Starting in the third century BC, Greek and Roman writers distinguished the indigenous population of the Salento peninsula differently. According to Strabo, the names Iapygians, Daunians, Peucetians and Messapians were exclusively Greek and not used by the natives, who divided the Salento in two parts. The southern and Ionian part of the peninsula was the territory of the Salentinoi, ranging from Otranto to Leuca and from Leuca to Manduria. The northern part on the Adriatic belonged to the Kalabroi and extended from Otranto to Egnatia with its hinterland.[2]
After the conquest of the Salento by the Roman Republic in 266BC[3] the distinction between the Iapygian tribes blurred as they were assimilated into ancient Roman society. Strabo makes it clear that in his time, the end of the first century BC, most people used the names Messapia, Iapygia, Calabria and Salentina interchangeably for the Salento.[4] The name Calabria for the entire peninsula was made official when the Roman emperor Augustus divided Italy in regions and gave the whole region of Apulia the name Regio II Apulia et Calabria.[5] Archaeology still follows the original Greek tripartite division of tribes based on the archaeological evidence.[6]
Name
The names Messapii (Ancient Greek: Μεσσάπιοι) and Messapia are usually interpreted as "(the place) Amid waters", Mess- from Proto-Indo-European*medhyo-, "middle" (cf. Albanianmes-, "middle") (cf. Ancient Greekμέσοςméssos "middle"), and -apia from Proto-Indo-European *ap-, "water" (cf. another toponym, Salapia, "salt water"). As Strabo writes, this is the name (exonym) which the Tarentine Greeks used to refer collectively to the Iapygian communities which referred to themselves as Calabri (Ancient Greek: Καλαβροί) and Salentini (Ancient Greek: Σαλεντίνοι) (endonyms) and to their land as Iapygia. The exonym Messapia in Italy corresponds to other toponyms in areas of ancient Greece (e.g. Messapio).[7][8]
Illyrian colonization of Italy (9th century BC), according to some modern historians.
The origin of the Messapians is uncertain; it is probably due to uncertain and never clearly demonstrated migratory flows of Illyrian or Aegean-Anatolian origin that arrived in Salento on the threshold of the Iron Age around the 9th century BC.[11]. The Illyrian hypothesis, today the most accepted by scholars, is supported above all by linguistic considerations.[12].
It is also possible that the Messapians were the result of the fusion between Cretans and, subsequently, Illyrians. According to this hypothesis, the Cretans arrived in Italy in 3300 BC. and the Illyrians would conquer them centuries later.
The Cretan origin was essentially based on tradition and derived from a famous passage by Herodotus on the origins of the Iapygians:
«It is said, in fact, that Minos, who arrived in Sicania (which is now called Sicily) in search of Daedalus, died there by a violent death. After some time had passed, at the incitement of a god, all the Cretans, en masse, except those of Polychne and Praesus, who came with a large fleet to Sicania, besieged the city of Camicus for five years, which, at in my time, it was inhabited by Agrigentines. In the end, however, not being able to conquer it, nor to stay longer to fight against hunger, they would leave, abandoning the camp. When, during the navigation, they found themselves near the coast of Iapygia, a violent storm would have surprised them and slammed them against the land: so, the ships having broken, and no longer seeing any way to return to Crete, the city of Iria was founded in that place. , they remained there and became Iapygians-Messapians (changing their name) rather than Cretans and continentals rather than islanders. From Iria, they say, they founded the other colonies, which the Tarentines long after attempted to destroy, but suffered such a terrible defeat that there then occurred the most serious massacre of Greeks of all those we know of; not only of Tarentines, but also of citizens of Reggio: of the latter, who had come to give aid to the Tarentines forced by Micito son of Chero, 3000 died; the losses of the Tarentines could not even be counted. Micitus, who was from the house of Anassilaus, had been left by him as regent of Rhegium and is the same one who, driven out from Rhegium and settled in Tegea in Arcadia, consecrated the numerous statues in Olympia, which everyone knows.»
In addition to the Herodothean story, there is the story of the Cretan king Idomeneus, another piece of what we could define as the "Minoan cycle", that is, that literary tradition which sees the ethnogenesis of the Messapian people in the mixing between the Cretan settlers and the local indigenous people Salento. The sallentine humanist Antonio de Ferrariis, referring to the ancient Messapic language, defines it as "the language used by the Sallentines before the coming of Idomeneus", thus using the figure of the latter as a symbol of Greek Salento of which he himself boasted belonging.[13]. This additional version to the Herodotean one regarding the Cretan origin of the Messapians is provided by Marcus Terentius Varro from Rieti (116 BC – 27 BC). In fact, the Latin author tells of how the monarch Idomeneus, expelled from Crete following a civil uprising, had sought refuge together with his army in the Illyrian kingdom of King Divitius. From here, joining a further army generously offered by the Illyrian monarch, to which was added a large group of Locrian refugees, he set sail for Salento and settled there, displacing his army in twelve cities and thus giving life to the Messapic dodecapolis. The Cretan, Illyrian and Locrian refugees led by King Idomeneus, who became permanent inhabitants of the Salento districts, would finally collectively recognize themselves with the ethnonym of "Sallentines", since they had made friends "in salo", at sea"[14][15].
The oldest findings were made in archaeological excavations in some caves near Otranto and Roca; the first stable settlements were identified in the cities of Oria, Cavallino, Vaste and Muro Leccese and can be dated back to the 8th century BC).[16].
Around the 7th-6th century BC. we move from constructions in huts with a plinth in irregular stones, elevation in raw bricks (clay and straw) and roofing with intertwined branches (one was rebuilt in Vaste for educational purposes) to constructions with multiple rooms, quadrangular in shape, with low walls dry stone and brick and tile roofing.[17].
The pre-Italic settlement of Gnatia was founded in the fifteenth century BC during the Bronze Age. It was captured and settled by the Iapyges, as they occupied large tracts of territory in Apulia. The Messapii developed a distinct identity from the Iapyges. Rudiae was first settled from the late ninth or early eighth centuries BC. In the late sixth century BC, it developed into a much more important settlement. It flourished under the Messapii, but after their defeat by Rome it dwindled and became a small village. The nearby Lupiae (Lecce) flourished at its expense. The Messapi did not have a centralised form of government. Their towns were independent city-states. They had trade relationships with the Greek cities of Magna Graecia.
Conflict with Taras
In 473 BC, the Greek city of Tarentum (which was on the border with Messapia) and its ally, Rhegion, tried to seize some of the towns of the Messapii and Peucetii. However, the Iapyge tribes defeated them thanks to the superiority of their cavalry.[18] The war against Tarentum continued until 467 BC.
In 356 BC, an alliance between Messapii and Lucani led to the conquest of Heraclea and Matapontus. In 342 BC, Tarentum called for the aid of Archidamus III of Sparta. Archidamus died in battle under the walls of the Messapian city of Manduria in 338 BC.[19]
In 333 BC, Tarentum called Alexander I of Epirus to help them in their war with their Lucani. Alexander defeated the Messapii. He died in a battle against the Lucani in 330 BC.[20]
After the campaign of Alexander I, the Messapii switched allegiance. They allied with Tarentum and Cleonymus of Sparta, who campaigned in the region in 303–02 BC to help Tarentum against, again, the Lucani.[21]
Conquest by the Roman Republic
Map of Ancient Italy, Southern Part by William R. Shepherd, 1911.
During the Second Samnite War (327–304 BC) between Rome and the Samnites, the Messapii, Iapyges and Peucetii sided with the Samnites. Some of the cities of the Dauni sided with Rome and some of them sided with the Samnites. The city of Canusium went over to the Romans in 318 BC. Silvium, a Peucetii frontier town, was under Samnite control, but it was captured by Rome in 306 BC.
During the Pyrrhic Wars (280–275 BC), the Messapii sided with Tarentum and Pyrrhus the king of Epirus, in Greece,[22] who landed at Tarentum, ostensibly to help this city in her conflict with the Romans. According to ancient historians, his aim was to conquer Italy. Pyrrhus fought battles against the Romans and a campaign in Sicily. He had to give up the latter and was defeated by the Romans and left Italy. The Messapii were mentioned by Dionysius of Halicarnassus as fighting for Pyrrhus in the Battle of Asculum.[23]
In 272 BC, the Romans captured Tarentum. In 267 BC, Rome conquered the Messapii and Brundisium.[24][25] This city became Rome's port for sailing to the eastern Mediterranean. Subsequently, the Messapii were rarely mentioned in the historical record. They became Romanised.
During Hannibal's invasion of Italy in the Second Punic War (218–201 BC), the Messapii remained loyal to the Romans. The Battle of Cannae, where Hannibal routed the forces of the Romans and their Italic allies, was fought in the heart of the neighbouring Peucetii territory. The Roman survivors were welcomed into nearby Canusium. Part of the final stages of the war were fought out at Monte Gargano, in the northernmost part of Apulia, in the territory of the Dauni.
Language and writing
The Messapian language is generally considered similar to the Illyrian languages,[26][27][28] although this has been debated as a mostly speculative grouping, as Illyrian languages are themselves poorly attested.[29]Albanian dialects are still a relatable group with Messapian, due to toponyms in Apulia, some of towns that have no etymological forms outside Albanian linguistic sources.[30] However, Messapic is to be considered as an independent Indo-European language.[31]
The language became extinct following the Roman conquest of the region,[28] which began during the late 4th century BC.[32] It has been preserved in about 300 inscriptions written in the Greek alphabet and dating from the 6th to the 1st century BC.[27]
Geography
Messapia was relatively urbanized and more densely populated compared to the rest of Iapygia. It possessed 26–28 walled settlements, while the remainder of Iapygia had 30–35 more dispersed walled settlements. The Messapian population has been estimated at 120,000 to 145,000 people before the Roman conquest.[33] The main Messapic cities included:
Non mi vergogno punto di propalare l’origine de’ nostri Maggiori. Siam Greci ed ognuno lo si deve a gloria recare. Platone il Dio de’ filosofi costumava sovente di ringraziare i Numi per queste tre cose: che Uomo e non bruto, che Maschio, e non Donna, che Greco e non barbaro fusse nato, e cresciuto. Il suo servidore, Eccellenza, che la Giapiggia descrive non da’ Mauri, non dalli Ethiopi, non dalli Allobrogi, o Sicambri, ma dalla Greca Nazione sorge, e deriva. Il Progenitore di chi tal dettaglio della Giapiggia li porge, non ignorò il Greco, e molto meno l’idioma Latino. Fù celebre non per valore dell’armi, ma fù difeso, e scortato dall’integrità della vita, e dalla bontà de’ costumi. Mi vergogno, Eccellenza, parlando seco lei senz’Arbitri dirle, come io nell’Italia abbia tratta la mia origine, e derivati i miei natali, sebbene alcuni scrittori posero il suolo Giapiggio fuor dell’Italia.
—Antonio de Ferrariis, Liber de situ Iapygiae
↑ L.Larva, "Messapia, terra tra i due mari". Paolo Pagliaro Editore, Galatina (LE), 2010
↑ "It is said that the Sallentine nation was formed from three places: Crete, Illyricum, Italy. Idomeneus, driven into exile from the city of Blanda for sedition during the war against the Magnesians, arrived with a large army in Illyricum to king Divitius. Having received another army from him, and united at sea, due to the similarity of their conditions and projects, with a large group of Locrian refugees, he made pacts of friendship with them and moved to Locri. Having been abandoned, for fear of him, the city he occupied it and founded several centers including Iria and the very famous Castrum Minervae. He divided the army into three parts and twelve nations. They were called Sallentines, since they had made friends at sea". Marcus Terentius Varro
↑ Archeologia dei Messapi, Bari 1989; I Messapi, Taranto 1991.
↑ Thierry Van Compernolle, 2001, dall'insediamento Iapigio alla città messapica: dieci anni di scavi e ricerche archeologiche a Soleto (LE)
↑ West 2007, p.15...To these can be added a larger body of inscriptions from south-east Italy in the Messapic language, which is generally considered to be Illyrian...
↑ Woodard 2008, p.11...A linking of the two languages, Illyrian and Messapic must however remain a linguistically unverifiable hypothesis..
↑ Trumper 2018, p.385: "Overall, the complex of Albanian dialects remains a solid block of the Albanoid group still relatable with Messapic (observed in place naming in Apulia: some towns have no etymon outside Albanoid sources, for example in toponyms such as Manduria)."
↑ Philip Baldi (2018). The Foundations of Latin. p.150. ISBN9783110892604.{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
Apulia, also known by its Italian name Puglia, is a region of Italy, located in the southern peninsular section of the country, bordering the Adriatic Sea to the east, the Strait of Otranto and Ionian Sea to the southeast and the Gulf of Taranto to the south. The region comprises 19,345 square kilometers (7,469 sq mi), and its population is about four million people. It is bordered by the other Italian regions of Molise to the north, Campania to the west, and Basilicata to the southwest. The regional capital is Bari.
Messapic is an extinct Indo-European Paleo-Balkanic language of the southeastern Italian Peninsula, once spoken in Salento by the Iapygian peoples of the region: the Calabri and Salentini, the Peucetians and the Daunians. Messapic was the pre-Roman, non-Italic language of Apulia. It has been preserved in about 600 inscriptions written in an alphabet derived from a Western Greek model and dating from the mid-6th to at least the 2nd century BC, when it went extinct following the Roman conquest of the region.
The Battle of Heraclea took place in 280 BC between the Romans under the command of consul Publius Valerius Laevinus, and the combined forces of Greeks from Epirus, Tarentum, Thurii, Metapontum, and Heraclea under the command of Pyrrhus, king of Epirus. Although the battle was a victory for the Greeks and their casualties were lower than the Romans, they had lost many veteran soldiers that would be hard to replace on foreign soil.
Salento, also known as Terra d'Otranto, is a cultural, historical and geographic region at the southern end of the administrative region of Apulia, in southern Italy. It is a sub-peninsula of the Italian Peninsula, sometimes described as the "heel" of the Italian "boot". It encompasses the entire administrative area of the province of Lecce, a large part of the province of Brindisi and part of that of Taranto.
The Pyrrhic War was largely fought between the Roman Republic and Pyrrhus, the king of Epirus, who had been asked by the people of the Greek city of Tarentum in southern Italy to help them in their war against the Romans.
Manduria is a city and comune of Apulia, Italy, in the province of Taranto. With c. 32,000 inhabitants (2013), it is located 35 kilometres (22 mi) east of Taranto.
The Iapygians or Apulians were an Indo-European-speaking people, dwelling in an eponymous region of the southeastern Italian Peninsula named Iapygia between the beginning of the first millennium BC and the first century BC. They were divided into three tribal groups: the Daunians, Peucetians and Messapians.
The Lucanians were an Italic tribe living in Lucania, in what is now southern Italy, who spoke an Oscan language, a member of the Italic languages. Today, the inhabitants of the Basilicata region are still called Lucani, and so is their dialect.
Oria is a town and comune in the Apulia region, in the province of Brindisi, in southern Italy. It is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Oria.
The origin of the city of Taranto dates from the 8th century BC when it was founded as a Greek colony, known as Taras.
Ceglie Messapica is a town, and comune, located in the province of Brindisi and region of Apulia, in southern Italy, in the traditional area called Salento.
Alezio is a town and comune in the province of Lecce in the Apulia region of south-east Italy.
The Peucetians were an Iapygian tribe which inhabited western and central Apulia in classical antiquity.
Illyrian religion refers to the religious beliefs and practices of the Illyrian peoples, a group of tribes who spoke the Illyrian languages and inhabited part of the western Balkan Peninsula from at least the 8th century BC until the 7th century AD. The available written sources are very tenuous. They consist largely of personal and place names, and a few glosses from Classical sources.
The history of the Illyrians spans from the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC up to the 1st century AD in the region of Illyria and in southern Italy where the Iapygian civilization flourished.
The socii or foederati were confederates of Rome and formed one of the three legal denominations in Roman Italy (Italia) along with the core Roman citizens and the extended Latini. The Latini, who were simultaneously special confederates and semi-citizens, derived their name from the Italic people of which Rome was part but did not coincide with the region of Latium in central Italy as they were located in colonies throughout the peninsula. This tripartite organisation lasted from the Roman expansion in Italy to the Social War, when all peninsular inhabitants south of the Po river were awarded Roman citizenship.
The Daunians were an Iapygian tribe that inhabited northern Apulia in classical antiquity. Two other Iapygian tribes, the Peucetians and the Messapians, inhabited central and southern Apulia respectively. All three tribes spoke the Messapic language, but had developed separate archaeological cultures by the seventh century BC.
The Illyrians were a group of Indo-European speaking peoples, who inhabited the western Balkan Peninsula in ancient times. They constituted one of the three main Paleo-Balkan populations, along with the Thracians and Greeks.
The Iapygian–Tarentine wars were a set of conflicts and wars between the Greek colony of Taras and the three Iapygian peoples, the Messapians, Peucetians and Daunians.
Zis is a sky and lightning god in Messapian religion, occupying the most prominent role. The theonym is the equivalent and cognate of Albanian Zojz and Greek Zeus, all from Proto-Indo-European *Di̯ḗu̯s 'sky god'. Zis appears in several votive inscriptions in the Messapic alphabet from Apulia.
Carpenter, T. H.; Lynch, K. M.; Robinson, E. G. D., eds. (2014). The Italic People of Ancient Apulia: New Evidence from Pottery for Workshops, Markets, and Customs. New York City, New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN9781139992701.
Colafemmina, Cesare (2012). The Jews in Calabria. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. ISBN9789004234123.
Yntema, Douwe (2008). "Polybius and the Field Survey Evidence of Apulia". In de Ligt, Luuk; Northwood, Simon (eds.). People, Land, and Politics: Demographic Developments and the Transformation of Roman Italy, 300 BC–AD 14. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. ISBN9789047424499.
van Dijk, Willemijn (2010). "Tribale tradities en de beleving van het verleden Messapische cultusplaatsen in de 6de tot 3de eeuw voor Christus". Tijdschrift voor Mediterrane Archeologie (in Dutch). 22 (43): 8–13.
D'Andria, Francesco. "Greci ed indigeni in Iapigia". In: Modes de contacts et processus de transformation dans les sociétés anciennes. Actes du colloque de Cortone (24-30 mai 1981) Rome: École Française de Rome, 1983. pp.287–297. (Publications de l'École française de Rome, 67) [www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1983_act_67_1_2465]
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