List of settlements in Illyria

This is a list of settlements in Illyria founded by Illyrians (southern Illyrians, Dardanians, Pannonians), Liburni, Ancient Greeks and the Roman Empire. A number of cities in Illyria and later Illyricum were built on the sites or close to the sites of pre-existing Illyrian settlements, though that was not always the case. Some settlements may have a double entry, for example the Ancient Greek Pola, Roman Pietas Julia, and some toponyms are reconstructed.

Albania

Identified sites

1

2

3a
3b

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

18

20a
20b

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

class=notpageimage|

Identified places and settlements in Albania.

#	Settlement [note 1]	Habitation	Location	Geographic coordinates	Ref.
1	Ad Acroceraunia		Near Llogara Pass	40°16′52″N19°27′20″E / 40.28111°N 19.45556°E / 40.28111; 19.45556 (Ad Acroceraunia)	[1]
2	Ad Quintum		Bradashesh	41°05′38″N20°00′54″E / 41.09389°N 20.01500°E / 41.09389; 20.01500 (Ad Acroceraunia)	[2]
3	Akrolissos, Lissus		Lezhë	41°46′58″N19°38′38″E / 41.78278°N 19.64389°E / 41.78278; 19.64389 (Acrolissus)	[3]
4	Amantia		Ploç	40°22′37″N19°42′0″E / 40.37694°N 19.70000°E / 40.37694; 19.70000 (Amantia)	[1]
5	Antipatrea		Berat	40°42′0″N19°57′0″E / 40.70000°N 19.95000°E / 40.70000; 19.95000 (Antipatrea)	[4]
6	Apollonia		Pojan	40°44′2″N19°27′46″E / 40.73389°N 19.46278°E / 40.73389; 19.46278 (Apollonia)	[1]
7	Aulon		Vlorë	40°28′0″N19°29′0″E / 40.46667°N 19.48333°E / 40.46667; 19.48333 (Aulon)	[5]
8	Bushat		Bushat	41°58′1″N19°31′59″E / 41.96694°N 19.53306°E / 41.96694; 19.53306 (Bushat)	[6]
9	Byllis		Hekal	40°32′25″N19°44′15″E / 40.54028°N 19.73750°E / 40.54028; 19.73750 (Byllis)	[7]
10	Cerje		Cerje, Vlorë	40°16′11″N19°41′13″E / 40.26972°N 19.68694°E / 40.26972; 19.68694 (Cerje)	[8]
11	Dimale		Krotinë	40°42′59″N19°47′49″E / 40.71639°N 19.79694°E / 40.71639; 19.79694 (Dimale)	[9]
12	Dukat		Dukat	40°15′11″N19°34′02″E / 40.25306°N 19.56722°E / 40.25306; 19.56722 (Dukat)	[10]
13	Epidamnos		Durrës	41°18′40″N19°26′21″E / 41.31111°N 19.43917°E / 41.31111; 19.43917 (Epidamnos)	[11]
14	Gajtan		Gajtan	42°3′23″N19°34′20″E / 42.05639°N 19.57222°E / 42.05639; 19.57222 (Gajtan)	[12]
15	Grunas		Grunas	42°25′10″N19°46′50″E / 42.41944°N 19.78056°E / 42.41944; 19.78056 (Gajtan)	[13]
16	Kaninë		Kaninë	40°26′23″N19°31′8″E / 40.43972°N 19.51889°E / 40.43972; 19.51889 (Kaninë)	[14]
17	Kratul		Kratul	42°7′22″N19°34′30″E / 42.12278°N 19.57500°E / 42.12278; 19.57500 (Kratul)	[12]
18	Kukës		Kukës	42°4′51″N20°25′12″E / 42.08083°N 20.42000°E / 42.08083; 20.42000 (Kukës)
19	Lofkënd		Lofkënd	40°38′28″N19°44′45″E / 40.64111°N 19.74583°E / 40.64111; 19.74583 (Hija e Korbit)	[15]
20	Hija e Korbit		Maliq	40°42′30″N20°42′0″E / 40.70833°N 20.70000°E / 40.70833; 20.70000 (Hija e Korbit)	[16]
21	Margëlliç		Margëlliç	40°40′19″N19°39′40″E / 40.67194°N 19.66111°E / 40.67194; 19.66111 (Margëlliç)	[14]
22	Mat		Mat	41°37′1″N20°0′0″E / 41.61694°N 20.00000°E / 41.61694; 20.00000 (Mat)
23	Matohasanaj		Matohasanaj	40°21′14″N19°49′59″E / 40.35389°N 19.83306°E / 40.35389; 19.83306 (Matohasanaj)	[17]
24	Nikaia		Klos	40°31′44″N19°45′7″E / 40.52889°N 19.75194°E / 40.52889; 19.75194 (Nikaia)	[18]
25	Nymphaion (sanctuary)		Selenicë	40°31′59″N19°37′59″E / 40.53306°N 19.63306°E / 40.53306; 19.63306 (Nymphaion (sanctuary))	[19]
26	Nymphaion (harbour)		Shëngjin	41°48′50″N19°35′39″E / 41.81389°N 19.59417°E / 41.81389; 19.59417 (Nymphaion (harbour))	[18]
27	Olympe		Mavrovë	40°24′32″N19°35′28″E / 40.40889°N 19.59111°E / 40.40889; 19.59111 (Olympe)	[20]
28	Orikon		Orikum	40°19′23″N19°27′7″E / 40.32306°N 19.45194°E / 40.32306; 19.45194 (Orikon)	[21]
29	Persqopi		Tirana	41°19′44″N19°49′4″E / 41.32889°N 19.81778°E / 41.32889; 19.81778 (Persqopi)
30	Pogradec		Pogradec	40°54′0″N20°39′0″E / 40.90000°N 20.65000°E / 40.90000; 20.65000 (Pogradec)	[22]
31	Rabije		Rabije	40°28′55″N19°56′21″E / 40.48194°N 19.93917°E / 40.48194; 19.93917 (Rabije)	[23]
32	Redon		Cape of Rodon	41°35′2″N19°27′0″E / 41.58389°N 19.45000°E / 41.58389; 19.45000 (Redon)
33	Scampa		Elbasan	41°6′40″N20°4′51″E / 41.11111°N 20.08083°E / 41.11111; 20.08083 (Scampa)
34	Selcë e Poshtme		Selcë e Poshtme	40°58′59″N20°31′1″E / 40.98306°N 20.51694°E / 40.98306; 20.51694 (Selcë e Poshtme)	[24]
35	Scodra		Shkodër	42°4′1″N19°30′0″E / 42.06694°N 19.50000°E / 42.06694; 19.50000 (Scodra)	[25]
36	Tren		Tren	40°39′58″N21°0′0″E / 40.66611°N 21.00000°E / 40.66611; 21.00000 (Tren)	[26]
37	Triport		Triport, Vlorë	40°30′05″N19°24′43″E / 40.50139°N 19.41194°E / 40.50139; 19.41194 (Triport)	[27]
38	Zgërdhesh		Zgërdhesh	41°28′23″N19°48′54″E / 41.47306°N 19.81500°E / 41.47306; 19.81500 (Zgërdhesh)	[6]

Unidentified sites

Settlement	Description	Proposed location	Ref.
Albanopolis		Zgërdhesh	[28]
Bargulum		Berat	[29]
Bassania		Pedhanë or Bushat	[30]
Boioi		On the shore of Ohrid	[31]
Chrysondyon		—	[32]
Creonion		—	[32]
Damastion		—	[33]
Enchelanae		On the shore of Ohrid, Pogradec Castle	[34]
Gertous		—	[32]
Kerax		On the shore of Ohrid	[34]
Kodrion		Kalaja e Irmajt near Gramsh Kodras Tac	[35]
Parthus		Berat	[36]
Pelion		Near Ohrid and PrespaPojan Korce	[37]
Sation		On the shore of Ohrid	[31]
Sesarethus		Near Ohrid and Prespa	[38]
Thronion		Triport, Vlorë; Kaninë	[39]
Uscana		—

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Identified sites

1

2

3

4

5

class=notpageimage|

Identified places and settlements in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

#	Settlement [note 1]	Description	Location	Geographic coordinates	Ref.
1	Arduba		Vranduk	44°17′34″N17°54′14″E / 44.29278°N 17.90389°E / 44.29278; 17.90389 (Arduba)	[40]
2	Daorson		Near Stolac	43°4′59″N17°58′0″E / 43.08306°N 17.96667°E / 43.08306; 17.96667 (Daorson)	[41]
3	Delminium		Tomislavgrad	43°43′0″N17°14′0″E / 43.71667°N 17.23333°E / 43.71667; 17.23333 (Delminium)	[42]
4	Hedum Kastelum		Breza	44°1′11″N18°15′53″E / 44.01972°N 18.26472°E / 44.01972; 18.26472 (Hedum Kastelum)
5	Ošanjići		Ošanjići, Stolac	43°5′24″N17°56′24″E / 43.09000°N 17.94000°E / 43.09000; 17.94000 (Ošanjići)	[43]

Unidentified sites

Settlement	Description	Proposed location	Ref.
Salvia		Near Bosansko Grahovo	[44]

Croatia

See also: Liburnia

Identified sites

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

class=notpageimage|

Identified places and settlements in Croatia.

#	Settlement	Description	Location	Geographic coordinates	Ref.
1	Aenona		Nin	44°14′0″N15°11′0″E / 44.23333°N 15.18333°E / 44.23333; 15.18333 (Aenona)	[45]
2	Aequum		Near Čitluk	43°45′0″N16°38′0″E / 43.75000°N 16.63333°E / 43.75000; 16.63333 (Aequum)	[46]
3	Alvona		Labin	45°5′0″N14°7′0″E / 45.08333°N 14.11667°E / 45.08333; 14.11667 (Alvona)	[47]
4	Andetrium		Muć	43°41′26″N16°29′2″E / 43.69056°N 16.48389°E / 43.69056; 16.48389 (Andetrium)	[48]
5	Apsorus		Osor	44°42′0″N14°24′0″E / 44.70000°N 14.40000°E / 44.70000; 14.40000 (Apsorus)
6	Arba		Rab	44°45′22″N14°45′40″E / 44.75611°N 14.76111°E / 44.75611; 14.76111 (Arba)
7	Argyruntum		Starigrad	44°17′43″N15°26′17″E / 44.29528°N 15.43806°E / 44.29528; 15.43806 (Argyruntum)
8	Aspálathos		Split	43°30′36″N16°27′0″E / 43.51000°N 16.45000°E / 43.51000; 16.45000 (Aspálathos)	[49]
9	Asseria		Near Podgrađe	44°0′36″N15°40′4″E / 44.01000°N 15.66778°E / 44.01000; 15.66778 (Asseria)
10	Burnum		Near Kistanje	44°1′5″N16°1′33″E / 44.01806°N 16.02583°E / 44.01806; 16.02583 (Burnum)	[50]
11	Colentum		Near Betina	43°49′22″N15°36′17″E / 43.82278°N 15.60472°E / 43.82278; 15.60472 (Colentum)
12	Corinium		Near Benkovac	44°06′16″N15°38′01″E / 44.10444°N 15.63361°E / 44.10444; 15.63361 (Corinium)	[51]
13	Crepsa		Cres	44°57′36″N14°24′29″E / 44.96000°N 14.40806°E / 44.96000; 14.40806 (Crepsa)
14	Curicum		Krk	45°1′0″N14°34′0″E / 45.01667°N 14.56667°E / 45.01667; 14.56667 (Curicum)
15	Epetium		Stobreč	43°29′58″N16°31′20″E / 43.49944°N 16.52222°E / 43.49944; 16.52222 (Epetium)	[52]
16	Epidaurum		Cavtat	42°34′46″N18°13′15″E / 42.57944°N 18.22083°E / 42.57944; 18.22083 (Epetium)	[53]
17	Flanona		Plomin	45°8′16″N14°10′51″E / 45.13778°N 14.18083°E / 45.13778; 14.18083 (Flanona)	[54]
18	Fulfinum		Near Omišalj	45°12′42″N14°33′15″E / 45.21167°N 14.55417°E / 45.21167; 14.55417 (Corinium)	[55]
19	Iader or Idassa		Zadar	44°7′10″N15°13′55″E / 44.11944°N 15.23194°E / 44.11944; 15.23194 (Iader)
20	Issa		Vis	43°4′0″N16°11′0″E / 43.06667°N 16.18333°E / 43.06667; 16.18333 (Issa)	[56]
21	Lopsica		Sveti Juraj	44°55′32″N14°55′8″E / 44.92556°N 14.91889°E / 44.92556; 14.91889 (Lopsica)
22	Lumbarda		Lumbarda	42°55′19″N17°10′12″E / 42.92194°N 17.17000°E / 42.92194; 17.17000 (Lumbarda)	[57]
23	Melaina Korkyra		Korčula	42°57′0″N17°7′0″E / 42.95000°N 17.11667°E / 42.95000; 17.11667 (Melaina Korkyra)	[56]
24	Mursa		Osijek	45°33′20″N18°41′40″E / 45.55556°N 18.69444°E / 45.55556; 18.69444 (Mursa)
25	Narona		Momići	43°04′49.9″N17°37′30.6″E / 43.080528°N 17.625167°E / 43.080528; 17.625167 (Narona)	[58] [59]
26	Nedinum		Nadin	44°4′27″N15°29′53″E / 44.07417°N 15.49806°E / 44.07417; 15.49806 (Nedinum)
27	Nesactium		Nesactium	44°55′0″N13°58′11″E / 44.91667°N 13.96972°E / 44.91667; 13.96972 (Nesactium)	[60]
28	Pharos		Hvar	43°8′0″N16°44′0″E / 43.13333°N 16.73333°E / 43.13333; 16.73333 (Pharos)	[61]
29	Pola		Pula	44°52′0″N13°51′0″E / 44.86667°N 13.85000°E / 44.86667; 13.85000 (Pola)	[56]
30	Portunata		Novalja	44°33′0″N14°53′0″E / 44.55000°N 14.88333°E / 44.55000; 14.88333 (Portunata)
31	Promona		Tepljuh	43°54′0″N16°12′0″E / 43.90000°N 16.20000°E / 43.90000; 16.20000 (Promona)	[62]
32	Salona		Solin	43°32′22″N16°28′59″E / 43.53944°N 16.48306°E / 43.53944; 16.48306 (Salona)	[63] [64]
33	Senia		Senj	44°59′25″N14°54′11″E / 44.99028°N 14.90306°E / 44.99028; 14.90306 (Senia)
34	Tilurium		Near Trilj	43°36′41″N16°42′57″E / 43.61139°N 16.71583°E / 43.61139; 16.71583 (Tilurium)	[44]
35	Tragurion or Tragorium		Trogir	43°31′1″N16°15′5″E / 43.51694°N 16.25139°E / 43.51694; 16.25139 (Tragurion)	[65]
36	Varvaria		Bribir	43°44′0″N15°51′0″E / 43.73333°N 15.85000°E / 43.73333; 15.85000 (Varvaria)

Unidentified sites

Settlement	Description	Proposed location	Ref.
Nareste		Near Omiš	[66]
Oneum		Omiš	[66]
Pituntium		Podstrana	[66]
Saloniana		Imotski
Setovia		Sinj	[44]
Tariona		Near Grebaštica	[67]

Kosovo

See also: Dardania

Further information: Roman heritage in Kosovo

Identified sites

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

class=notpageimage|

Identified places and settlements in Kosovo.

#	Settlement [note 1]	Description	Location	Geographic coordinates	Ref.
1	Municipium Dardanorum		Soqanicë	43°3′17″N20°48′36″E / 43.05472°N 20.81000°E / 43.05472; 20.81000 (Municipium Dardanorum)	[68]
2	Romajë		Romajë	42°17′31″N20°35′34″E / 42.29194°N 20.59278°E / 42.29194; 20.59278 (Romajë)	[69]
3	Busavatë		Busavatë	42°34′49″N21°32′36″E / 42.58028°N 21.54333°E / 42.58028; 21.54333 (Busavatë)	[70]
4	Ulpiana		Ulpiana	42°35′47″N21°10′31″E / 42.59639°N 21.17528°E / 42.59639; 21.17528 (Municipium Dardanorum)	[71]
5	Vindenis		Gllamnik	42°51′58″N21°10′59″E / 42.86611°N 21.18306°E / 42.86611; 21.18306 (Vindenis)	[72]
6	Vlashnjë		Vlashnjë	42°12′09″N20°39′45″E / 42.20250°N 20.66250°E / 42.20250; 20.66250 (Vlashnjë)
7	Topanicë		Topanicë	42°31′25″N21°38′23″E / 42.52361°N 21.63972°E / 42.52361; 21.63972 (Topanicë)	[73]
8	Dubovc		Dubovc	42°46′37″N20°54′37″E / 42.77694°N 20.91028°E / 42.77694; 20.91028 (Dubovc)	[74]
9	Dardana Fortress		Kamenica	42°35′33″N21°33′49″E / 42.59250°N 21.56361°E / 42.59250; 21.56361 (Dardana Fortress)	[75]

Unidentified sites

Settlement	Description	Proposed location	Ref.
Theranda		Suhareka or Prizren
Siparantum	Achieved municipium status during Roman occupation	Peja
Cërrnica	Destroyed by Celtic raids in 279 BC	Near Gjilan

Montenegro

Identified sites

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

class=notpageimage|

Identified places and settlements in Montenegro.

#	Settlement [note 1]	Description	Location	Geographic coordinates	Ref.
1	Acruvium		Kotor	42°25′48″N18°46′12″E / 42.43000°N 18.77000°E / 42.43000; 18.77000 (Acruvium)	[76]
2	Anderba, Enderon		Nikšić	42°46′40″N18°57′00″E / 42.77778°N 18.95000°E / 42.77778; 18.95000 (Anderba)	[77]
3	Buthoe		Budva	42°17′16″N18°50′35″E / 42.28778°N 18.84306°E / 42.28778; 18.84306 (Buthoe)	[6]
4	Doclea		Podgorica	42°28′5″N19°15′54″E / 42.46806°N 19.26500°E / 42.46806; 19.26500 (Doclea)	[6]
5	Gostilj		Gostilj	42°29′13″N18°41′56″E / 42.48694°N 18.69889°E / 42.48694; 18.69889 (Gostilj)
6	Meteon		Medun	42°28′23″N19°21′43″E / 42.47306°N 19.36194°E / 42.47306; 19.36194 (Meteon)	[6]
7	Oblun		Oblun	42°22′59″N19°08′13″E / 42.38306°N 19.13694°E / 42.38306; 19.13694	[6]
8	Perast		Perast	42°29′13″N18°41′56″E / 42.48694°N 18.69889°E / 42.48694; 18.69889 (Perast)
9	Rhizon		Risan	42°30′54″N18°41′21″E / 42.51500°N 18.68917°E / 42.51500; 18.68917 (Rhizon)	[6]
10	Samobor		Samobor	42°18′44″N19°21′53″E / 42.31222°N 19.36472°E / 42.31222; 19.36472	[6]
11	Stara Gradina		Stara Gradina	42°49′41″N19°17′13″E / 42.82806°N 19.28694°E / 42.82806; 19.28694	[6]
12	Ulkinion		Ulcinj	41°55′12″N19°12′0″E / 41.92000°N 19.20000°E / 41.92000; 19.20000 (Ulkinion)	[6]

Unidentified sites

Settlement	Description	Proposed location	Ref.
Lontodocla		Along the Zeta River	[77]

North Macedonia

Identified sites

1

2

3

4

class=notpageimage|

Identified places and settlements in North Macedonia.

#	Settlement [note 1]	Description	Location	Geographic coordinates	Ref.
1	Lychnidos		Ohrid	41°7′0″N20°48′0″E / 41.11667°N 20.80000°E / 41.11667; 20.80000 (Lychnidos)
2	Oaeneon, Oaeneum		Tetovo	42°0′0″N20°58′0″E / 42.00000°N 20.96667°E / 42.00000; 20.96667 (Oaeneon)
3	Scupi		Skopje	42°0′59″N21°23′31″E / 42.01639°N 21.39194°E / 42.01639; 21.39194 (Scupi)	[78]
4	Trebeništa		Trebeništa, Debarca	41°12′23″N20°45′18″E / 41.20639°N 20.75500°E / 41.20639; 20.75500 (Trebeništa)	[79]

Unidentified sites

Settlement	Description	Proposed location	Ref.
Damastion		—

Serbia

Identified sites

#	Settlement [note 1]	Description	Location	Geographic coordinates	Ref.
1	Navissos, Naissus		Niš	43°19′16″N21°53′44″E / 43.32111°N 21.89556°E / 43.32111; 21.89556 (Navissos)	[80] [81]

Unidentified sites

Settlement	Description	Proposed location	Ref.
Damastion		—

Illyrian settlements

• Epicaria of the Cavii ^[82]
• Eugenium ^[83] village or fort of the Partheni

Liburnian cities

• Gissa or Cissa – modern Caska near Novalja
• Pasinium – unknown position in Ražanac – Vinjerac – Posedarje range
• Sidrona of the Sidrini ^[84]
• Scardona
• Tarsatica – Rijeka
• Ortoplinia or Ortopula – Stinica in Municipality of Senj
• Vegia or Vegium

Venetic cities

• Iramene ^[85]
• Pellaon ^[85]
• Palsatium ^{[ citation needed ]}
• Atina, Istria ^[85]
• Caelina ^[85]
• Volcera ^{[ citation needed ]}

Roman cities

• Gabuleus ^{[ citation needed ]}
• Crevenia ^{[ citation needed ]}
• Corragum ^[86] fortress ^[87]
• Clodiana ^[88]
• Marusium ^[88]

A very small part of the Roman province of Italia included Istria.

• Aruccia ^[89]
• Arauzona ^{[ citation needed ]}
• Arba, Scardona ^{[90] [91]}
• Aleta, Dalmatia ^{[ citation needed ]}
• Berginium ^{[ citation needed ]}
• Ausancali ^{[ citation needed ]}
• Jader ^[76]
• Herona ^{[ citation needed ]}
• Senia, Liburnia ^[76]
• Adra, Liburnia ^{[ citation needed ]}
• Sicum ^[92]
• Blanona, Liburnia ^{[ citation needed ]}
• Siparuntum ^[93]
• Ouporum ^{[ citation needed ]}
• Iminacium ^{[ citation needed ]}
• Stulpi ^{[ citation needed ]}
• Ardotium ^{[ citation needed ]} mentioned by Pliny and Ptolemy to be at inland Liburnia
• Collentum ^{[ citation needed ]}
• Tediastum ^[89] inland Liburnia, along river Tedanius
• Curcum ^[89]
• Vicianum ^{[ citation needed ]}
• Velanis ^{[ citation needed ]}

Mislocated

• Thermidava, placed by Ptolemy on the Lissus-Naissus route. The toponym is most probably a misreading of a settlement which most scholars in contemporary research locate near present-day Banat, Serbia. ^[94]
• Quemedava mentioned by Procopius in Dardania.

See also

• List of ancient tribes in Illyria
• List of ancient cities in Thrace and Dacia
• Ancient geographic names in Croatia

Notes

1. Italics: the ancient names are unattested.

References

1. Wilkes 2000 , p. 750.
2. de Matteis 2017 , p. 12
3. Wilkes 2000 , pp. 750, 753; Shpuza 2014 , p. 106.
4. Cabanes 2008 , p. 35; Mesihović & Šačić 2015 , p. 47; Zindel et al. 2018 , pp. 278, 280.
5. Wilkes 2000 , p. 751; Papadopoulos 2016 , p. 437.
6. Shpuza 2017 , p. 42; Shpuza & Dyczek 2019 , p. 101; Lemke, Shpuza & Wojciechowski 2021 , p. 1.
7. Wilkes 2000 , p. 751.
8. Ceka & Ceka 2017 , p. 491; Çipa 2020 , p. 216.
9. Wilkes 2000 , p. 752; Muka & Heinzelmann 2014 , p. 223.
10. Shpuza 2022 , p. 553; Bodinaku 2001 , pp. 97–100.
11. Wilkes 2000 , p. 752.
12. Shpuza 2014 , p. 106.
13. Tafilica, Baze & Lafe 2023, p. 70.
14. Ceka & Ceka 2017 , p. 492; Çipa 2020 , p. 216.
15. Bejko et al. 2015 , p. 4; Zindel et al. 2018 , pp. 375–376.
16. Zindel et al. 2018 , pp. 375–376.
17. Ceka & Ceka 2017 , p. 490.
18. Wilkes 2000 , p. 754.
19. Wilkes 2000 , p. 754; Bejko et al. 2015 , p. 4; Papadopoulos 2016 , p. 440; Larson 2001 , p. 162.
20. Zindel et al. 2018 , p. 332
21. Shpuza 2022 , p. 553; Wilkes 2000 , p. 754; Papadopoulos 2016 , p. 437.
22. Doka & Qiriazi 2022, p. 241.
23. Ceka 2012 , pp. 59–60.
24. Wilkes 2000 , p. 755; Zindel et al. 2018 , p. 401.
25. Wilkes 2000 , p. 755; Shpuza 2017 , p. 42.
26. Wilkes 1992 , p. 18.
27. Volpe et al. 2014 , p. 300; Bereti 1993 , p. 143.
28. Wilkes 2000 , p. 750; Shpuza 2017 , p. 42.
29. Ceka 2009 , p. 17
30. Šašel Kos 2005 , p. 286; Nauka W Polsce 2018.
31. Jaupaj 2019 , p. 75.
32. Cabanes 2008 , p. 35; Mesihović & Šačić 2015 , p. 47.
33. Wilkes 1992 , p. 223; Wilkes & Fischer-Hansen 2004.
34. Jaupaj 2019 , pp. 74–75; Doka & Qiriazi 2022 , p. 241.
35. Morton 2017 , p. 37
36. Ceka 2009 , p. 7; Šašel Kos 2005 , p. 282.
37. Winnifrith 2002 , p. 282; Cabanes 2008 , p. 35; Mesihović & Šačić 2015 , p. 47.
38. Ujes 2002 , p. 106.
39. Volpe et al. 2014 , p. 300; Cabanes 2008 , p. 171; Bereti 1993 , p. 143; Wilkes 2000 , p. 758; Papadopoulos 2016 , p. 439.
40. Stipčević, Aleksandar, The Illyrians-History and Culture, 1974, Noyess Press
41. Dalmatia: research in the Roman province 1970-2001: papers in honour of J. J. Wilkes by David Davison, Vincent L. Gaffney, Emilio Marin, 2006, page 21, "completely Hellenised town."
42. Wilkes 1992 , p. 188
43. Boško 2011 , p. 177.
44. Wilkes 1992 , p. 190.
45. S. Čače, Broj liburnskih općina i vjerodostojnost Plinija(Nat. hist. 3, 130; 139–141), Radovi Filozofskog fakulteta u Zadru, 32, Zadar 1993., pages 1–36
46. The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites (eds. Richard Stillwell, William L. MacDonald, Marian Holland McAllister), " AEQUUM (Čitluk) Croatia, Yugoslavia. The Roman Colonia Claudia Aequum was situated 6 km N of Sinj. It was founded by the emperor Claudius sometime after AD 45 and settled with the veterans of Legio VII when they left the neighboring camp at Tilurium for Moesia."
47. Dalmatia by J. J. Wilkes, 1969, page 194, "By the early years of Augustus the inhabitants of Alvona the Alutrenses..."
48. Šašel Kos & Kos 2020 : "Andetrium".
49. Wilkes 1992 , p. 100.
50. The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites (eds. Richard Stillwell, William L. MacDonald, Marian Holland McAllister), "BURNUM (Ivoševci by Kistanje) Croatia, Yugoslavia.The military camp of Legio XI Claudia Pia Fidelis situated over the gorge of the Krka (Titius) river just opposite the Dalmatian hill fort on the E river bank..."
51. Šašel Kos & Kos 2017 , Places: 197225 (Corinium); Bagendon: a Belgic oppidum: a record of the excavations of 1954–56 – page 1 by Elsie M. Clifford – 1961 – "Chapter I the Bagendon Site the Identification of Corinium ... and was therefore called by the Roman Corinium"
52. Boršić, Džino & Radić Rossi 2021 , pp. 19, 21
53. Wilkes 1992 , p. 216
54. Dalmatia by J. J. Wilkes, 1969, page 195, "At Flavona the native population was well established and stood up better to the effects of Italian settlement in the first century..."
55. Šašel Kos & Kos 2019 , Places: 197280 (Fulfinium/Fertinium); The archaeology of Roman towns: studies in honour of John S. Wacher, ISBN   1-84217-103-8, page 235, by J. S. Wacher, Peter R. Wilson, 2003, "The reward was the status of Roman colony and an infusion of new settlers, granted either by Caesar himself [...] at Fulfinium and in the south on the"
56. Wilkes & Fischer-Hansen 2004.
57. Boršić, Džino & Radić Rossi 2021 , pp. 19, 20
58. OxfordJournal, "There had been an emporion or trading post on the site from the 2nd century BC, Pola, now Pietas Julia..."
59. The Roman army, 31 BC-AD 337: a sourcebook – page 215 by J. B. Campbell, ISBN   0-415-07173-9, 1994, "The civilian colony of Narona had been founded at the end of Caesar's dictatorship..."
60. Wilkes 1992 , p. 183.
61. Wilkes 1992 , p. 114.
62. Wilkes 1992 , p. 197.
63. Excavations at Salona, Yugoslavia, 1969–1972: conducted for the Department of Classics, Douglass College, Rutg, by Christoph W. Clairmont, 1975, ISBN   0-8155-5040-5, page 4, "If we are correct in our interpretation of the earliest finds from Salona, the emporion, even if very small, was a settlement in a strategic position..."
64. The Cambridge ancient history, Volume 10 by Alan K. Bowman, Edward Champlin, Andrew Lintott, page 845, "The colony of Salona on the Dalmatian coast used almost identical formulae in dedicating an altar of Jupiter Optimus Maximus..."
65. Croatia, 2nd: The Bradt Travel Guide Croatiaby Piers Letcher, 2005, ISBN   1-84162-113-7, page 225, "... History Trogir started out in the 3rd century BC; as Tragurion, an offshoot of the Greek colony of Issa (on Vis), ..."
66. Dalmatia by J. J. Wilkes, 1969, page 227, "In this area were three small communities of the Delmatae Pituntium(Podstrana) Nareste(Jenesice) and Oneum (Omis)..."
67. Miletić 2008 , p. 61; Catani 2008 , p. 77.
68. Wilkes 1992 , p. 258.
69. Schermer, Shukriu & Deskaj 2011 , p. 236.
70. Alaj 2019, p. 41.
71. The Roman army as a community: including papers of a conference held at ...by Adrian Keith Goldsworthy, Ian Haynes, Colin E. P. Adams, ISBN   1-887829-34-2, 1997, page 100
72. Fjalor enciklopedik shqiptar, Akademia e Shkencave e Shqipërisë, Tiranë, 2009, fq. 2870 – 2871. ISBN   978-99956-10-32-6.
73. Alaj 2019, p. 51.
74. Alaj 2019, p. 65.
75. Alaj 2019, p. 91.
76. Wilkes 1992 , p. 213.
77. Wilkes 1996 , p. 577.
78. The Roman army as a community: including papers of a conference held at ...by Adrian Keith Goldsworthy, Ian Haynes, Colin E. P. Adams, ISBN   1-887829-34-2, 1997, page 39, "...the colony at Scupi which lost its original title Domitiana after Domitians death..."
79. Theodossiev 1998, pp. 347–348.
80. "Nis, Britanica". Archived from the original on 2008-10-13. Retrieved 2009-08-25.
81. The central Balkan tribes in pre-Roman times: Triballi, Autariatae ... by Fanula Papazoglu, 1978, page 198, "... the Peutinger Table marks 40 miles from Naissus, on the Naissus-founded by Auielian..."
82. The classical gazetteer: a dictionary of ancient geography, sacred and profane by William Hazlitt, 1851, "Epicaria a town of the Cavii in Illyria."
83. The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 8: Rome and the Mediterranean to 133 BC by A. E. Astin, ISBN   0-521-23448-4, 1990, page 92
84. Dalmatia by J. J. Wilkes, 1969, page 216, "Little is known about Sidrona the city of the Sidrini."
85. Pliny's Natural History, Book 3, (C. Plinii Secundi Naturalis Historiæ, Liber III), Chap. 23. (19.) – Istria, Its People and Locality."In this district there have disappeared—upon the coast—Iramene, Pellaon, and Palsatium, Atina and Cælina belonging to the Veneti "
86. Talbert, Richard J. A. (8 October 2000). Barrington atlas. Princeton University Press. ISBN   0691049459. Archived from the original on 2016-10-12. Retrieved 2016-10-04.
87. Titi Livi. Weissenborn, W. (ed.). "Corragum". Ab urbe condita, Index. Perseus Digital Library. Archived from the original on 2011-06-29. Retrieved 2010-02-23.
88. Smith, William, ed. (1854). "MARU´SIUM". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. Perseus Digital Library. Archived from the original on 2011-06-29. Retrieved 2010-02-23.
89. "Book II, Chapter 15". Ptolemy's Geography. LacusCurtius. Archived from the original on 4 May 2024.
90. Dalmatia: research in the Roman province 1970–2001: papers in honour of J.J, page 108, by David Davison, Vincent L. Gaffney, J. J. Wilkes, Emilio Marin, ISBN   1-84171-790-8, 2006, "For instance, the town walls of Arba were constructed under Augustus..."
91. The archaeology of Roman towns: studies in honour of John S. Wacher, page 237, by J. S. Wacher, Peter R. Wilson, ISBN   1-84217-103-8, 2003, "Roman island towns in Liburnia were Arba..."
92. Roman life and manners under the early Empire – page 302 – by Ludwig Friedlaender – 1965, "Claudius settled veterans at Cumae, Cologne, Sicum in Dalmatia, Camulodunum in Britain, ..."
93. The central Balkan tribes in pre-Roman times: Triballi, Autariatae ... by Fanula Papazoglu, 1978, page 250, "Town in the interior of Dalmatia, located between Scodra and Siparuntum."
94. Lepper 1988 , p. 138:Stuart Jones noted the Dacian - sounding place - name ' Thermidava ' on the Lissus Naissus road : but see Miller col . 557, for the evidence on this. The place was most probably called ' Theranda ' and there is no evidence for any settlement there of pro-Roman Dacians now, nor is it very likely. (..) Most scholars, however, have supposed, as did Cichorius, that we are now north of the Danube, somewhere in the Banat area where the local inhabitants are frightened that they may lose their recently acquired 'liberty'.

Bibliography

• Alaj, Premtim (2019). Les habitats de l'Age du fer sur le territoire de l'actuel Kosovo (Thesis). Université de Lyon.
• Bejko, Lorenc; Morris, Sarah; Papadopoulos, John; Schepartz, Lynne (2015). The Excavation of the Prehistoric Burial Tumulus at Lofkend, Albania. ISD LLC. ISBN   978-1938770524.
• Bereti, Vasil (1993). "Gjurmë të fortifikimeve në vendbanimin në Treport / Traces de fortifications dans l'habitat à Treport". Iliria. 23: 143–159. doi:10.3406/iliri.1993.1622.
• Bodinaku, Namik (2001). "Varreza tumulare e Dukatit në rrethin e Vlorës (Gërmime 1973-74)" [The Tumulus Necropolis of Dukat in Vlora city (Excavations between 1973-74]. Iliria. 30: 9–100. doi:10.3406/iliri.2001.1724.
• Boršić, Luka; Džino, Danijel; Radić Rossi, Irena (2021). Liburnians and Illyrian Lembs: Iron Age Ships of the Eastern Adriatic. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. ISBN   9781789699166.
• Boško, Marijan (2011). "Gradina u Ošanićima – transformacija prapovijesnoga gradinskog u urbano naselje". Histria Antiqua. 20 (20).
• Cabanes, Pierre (2008). "Greek Colonisation in the Adriatic". In Tsetskhladze, Gocha R. (ed.). Greek Colonisation: An Account of Greek Colonies and Other Settlements Overseas. Vol. 2. Brill. pp. 155–186. ISBN   9789047442448.
• Catani, Lorenzo (2008). "Arheološko-povijesne bilješke o Castellum Tariona u rimsko doba" [Archaeological and historical notes on the Castellum Tariona in the Roman Era]. Vjesnik Za Arheologiju I Povijest Dalmatinsku (in Croatian and English). 101 (1). Split: 75–86.
• Ceka, Neritan (2009). "Atintanët: një rivështrim mbi territorin dhe historinë e tyre / Les Atintanes, un nouvel aperçu de leur territoire et de leur histoire". Iliria. 34: 5–23. doi:10.3406/iliri.2009.1078.
• Ceka, Neritan (2011). "Cezari në Akrokeraune- vende dhe gjurmë / Cesare in acroceraunia-luoghi e tracce". Iliria. 35: 99–122. doi:10.3406/iliri.2011.1101.
• Ceka, Neritan; Ceka, Olgita (2017). "A Peripolarchos inscription from the castle of Matohasanaj". In Luan Përzhita; Ilir Gjipali; Gëzim Hoxha; Belisa Muka (eds.). New archaeological discoveries in the Albanian regions: proceedings of the international conference 30 - 31 January, Tirana 2017. Vol. 1. Botimet Albanologjike. Academy for Albanian Studies, Institute of Archaeology. pp. 488–508. ISBN   978-9928-141-71-2.
• Ceka, Olgita (2012). "Il koinon e la città. L'esempio di Byllis". In G. de Marinis; G.M. FabriniG. Paci; R. Perna; M. Silvestrini (eds.). I processi formativi ed evolutividella città in area adriatica. BAR International Series. Vol. 2419. Archaeopress. pp. 59–64. ISBN   978-1-4073-1018-3.
• Çipa, Kriledjan (2020). "The fortified settlement of Borshi and its role in Chaonia fortification system". In Luigi Maria Caliò; Gian Michele Gerogiannis; Maria Kopsacheili (eds.). Fortificazioni e società nel Mediterraneo occidentale: Albania e Grecia settentrionale [Fortifications and Societies in the Western Mediterranean: Albania and Northern Greece]. Quasar. ISBN   9788854910430.
• de Matteis, Mario (2017). "Stazioni di sosta (mutationes) lungo la via Egnazia". Palaver. 6 (2): 7–28. doi:10.1285/i22804250v6i2p7. ISSN   2280-4250.
• Doka, Dhimitёr; Qiriazi, Perikli (2022). The Geography of Albania: Problems and Perspectives. World Regional Geography Book Series. Springer Nature. ISBN   9783030855512.
• Fasolo, Michele (2009). "La via Egnatia nel territorio della Repubblica di Macedonia". In Cesare Marangio; Giovanni Laudizi (eds.). Παλαιά Φιλία [Palaià Philía]: studi di topografia antica in onore di Giovanni Uggeri. Journal of Ancient Topography - Rivista di Topografia Antica (in Italian). Vol. 4. Mario Congedo editore. pp. 601–612. ISBN   9788880868651.
• Jaupaj, Lavdosh (2019). Etudes des interactions culturelles en aire Illyro-épirote du VII au III siècle av. J.-C (Thesis). Université de Lyon; Instituti i Arkeologjisë (Albanie).
• Larson, Jennifer Lynn (2001). Greek Nymphs: Myth, Cult, Lore. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-514465-9.
• Lemke, Martin; Shpuza, Saimir; Wojciechowski, Bartosz (2021). "Bushat, not lost but found: a ' new ' Illyrian settlement in northern Albania". Antiquity. 95 (380): 1–9. doi: 10.15184/aqy.2021.11 . S2CID   232432547.
• Lepper, F. A. (1988). Trajan's Column: A New Edition of the Cichorius Plates. Alan Sutton. ISBN   9780862994679.
• Mesihović, Salmedin; Šačić, Amra (2015). Historija Ilira[History of Illyrians] (in Bosnian). Sarajevo: Univerzitet u Sarajevu [University of Sarajevo]. ISBN   978-9958-600-65-4.
• Miletić, Alen (2008). "Castellum Tariona" [The Castellum Tariona]. Vjesnik Za Arheologiju I Povijest Dalmatinsku (in Croatian and English). 101 (1). Split: 59–74.
• Miraj, Lida (2002). "The Earliest Coinage of Epidamnos/Dyrrachion as a Source". In Cambi, Nenad; Čače, Slobodan; Kirigin, Branko (eds.). Greek influence along the East Adriatic Coast. Knjiga Mediterana. Vol. 26. pp. 435–470. ISBN   9531631549.
• Morton, Jacob Nathan (2017). "Shifting Landscapes, Policies, And Morals: A Topographically Driven Analysis Of The Roman Wars In Greece From 200 Bc To 168 Bc". Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 2484. University of Pennsylvania.
• Muka, Belisa; Heinzelmann, Michael (2014). "Dimal: new results of the Albanian-German research project". In Molla, Nevilla (ed.). Proceedings of the International Congress of Albanian Archaeological Studies: 65th Anniversary of Albanian Archaeology (21-22 November, Tirana 2013). Tiranë: Botimet Albanologjike. pp. 223–231. ISBN   9789928141286.
• Papadopoulos, John (2016). "Komai, Colonies and Cities in Epirus and Southern Albania: The Failure of the Polis and the Rise of Urbanism on the Fringes of the Greek World". In Molloy, Barry P.C. (ed.). Of Odysseys and Oddities: Scales and Modes of Interaction Between Prehistoric Aegean Societies and their Neighbours. Oxbow Books. pp. 435–460. ISBN   978-1-78570-232-7.
• Šašel Kos, Marjeta (2005). Appian and Illyricum. Narodni Muzej Slovenije. ISBN   978-961-6169-36-3.
• Šašel Kos, M.; Kos, P. (2017). "Places: 197225 (Corinium)". Pleiades. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
• Šašel Kos, M.; Kos, P. (2019). "Places: 197280 (Fulfinium/Fertinium)". Pleiades. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
• Šašel Kos, M.; Kos, P. (2020). "Places: 197115 (Andetrium)". Pleiades. Retrieved 2020-10-24.
• Schermer, Shirley; Shukriu, Edi; Deskaj, Sylvia (2011). Marquez-Grant, Nicholas; Fibiger, Linda (eds.). The Routledge Handbook of Archaeological Human Remains and Legislation: An International Guide to Laws and Practice in the Excavation and Treatment of Archaeological Human Remains. Taylor & Francis. ISBN   978-1136879562.
• Shpuza, Saimir (2014). Dyczek, Piotr (ed.). "Iron Age Fortifications and the Origin of the City in the Territory of Scodra". Novensia. 25. Warszawa: Ośrodek Badań nad Antykiem Europy Południowo-Wschodniej: 105–126. ISBN   978-83-934239-96. ISSN   0860-5777.
• Shpuza, Saimir (2017). Dyczek, Piotr (ed.). "Scodra and the Labeates. Cities, rural fortifications and territorial defense in the Hellenistic period". Novensia. 28. Warszawa: Ośrodek Badań nad Antykiem Europy Południowo-Wschodniej: 41–64. ISBN   978-83-946222-5-1. ISSN   0860-5777.
• Shpuza, Saimir; Dyczek, Piotr (2019). "Qyteti ilir në Bushat. Fortifikimi, kronologjia dhe probleme të identifikimit të tij" [The Illyrian city at Bushat. Fortifications, Chronology and Problems of identification]. Iliria. XLII.
• Shpuza, Saimir (2022). "D'un limên à une polis. Orikos aux périodes archaïque et classique". In Brancato, Rodolfo (ed.). Schemata: la città oltre la forma : per una nuova definizione dei paesaggi urbani e delle loro funzioni: urbanizzazione e società nel Mediterraneo pre-classico: età arcaica. Edizioni Quasar. ISBN   9788854912755.
• Tafilica, Zamir; Baze, Ermal; Lafe, Ols (2023). "Historical Background". In Galaty, Michael L.; Bejko, Lorenc (eds.). Archaeological Investigations in a Northern Albanian Province: Results of the Projekti Arkeologjik i Shkodrës (PASH): Volume One: Survey and Excavation Results. Memoirs Series. Vol. 64. University of Michigan Press. ISBN   9781951538736.
• Theodossiev, Nikola (1998). "The dead with golden faces: Dasaretian, Pelagonian, Mygdonian and Boeotian funeral masks". Oxford Journal of Archaeology. 17 (3). Blackwell Publishing: 345–367. doi:10.1111/1468-0092.00067.
• Ujes, Dubravka (2002). "Recherche sur la localisation de Damastion et ses mines". Revue numismatique. 6th. 6 (158): 103–129. doi:10.3406/numi.2002.1438.
• Volpe, Giuliano; Disantarosa, Giacomo; Leone, Danilo; Turchiano, Maria (2014). "Porti, approdi e itinerari dell'Albania meridionale dall'Antichità al Medioevo. Il 'Progetto Liburna'". Ricerche Archeologiche in Albania. Aracne: 287–326. doi:10.4399/978885487245516 (inactive 1 July 2025). hdl:11586/257570. ISBN   978-88-548-7245-5.
• Wilkes, John (1992). The Illyrians. Wiley. ISBN   9780631146711.
• Wilkes, J. J. (2000). "Map 49 Illyricum. Compiled by J.J. Wilkes, 1995". In Talbert, Richard J. A. (ed.). Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World: Map-by-map Directory. Vol. 1. Princeton University Press. pp. 749–760. ISBN   0691049459.
• Wilkes, J. J. (1996). "The Danubian and Balkan provinces". In Alan K. Bowman; Edward Champlin; Andrew Linto (eds.). The Cambridge Ancient History: The Augustan Empire, 43 B.C—A.D. 69. Vol. 10. Cambridge University Press. pp. 545–585. ISBN   0521264308.
• Wilkes, J. J.; Fischer-Hansen, Tobias (2004). "The Adriatic". In Mogens Herman Hansen; Thomas Heine Nielsen (eds.). An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis. Oxford University Press. pp. 321–337. ISBN   0-19-814099-1.
• Wilkes, John J. J. (2012). "Places: 481942 (Palaeste)". Pleiades. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
• Winnifrith, Tom J. (2002). Badlands-borderlands: a history of Northern Epirus/Southern Albania. London: Duckworth. ISBN   0-7156-3201-9.
• Zindel, Christian; Lippert, Andreas; Lahi, Bashkim; Kiel, Machiel (2018). Albanien: Ein Archäologie- und Kunstführer von der Steinzeit bis ins 19. Jahrhundert (in German). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN   9783205200109.

External links

• Media related to Illyria and Illyrians at Wikimedia Commons