 6 months to 2 years of prison or a fine of 2 million ariary. It sentences people who assist in an abortion to 1-5 years of prison and a fine of 360,000 to 10.8 million ariary (€80 to €2,500), or higher for repeat offenders. [1] As of 2020, Madagascar is one of thirteen countries that completely bans abortion. [2] Post-abortion care is legal. [3]

According to a 2022 survey by Afrobarometer, 96% of Malagasy oppose the legalization of on-demand abortion, and 85% in the case of rape. However, 65% approve of abortion if the pregnancy is risky. [4] The Catholic Church in Madagascar and the Church of Jesus Christ in Madagascar completely oppose abortion. [5] Marie Fabien Raharilamboniaina, head of the Episcopal Conference of Madagascar, has argued that the life of the infant is sacred. [6] The church is influential on the electorate, and politicians fear losing its support. [7]

History

Madagascar's law was inherited from the French Penal Code of 1810. [2] On 15 June 1898, Governor-General Joseph Gallieni issued a decree of "diverse measures aimed at favoring the growth of the population in Imerina". It criminalized abortion. The government believed the Madagascar had a high abortion rate because a lack of medical facilities caused women to fear abortion. Gallieni believed the ban would reduce deaths during childbirth. [8] During the colonial period, Christian views, such as sexual morals, were associated with social mobility. A 1920 French law banned contraception and abortion, with the intent of increase birth rates. Madagascar retained this law until amending it in December 2017. [9]

21st century

Madagascar signed the Maputo Protocol in 2003, but did not ratify it. The treaty guarantees a right to abortion. [1] In late 2007, multiple United Nations agencies suggested decriminalizing abortion. The Catholic Church and President Marc Ravalomanana appeared to state their disapproval. [3] [10]

Since 1984, Republican presidents of the United States implemented the Mexico City policy, which prohibited U.S. federal funding for foreign organizations that advocate for abortion. Donald Trump reinstated and expanded it in 2017. [11] Madagascar was strongly impacted by the policy as it had few foreign donors. [12] The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) funded non-governmental organizations that supported the Ministry of Health (MOH) and supplied contraceptives to health facilities. In 2014, 85% of the country's sexual and reproductive healthcare funding came from USAID, followed by 11% from the United Nations Population Fund. [3] Without training from NGOs, public-sector providers were unable to provide long-acting or permanent contraceptive methods. [11] Women in Madagascar faced higher fees, stock-outs, and further distances to access contraceptives. [13] Some had unintended pregnancies. Madagascar's government listed the loss of USAID funding as an obstacle to its family planning commitments. [3]

Two international NGOs, including MSI Reproductive Choices were major contraception partners of the MOH. Both refused to sign the Mexico City policy because they advocate for the legalization of abortion, though they do not provide illegal abortions. [3] [12] Its Madagascar funding was redistributed to organizations such as Population Services International. [12] It stopped receiving $3.5 million of USAID funding, which had been nearly half of its funding in Madagascar. It recovered $1 million in 2018. [3] It scaled back on 21 of its 22 contraception clinics and shut down its voucher program that provided free contraceptives. [14] [15] It ended support to 100 public and 90 private health facilities. It returned twelve vehicles, which it partly replaced through a donation, which were transferred to a U.S. organization. [3] In 2021, Joe Biden reversed the policy. [13]

In December 2017, the parliament rejected a proposal to decriminalize therapeutic abortion. It was opposed by politicians and the public. [16] Nifin'Akanga led a debate in protest. Participants argued that abortion was a public health issue and chanted "Keep your rosaries off our ovaries!" [7] A committee continued to look into the draft law in 2022. [17] The University of Antananarivo hosted the country's first event for International Safe Abortion Day in 2019. [18] In December 2019, a visiting delegation from the African Union advocated for Madagascar to ratify the Maputo Protocol. [3] During the COVID-19 pandemic, use of family planning in health centers went down by 40%. This led to an increase in unwanted pregnancies and abortions. [2] MSI received government permission to use its buses to deliver services to women's homes and take women to health facilities. [19]

Nifin'Akanga is an abortion-rights group. It is named after an herb used intravaginally in illegal abortions. [16] In 2021, a documentary about the group's research was shown at the Institut français de Madagascar  [ fr ] and broadcast on the radio. [20] In May 2022, the group led a protest with founding member Mbolatiana Raveloarimisa outside of the National Assembly. [1] When France declared a constitutional right to abortion, Raveloarimisa spoke at the ceremony. [21]

2021 proposal

On 2 November 2021, independent MP Masy Goulamaly introduced a bill allowing abortion in the case of rape or incest. [1] She emphasized that her proposal would provide for abortions when medically necessary, not on-demand. [22] The president of the National Order of Physicians, Eric Andrianasolo, supported legalizing abortions performed to protect health. The deputy of the ruling MAPAR  [ fr ] coalition, Aina Rafenomanantsoa  [ fr ], opposed the bill on the grounds of fetal rights. [23] Catholic Church lobbied against the bill. [24]

The government did not comment on the bill. On 17 May 2022, it was withdrawn without deliberation. [25] Rapporteurs said the bill was "incompatible with Malagasy values". Supporters of the bill on social media said the decision was hypocritical and criticized President of the National Assembly Christine Razanamahasoa for opposing the bill. Women's rights activist Marie Christina Kolo said the decision was "insupportable". [24] Goulamaly proposed an abortion law every year. [26] Razanamahasoa said in March 2024 that she supported wider debate and awareness about abortion. She said the situation in Madagascar was "kind of special" due to the role of Christianity. [27] In 2024, the regional director of the United Nations Population Fund, Lydia Zigomo, urged Madagascar to reform its law. [28]

Prevalence

Between 1990–1994 and 2015–2019, the unintended pregnancy rate in Madagascar decreased 27%, and the share of unintended pregnancies resulting in abortion rose from 43% to 63%. [29] Nearly 75,000 illegal abortions are performed per year, according to the Center for Reproductive Rights. [30] A 2016 survey in ten districts of Madagascar found that 11.0% of sexually active women had had an abortion in the past ten years. [31] In Madagascar, abortion providers are known as "angel makers". [16] In 2015, the Ministry of Health estimated that abortion caused 11.8% of maternal deaths. [3] Unsafe abortions are the second-leading cause of maternal mortality in Madagascar, behind postpartum hemorrhage. [32] Three women per day die of induced or spontaneous abortion, according to MSI Reproductive Choices in 2019. [33]

Methods

According to a 2021 study, 52% of abortions are performed outside of medical facilities, and 31% are by people without medical training. [32] Private abortion providers are common, especially in Antananarivo. The cost of the procedure and transportation make it difficult for women to access these. [9] An abortion from a doctor costs about 50,000 ariary (€10), as of 2020. [2] Common methods performed by trained providers include curettage, insertion of a catheter, and use of misoprostol alone. [31] Manual vacuum aspiration is preferred by many women, who believe it "cleans" the womb similarly to menstruation. [9] La Gazette de la Grande Ile has written that, despite the ban, finding an abortion provider is easier than finding a safe childbirth facility. [33] The National Order of Physicians does not perform abortions but offers alternatives. [7]

The abortifacent plant nifin'akanga Commelina madagascarica.jpg
The abortifacent plant nifin'akanga

Misoprostol is widely available but not regulated for abortions. Use of misoprostol is not correlated with lower risk of infection. [31] Doctor's instructions are varied and do not match WHO guidelines and can result in side effects. [34] Black market vendors sell adulterated misoprostol pills. [9] Abortions are often self-induced with abortifacient herbs, tambavy. [9] Some women induce abortions by taking pills or inserting objects into their uteri. Many women receive abortions from traditional midwives, reninjaza, who are not medically qualified. Traditional providers charge much lower fees than medical providers. [34] Most women in villages consult traditional reproductive health providers, matrones. They commonly provide clients with tambavy teas, which may be uterotonic. Matrones often deny knowledge of tambavy that are abortifacient. Abortifacient plants include nifin'akanga and ahilava. [35]

Post-abortion care

In 2016, an estimated 27.7% of abortions resulted in post-abortion care (PAC). [31] MSI provides PAC in public hospitals to 200,000 women per year. The most common complication is organ perforation. [16] Misoprostol was approved for PAC in 2017. It is not approved for use by private-sector health facilities. [9] Approval of the drug was controversial as it can be used to induce abortions. As of 2016, misoprostol was available only at MSI clinics under the name Misoclear. [35]

Societal factors

Abortion is a taboo subject in Madagascar. It is considered to violate the concept of life force, or aïna. [2] Pregnancies, including unwanted ones, are considered positive signs of a woman's fertility. [9] Contraception is rare. One-fifth of women do not have access to it in Madagascar. Most cannot afford it. Other reasons include rumors about negative health effects and pressure from abusive husbands. [16] Although Malagasy families historically preferred having many children, many are now having fewer children to focus on finances and completing school. Mobile contraceptive clinics from MSI have been popular in many villages. [15] Many students have premarital sex, but contraceptive use is low. Many believe the side effects of contraception are more problematic than abortion. Some are discouraged from using birth control by their families. [9] Women who are more likely to have had abortions are those who are young, have more education, or have ever had transactional sex. [31] Abortion is more common in urban than rural areas. [9]

Related Research Articles

Abortion is the termination of a pregnancy by removal or expulsion of an embryo or fetus. An abortion that occurs without intervention is known as a miscarriage or "spontaneous abortion"; these occur in approximately 30% to 40% of all pregnancies. When deliberate steps are taken to end a pregnancy, it is called an induced abortion, or less frequently "induced miscarriage". The unmodified word abortion generally refers to an induced abortion. The most common reasons women give for having an abortion are for birth-timing and limiting family size. Other reasons reported include maternal health, an inability to afford a child, domestic violence, lack of support, feeling they are too young, wishing to complete education or advance a career, and not being able or willing to raise a child conceived as a result of rape or incest.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Family planning</span> Planning when to have children

Family planning is the consideration of the number of children a person wishes to have, including the choice to have no children, and the age at which they wish to have them. Things that may play a role on family planning decisions include marital situation, career or work considerations, financial situations. If sexually active, family planning may involve the use of contraception and other techniques to control the timing of reproduction.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abortion in France</span>

Abortion in France is legal upon request until 14 weeks after conception. Abortions at later stages of pregnancy up until birth are allowed if two physicians certify that the abortion will be done to prevent injury to the physical or mental health of the pregnant woman; a risk to the life of the pregnant woman; or that the child will suffer from a particularly severe illness recognized as incurable. The abortion law was liberalized by the Veil Act in 1975.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Self-induced abortion</span> Abortion performed by a pregnant person themselves outside the recognized medical system

A self-induced abortion is an abortion performed by the pregnant woman herself, or with the help of other, non-medical assistance. Although the term includes abortions induced outside of a clinical setting with legal, sometimes over-the-counter medication, it also refers to efforts to terminate a pregnancy through alternative, potentially more dangerous methods. Such practices may present a threat to the health of women.

MSI Reproductive Choices, named Marie Stopes International until November 2020, is an international non-governmental organisation providing contraception and safe abortion services in 37 countries around the world. MSI Reproductive Choices as an organisation lobbies in favour of access to abortion, and provides a variety of sexual and reproductive healthcare services including advice, vasectomies, and abortions in the UK and other countries where it is legal to do so. It is based in London and is a registered charity under English law.

Abortion in Switzerland is legal during the first twelve weeks of pregnancy, upon condition of counseling, for women who state that they are in distress. It is also legal with medical indications – threat of severe physical or psychological damage to the woman – at any later time. Switzerland is among the developed nations with the lowest rates of abortions and unwanted pregnancies.

This is a timeline of reproductive rights legislation, a chronological list of laws and legal decisions affecting human reproductive rights. Reproductive rights are a sub-set of human rights pertaining to issues of reproduction and reproductive health. These rights may include some or all of the following: the right to legal or safe abortion, the right to birth control, the right to access quality reproductive healthcare, and the right to education and access in order to make reproductive choices free from coercion, discrimination, and violence. Reproductive rights may also include the right to receive education about contraception and sexually transmitted infections, and freedom from coerced sterilization, abortion, and contraception, and protection from practices such as female genital mutilation (FGM).

Unintended pregnancies are pregnancies that are mistimed or unwanted at the time of conception, also known as unplanned pregnancies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Birth control in the United States</span>

Birth control in the United States is available in many forms. Some of the forms available at drugstores and some retail stores are male condoms, female condoms, sponges, spermicides, over-the-counter progestin-only contraceptive pills, and over-the-counter emergency contraception. Forms available at pharmacies with a doctor's prescription or at doctor's offices are oral contraceptive pills, patches, vaginal rings, diaphragms, shots/injections, cervical caps, implantable rods, and intrauterine devices (IUDs). Sterilization procedures, including tubal ligations and vasectomies, are also performed.

A medical abortion, also known as medication abortion or non-surgical abortion, occurs when drugs (medication) are used to bring about an abortion. Medical abortions are an alternative to surgical abortions such as vacuum aspiration or dilation and curettage. Medical abortions are more common than surgical abortions in most places around the world.

Abortion in Kazakhstan is legal as an elective procedure up to 12 weeks, and special circumstances afterwards. The relevant legislation is based on the laws inherited from the country's Soviet past, when abortion was legally permitted as a contraceptive.

In Benin, abortion is legal on broad socioeconomic grounds up to twelve weeks of pregnancy.

There are many types of contraceptive methods available in France. All contraceptives are obtained by medical prescription after a visit to a family planning specialist, a gynecologist or a midwife. An exception to this is emergency contraception, which does not require a prescription and can be obtained directly in a pharmacy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ANCIC (organization)</span> Non-governmental organization

The National Association of Abortion and Contraception Centers is a non-profit, non-governmental association of persons and professionals who work in pregnancy and abortion planning centers, in the private or public sector, in France, who provide advice on and support for abortion and contraception.

In Zambia, abortion is legal if the pregnancy would threaten the mother's life or physical or mental health or those of existing children, or if it would cause a birth defect. Zambia has one of the most permissive abortion laws in Africa, though its restrictions limit access. The Termination of Pregnancy Act, passed in 1972, legalizes abortion if approved by medical professionals. It requires signatures from three doctors, including one specialist. Amendments to the bill and medical guidelines clarify that the law allows the consideration of situations such as pregnancy from rape, as well as socioeconomic factors.

In Malawi, abortion is only legal to save the life of the mother. Abortion is a felony punishable by prison. Malawi's abortion law is one of the strictest in the world.

In Senegal, abortion is illegal unless the life of the mother is in danger. A medical exception requires a medical certificate. Senegal is one of the only countries whose criminal code completely bans abortion. Receiving an abortion is punishable by fines and prison. Abortion was banned in the colonial era. In 1967, an exception was made in the case of threat to life. In 2005, the National Assembly declared that women have a right to post-abortion care. Activists wanted this law to legalize abortion in the cases of rape or incest, but failed. In 2013, a group of NGOs called the Task Force formed with the goal of aligning Senegal's abortion law with the Maputo Protocol, which it had signed in 2004. The National Assembly considered a bill in 2024 that would guarantee legal access to medical abortion. International organizations have called for abortion law reform. Domestically, religious families and organizations influence widespread opposition to abortion due to Islamic beliefs.

In Togo, abortion is only legal in the cases of pregnancy from rape or incest, risk to the mother's health or life, or risk of birth defects. The law requires abortion to be performed by a doctor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abortion in Africa</span>

In Africa, abortion is subject to various national abortion laws. Most women in Africa live in countries with restrictive laws. Most countries in Africa are parties to the African Union's Maputo Protocol, the only international treaty that defines a right to abortion. Sub-Saharan Africa is the world region with the highest rates of unsafe abortions and abortion mortality. Most abortions in the region are unsafe. The region has the highest rate of unintended pregnancy, the primary motive for abortion. The most likely women to have abortions are young, unmarried, or urban. Post-abortion care is widely available.

In Guinea, abortion is illegal unless the pregnancy poses a threat to the life or health of the pregnant woman or fetus, if it resulted from rape, or if the pregnant woman is a minor. Illegal abortions are punishable by fines and prison. Legal abortions require approval from doctors in the case of therapeutic abortion or ethics committees in the case of abortion from rape. The conditions for legal abortion are debated. Women's rights activists and journalists have advocated for reform.

References

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  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Verneau, Laure (7 October 2020). "A Madagascar, les avortements clandestins se multiplient depuis le confinement" [In Madagascar, clandestine abortions are multiplying during lockdown]. Le Monde (in French). Retrieved 2 August 2024.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Ravaoarisoa, Lantonirina; Razafimahatratra, Mamy Jean Jacques; Rakotondratsara, Mamy Andrianina; Gaspard, Naomi; Ratsimbazafy, Marie Rolland; Rafamantanantsoa, Jean Florent; Ramanantsoa, Voahanginirina; Schaaf, Marta; Midy, Anne-Caroline; Casey, Sara E. (13 November 2020). "Slowing progress: the US Global Gag Rule undermines access to contraception in Madagascar". Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters . 28 (3): 39–53. doi: 10.1080/26410397.2020.1838053 . PMC   7887949 . PMID   33054631.
  4. ↑ Rakotobe, Narindra (28 October 2022). "Grossesse non désirée : 96% des Malgaches contre la légalisation de l'avortement" [Unwanted pregnancy: 96% of Malagasy people against legalization of abortion]. Midi Madagasikara (in French). Retrieved 2 August 2024.
  5. ↑ Rakotobe, Narindra (1 February 2024). "Santé de la reproduction : Plus de 81% des femmes qui avortent affirment leur chrétienneté" [Reproductive health: More than 81% of women who have abortions affirm their Christianity]. Midi Madagasikara (in French). Retrieved 2 August 2024.
  6. ↑ "Madagascar - IVG : l'Eglise catholique réaffirme le rejet de sa dépénalisation" [Madagascar - Abortion: the Catholic Church reaffirms its rejection of decriminalization]. LINFO.re (in French). 2 August 2023. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
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  8. ↑ Cook Andersen, Margaret (1 June 2010). "Creating French Settlements Overseas: Pronatalism and Colonial Medicine in Madagascar". French Historical Studies . 33 (3): 436. doi:10.1215/00161071-2010-004.
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  10. ↑ Gastineau, Bénédicte; Rajaonarisoa, Stellina (September 2010). "Sante De la reproduction et avortement a Antananarivo (Madagascar) Resultats d 'une recherche originale" [Reproductive Health and Abortion in Antananarivo (Madagascar): Results of an Original Research]. African Journal of Reproductive Health . 14 (3): 223–232.
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  14. ↑ Burns-Pieper, Annie (16 September 2017). "Trump changes to foreign aid restricting access to family planning services in poorest countries". CBC News . Retrieved 16 July 2024.
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  17. ↑ Tétaud, Sarah (30 September 2022). "À Madagascar, l'avortement reste un crime, même pour raisons médicales" [In Madagascar, abortion remains a crime, even for medical reasons] (in French). Retrieved 2 August 2024.
  18. ↑ "Pour la première fois, Madagascar célèbre la journée de «l'avortement sécurisé»" [For the first time, Madagascar celebrates the day of "safe abortion"]. Radio France Internationale (in French). 1 October 2019. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
  19. ↑ Banke-Thomas, Aduragbemi; Yaya, Sanni (14 December 2021). "Looking ahead in the COVID-19 pandemic: emerging lessons learned for sexual and reproductive health services in low- and middle-income countries". Reproductive Health . 18 (1): 248. doi: 10.1186/s12978-021-01307-4 . PMC   8670615 . PMID   34906177.
  20. ↑ Bezain, Laetitia. "Madagascar: des femmes témoignent des risques de l'avortement clandestin" [Madagascar: women testify on the risks of clandestine abortion]. Radio France Internationale (in French). Retrieved 2 August 2024.
  21. ↑ Rakotobe, Narindra. "Constitutionnalisation de l'IVG en France : Nifin'Akanga fait entendre la voix des femmes malgaches" [Constitutionalization of abortion in France: Nifin'Akanga makes the voice of Malagasy women heard]. Midi Madagasikara (in French). Retrieved 2 August 2024.
  22. ↑ R., Mandimbisoa (22 October 2021). "Masy Goulamaly défend la propostion de loi sur l'ITG" [Masy Goulamaly defends proposed law on therapeutic abortion]. Madagascar Tribune . Retrieved 2 August 2024.
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  25. ↑ Verneau, Laure (18 May 2022). "Madagascar: l'examen de la loi sur l'interruption de grossesse s'éloigne encore" [Madagascar: review of the law on termination of pregnancy moves further away again]. Radio France Internationale (in French). Retrieved 2 August 2024.
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  27. ↑ Belalahy, José (9 March 2024). "Interruption volontaire de grossesse : Christine Razanamahasoa plaide pour un débat élargi" [Voluntary termination of pregnancy: Christine Razanamahasoa calles for a wider debate]. Midi Madagasikara (in French). Retrieved 2 August 2024.
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