List of Illyrians

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Coin of Monunius I (290-270 BCE) King Monounios.jpg
Coin of Monunius I (290-270 BCE)

The Illyrians, Illyrioi; Latin : Illyrii) were a conglomeration of Indo-European peoples and tribes in the Balkan Peninsula, Southeastern Europe. They spoke the Illyrian language and practiced a multitude of common religious and cultural practices. Many of Illyrian groups formed a distinct tribal mode of social organisation, which survived much later in the form of the Albanian tribal system. [1] [2]

Contents

In late Iron Age and early classical antiquity, the first polities of the area would be created by tribal groupings, including the Taulantii and Dardani. The most powerful Illyrian states of the area, the Ardiaean kingdom, emerged in the 3rd century BC during the rule of Agron and Teuta. The Illyrians came into conflict with Roman Republic and were defeated in the Illyrian Wars, which were followed by many revolts. The largest and last of them was the Great Illyrian Revolt (6-9 BC). The beginning of the integration of the region of Illyria in the Roman world followed the revolt and saw many Illyrians rise through the ranks of the Roman society and the Roman army in particular which produced several emperors of Illyrian origin.

A

NameTitleDateDescription
Agron RulerRuled from c. 250 BC to 230 BCIn 231 BC, Agron possessed the most powerful land army and navy, of any of the kings who had reigned before him. He extended the kingdoms' borders in the north and south. [3]
Anastasius I EmperorLived from c. 431 AD to 518 ADAnastasius I was the Emperor of the Byzantine Empire from 491 to 518.
Artas RulerRuled from c. 430 BC to 413 BCArtas was a ruler of Messapia. He supplied the Athenians with one hundred and fifty javelin-throwers in 413 BC for the war against the Syracuse. [4]
Astius BishopDied in c. 98 ADAstius was a bishop in the city of Dyrrachium.
Audata QueenRuled from c. 359 BC to 336 BCAudata was related to Bardylis and wife of Philip II of Macedon.
Aurelian EmperorLived from c. 214 AD to 275 ADAurelian was the Emperor of the Roman Empire from 270 to 275.

B

NameTitleDateDescription
Ballaios RulerRuled from c. 260 BC to 230 BCBallaios ruled over the eastern Adriatic with capital at Rhizon. He is attested only from silver and bronze coinage, found abundantly along both coasts of the Adriatic. He is considered as the predecessor of Agron. [5] [6]
Bardylis RulerLived from c. 448 BC to 358 BCBardylis was the founder of the first attested Illyrian dynasty. [7] Macedonian campaigns proved successful in 393, 372 and 359 BC and invaded Epirus in alliance with Dionysius of Syracuse. [8]
Bardylis II RulerRuled from c. 295 BC to 290 BCBardyllis II was the son of Cleitus (r. 295–290 BC). He managed to re-create the state of his grandfather in the region of Dassaretis to the west of the Lynkestian lake. [9]
Bato the Breuci RulerBorn between c. 35 BC to 30 BCBato surrendered to Tiberius in 8 AD on the bank of the Bosna river. [10]
Bato the Daesitiate RulerBorn between c. 35 BC to 30 BCBato was defeated by the Romans in 9 AD during the Great Illyrian Revolt; end of final Illyrian resistance to Roman occupation. [11]
Bato the Dardanian RulerRuled from c. 206 BC to 176 BCBato clashed with Ancient Macedonia in 199 BC, in order to liberate Paeonia. [12]
Bircenna QueenRuled from c. 292 BC to 272 BCBircenna was the daughter of Bardylis II and a wife of Pyrrhus of Epirus.

C

NameTitleDateDescription
Caeria QueenDied in 344 BC or 343 BCCaeria was an Illyrian queen, who reigned in the 4th century BC.
Caius PopeServed from 17 December 283 to 22 April 296In accordance with Christian tradition, Caius is a native from Dalmatia and a relative of Diocletian.
Constantine the Great EmperorLived from 25 July 306 to 22 May 337Flavius Valerius Constantinus was the Emperor of the Roman Empire from 306 to 337.
Constantius II EmperorLived from 7 August 317 to 3 November 361Flavius Julius Constantius was the Emperor of the Roman Empire from 337 to 361.

D

NameTitleDateDescription
Diocletian EmperorLived from 22 December 242/245 to 3 December 311/312Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus was born in Dalmatia and served as the emperor of the Roman Empire from 284 to 305.

E

NameTitleDateDescription
Etuta QueenRuled from c. 169 BC to 168 BCEtuta was the wife of Gentius.

I

NameTitleDateDescription
Irenaeus BishopDied in 304 ADIrenaeus was a bishop in Sirmium, Pannonia.

J

NameTitleDateDescription
Jerome PriestLived from c. 342 or 347 to 420Early Church Farther credited for translating the Bible into Latin
Jovian EmperorLived from 331 to 364Flavius Jovianus was the Emperor of the Roman Empire from 363 to 364.
Justin I EmperorLived from 2 February 450 to 1 August 527Flavius Iustinus was the Emperor of the Byzantine Empire from 518 to 527.
Justinian the Great EmperorLived from 11 May 482 to 14 November 565Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus was the Emperor of the Byzantine Empire from 527 to 565.

K

NameTitleDateDescription
Kratill Mahata Gymnasiarchfl. 3rd century BCA gymnasiarch from the ancient illyrian city of Nikaia who lived in the 3rd century BC. [13]

M

NameTitleDateDescription
Mark Lugari Schoolteacherfl. late 3rd century and early 2nd century BCA schoolteacher from the ancient city of Apollonia (Illyria) who lived in the late 3rd century and early 2nd century BC. [14] [15]

S

NameTitleDateDescription
Sabinianus Magnus military leaderfl. 5th century CEGeneral of the Eastern Roman Empire( magister militum per Illyricum ), who fought in the rebellion of Theodoric Strabo against Emperor Zeno. [16]
Sabinianus military and political leaderfl. 505-508Son of Sabinianus Magnus. Consul and magister militum per Illyricum.

T

NameTitleDateDescription
Teuta RulerRuled from c. 231 BC to 228/227 BCTeuta was the spouse of Agron and the ruler of the Ardiaei tribe upon Agron's death.

V

NameTitleDateDescription
Valens EmperorLived from 328 to 378Flavius Valens was the Emperor of the Roman Empire from 364 to 378. He was born into an Illyrian family in Cibalae, Pannonia Secunda. [17] [18]
Valentinian I EmperorLived from 3 July 321 to 17 November 375Flavius Valentinianus was the Emperor of the Roman Empire from 364 to 375. He was born into an Illyrian family in Cibalae, Pannonia Secunda. [17] [18]
Valentinian II EmperorLived from 371 to 392Flavius Valentinianus II was the Emperor of the Roman Empire from 375 to 392.

Historical rulers

Enchelean - Taulantian rulers

Ardiaean-Labeatan rulers

Dardanian rulers

Other rulers

Histria
Dalmatae
Messapia
Pannonia
Minor rulers

See also

Related Research Articles

The Illyro-Roman Wars were a series of wars fought between the Roman Republic and the Illyrian kingdom under the Ardiaei and Labeatae. In the First Illyrian War, which lasted from 229 BC to 228 BC, Rome's concern was that the trade across the Adriatic Sea increased after the First Punic War at a time when Ardiaei power increased under queen Teuta. Attacks on trading vessels of Rome's Italic allies by Illyrian pirates and the death of a Roman envoy named Coruncanius on Teuta's orders, prompted the Roman senate to dispatch a Roman army under the command of the consuls Lucius Postumius Albinus and Gnaeus Fulvius Centumalus. Rome expelled Illyrian garrisons from a number of Greek cities including Epidamnus, Apollonia, Corcyra, Pharos and established a protectorate over these Greek towns. The Romans also set up Demetrius of Pharos as a power in Illyria to counterbalance the power of Teuta.

Agron was an Illyrian king of the Ardiaean Kingdom in the 3rd century BC, ruling c. 250–231 BC. The son of Pleuratus II, Agron succeeded in reconquering southern Illyria, which had been under the control of Epirus since the time of Pyrrhus, and in extending Illyrian rule over many cities in the Adriatic region, including Corcyra, Epidamnos, and Pharos.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pinnes (Ardiaean)</span>

Pinnes was the son of Agron, king of the Ardiaei in Illyria, and Agron's first wife Triteuta. He officially succeeded his father as king in 230 BC, but the Ardiaean kingdom was ruled by Agron's second wife, Queen Teuta.

Taulantii or Taulantians were an Illyrian people that lived on the Adriatic coast of southern Illyria. They dominated at various times much of the plain between the rivers Drin (Drilon) and Vjosa (Aoös). Their central area was the hinterland of Epidamnos-Dyrrhachion, corresponding to present-day Tirana and the region between the valleys of Mat and Shkumbin (Genusus). The Taulantii are among the oldest attested Illyrian peoples, who established a powerful kingdom in southern Illyria. They are among the peoples who most marked Illyrian history, and thus found their place in the numerous works of historians in classical antiquity.

Demetrius of Pharos was a ruler of Pharos involved in the First Illyrian War, after which he ruled a portion of the Illyrian Adriatic coast on behalf of the Romans, as a client king.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gentius</span> Illyrian King

Gentius was an Illyrian king who belonged to the Labeatan dynasty. He ruled in 181–168 BC, being the last attested Illyrian king. He was the son of Pleuratus III, a king who kept positive relations with Rome. The capital city of the Illyrian kingdom under Gentius was Scodra.

Scerdilaidas or Skerdilaid was an Illyrian ruler of the Illyrian kingdom under the Labeatan dynasty. Before taking the throne, Scerdilaidas was commander of the Illyrian armies and played a major role in the Illyrian Wars against the Romans.

The Ardiaei were an Illyrian people who resided in the territory of present-day Albania, Kosovo, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Croatia between the Adriatic coast on the south, Konjic on the north, along the Neretva river and its right bank on the west, and extending to Lake Shkodra to the southeast. From the 3rd century BC to 168 BC the capital cities of the Ardiaean State were Rhizon and Scodra.

Longarus was an Illyrian king of the Dardanian Kingdom. Longarus was at war with various Macedonian kings and managed to conquer at different times part of Macedonia. Longarus was an ally of the Paeonian State and liberated the Paeonians in order to open the routes towards Macedonia. Longarus' influence grew and many other Illyrians from the Ardiaean Kingdom joined him.

Bato was an Illyrian king of the Dardanian State. Bato was the son of Longarus whom he succeeded and the brother of Monunius II who ruled after him. Bato fought alongside the Romans against Macedon during the Second Macedonian War. Bato is known for using advanced war tactics against Athenagoras. Bato became a major threat to the Macedonians but after the war was over Dardanian and Roman relations soon diminished.

Cleitus was an Illyrian ruler, the son of the King Bardylis and the father of Bardylis II.

Plator the Illyrian was brother to King Gentius, the last Illyrian king of the Ardiaean State.

Etuta was an Illyrian queen of the Ardiaean Kingdom, married to Gentius. Etuta was a Dardanian princess, the daughter of Monunius II of Dardania.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Illyrian kingdom</span> Ancient western Balkan kingdom

The Illyrian Kingdom was an Illyrian political entity that existed on the western part of the Balkan Peninsula in ancient times. Regardless of the number of the alternately ruling dynasties, of their tribal affiliation, and of the actual extension of their kingdom, it represented an alliance of Illyrian tribes that united under the rulership of a single leader, expressly referred to as "King of the Illyrians" in ancient historical records. The monarchic superstructure of the Illyrian state coexisted with the Illyrian tribal communities and the republican system of the Illyrian koina.

The history of the Illyrians spans from the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC up to the 1st century AD in the region of Illyria and in southern Italy where the Iapygian civilization flourished.

Pleuratus III was a ruler of the Illyrian kingdom under the Labeatan dynasty. He was the son of Scerdilaidas. Pleuratus continued his father's pro-Roman policy even more decidedly, so much that his loyalty to Rome was well known, even to other dynasts. He managed to extend the boundaries of the Illyrian State in the south when he was rewarded land annexed by Philip V of Macedon. He became one of the most prominent Illyrian kings of the time all because of his loyalty to the Romans. Pleuratus was succeeded by his son Gentius, who was the last Illyrian king.

The Illyrians were a group of Indo-European speaking peoples, who inhabited the western Balkan Peninsula in ancient times. They constituted one of the three main Paleo-Balkan populations, along with the Thracians and Greeks.

The Battle of Phoenice took place in 230 BC between the forces of the Epirote League and the Ardiaean Kingdom of Illyria.

This is a list of Illyrian rulers from the Ardiean-Labeatan dynasty:

References

  1. ↑ Galaty 2002, pp. 109–121.
  2. ↑ Villar 1996, p. 316.
  3. ↑ Studies concerning Epirus and Macedonia before Alexander by Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond, page 105.
  4. ↑ The emergence of state identities in Italy in the first millennium BC, pg.51
  5. ↑ Bilić 2020, p. 15.
  6. ↑ Dyczek 2019, pp. 198, 200.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Šašel Kos 2002 , p. 113
  8. ↑ Harding, Philip. From the End of the Peloponnesian War to the Battle of Ipsus, 1985, p. 93, ISBN   0-521-29949-7. Grabos became the most powerful Illyrian king after the death of Bardylis in 358.
  9. ↑ Plutarch, Pyrrhus 9.
  10. ↑ D. Dzino, Illyricum in Roman Politics 229 BC - AD 68 (Cambridge 2010), pp. 149–153.
  11. ↑ Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992, ISBN   0-631-19807-5, p. 216, "Further east the formidable Daesitiates of central Bosnia retained their name. The great rebellion of All 6 had been led by their chief Bato, and their relatively low total of 103 decuriae likely reflects..."
  12. ↑ The Illyrians by J. J. Wilkes, 1992, ISBN   0-631-19807-5, p. 85, "The recorded names of Dardanian leader during the Macedonian and the Roman wars, Longarus, Bato..."
  13. ↑ Patsch, Carl: Das Sandschak Berat in Albanie, Wien 1904, p. 119
  14. ↑ Anamali, Skënder. (1976) Të dhënat mbishkrimore në disa qytete të Ilirisë së Jugut. Tiranë, 1976, fq. 119
  15. ↑ Ceka, Neritan. (1987) Mbishkrime byline (Inscriptions bylliones). In: Iliria, vol. 17 n°2, 1987. pp. 49-121.
  16. ↑ Croke & Marcellin 2001, p. 89.
  17. 1 2 Lenski, Noel Emmanuel (2002). Failure of empire: Valens and the Roman state in the fourth century A.D. University of California Press. p. 88. ISBN   978-0-520-23332-4 . Retrieved 10 January 2021.
  18. 1 2 Bond, Sarah; Darley, Rebecca (2018), Nicholson, Oliver (ed.), "Valens", The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity , Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001, ISBN   978-0-19-866277-8 , retrieved 10 January 2021
  19. ↑ Μιμαλλόνες "imitators of men" Etym. Mag. (587.53) see Hesychius "mimelazein. mimeisthai" "mimelon. homoion"
  20. ↑ Cabanes 2002 , p. 51
  21. ↑ Cambi, Nenad; Čače, Slobodan; Kirigin, Branko, eds. (2002). Greek influence along the East Adriatic Coast. Knjiga Mediterana. Vol. 26. ISBN   9531631549. Undoubtedly the word Illyrian had a distinct political (hence to some extent also ethnic) meaning, when applied to the Illyrian kingdom of Sirrhas or Bardylis I, at thend of the 5th or the beginning of the 4th century BC to the fall of Genthius in 168 BC, regardless of the unsolvable problem of how many dynasties alternately occupied the throne and what was the origin and the actual expanse of the kingdom of each of them
  22. ↑ Katičić, Radoslav (2012). Ancient Languages of the Balkans. Walter de Gruyter. p. 155. ISBN   978-3111568874.
  23. ↑ The Illyrians by J. J. Wilkes, 1992, ISBN   0-631-19807-5, p. 121, 156, 167, 170-174, 190
  24. ↑ Hammond, "The Kingdoms in Illyria circa 400-167 BC".
  25. 1 2 Howe, Müller & Stoneman 2017 , p. 98
  26. ↑ Wilkes 1995, page 120
  27. ↑ Neritan Ceka: Illlyrian to the Albanians, 2005, Migjeni
  28. 1 2 The Illyrians by J. J. Wilkes, 1992, ISBN   0-631-19807-5, p. 129, "No Illyrian production of coins is known before King Monunius struck his coins at Dyrrhachium (see figure 11), followed by Mytilus around ten years later..."
  29. ↑ Fanula Papazoglu (1965), "Les origines et la destinée de l'état Illyrien," p. 143
  30. ↑ Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992, p. 120, ISBN   0-631-19807-5, p. 158, "Illyrian success continued when command passed to Agron's widow Teuta, who granted individual ships a licence to universal plunder. In 231 AC the fleet and army attacked Ells and Messenia..."
  31. ↑ A History of Rome to A.D. 565 - p. 111 by Arthur Edward Romilly Boak, William Gurnee Sinnigen,"The island of Pharos and some adjacent territory in Illyria were given to a Greek adventurer, Demetrius of Pharos"
  32. ↑ Épire, Illyrie, Macédoine: mélanges offerts au professeur Pierre Cabanes by Danièle Berranger, Pierre Cabanes, Danièle Berranger-Auserve, page 137
  33. ↑ Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992, ISBN   0-631-19807-5, p. 162, "...revival of Illyrian power under Demetrius of Pharos, who had succeeded Teuta and married Triteuta, mother of the infant King Pinnes."
  34. ↑ The Illyrians by J. J. Wilkes, 1992, ISBN   0-631-19807-5, pages 121, 156, 167, 170-174, 190
  35. ↑ Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992, ISBN   0-631-19807-5, p. 221, "Ardiaei from which intoxicated men were conveyed home by their women who had also participated to the overindulgence of their kings Agron and Gentius..."
  36. ↑ The Illyrians by J. J. Wilkes, 1992, ISBN   0-631-19807-5, p. 86, "...including the names of Dardanian rulers, Longarus, Bato, Monunius and Etuta, and those on later epitaphs, Epicadus, Scerviaedus, Tuta, Times and Cinna. Other Dardanian names are linked with..."
  37. ↑ Polybius 23.10
  38. ↑ Livy 41.11
  39. 1 2 Aleksandar Stipčević: Iliri: povijest, život, kultura, p. 49.
  40. ↑ Pausanias (10.10.6.)
  41. ↑ The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. 10: The Augustan Empire, 43 BC-AD 69 (Volume 10) by Alan Bowman, Edward Champlin, and Andrew Lintott,1996,page 176: "... Daesitiates was soon matched by rebellion of the Breuci in Pannonia, headed by Pinnes and another Bato. ..."
  42. ↑ Croatia: Aspects of Art, Architecture and Cultural Heritage. Frances Lincoln Adult. 2009-11-24. ISBN   9780711229211.

Bibliography

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