Law enforcement in Italy

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Carabiniere in Bologna Carabiniere a Bologna (April 2006).jpg
Carabiniere in Bologna
Motorcycle patrols of the Polizia di Stato 2june2006 310.jpg
Motorcycle patrols of the Polizia di Stato
Carabinieri and Polizia di Stato during inspections Police of Italy 2.jpg
Carabinieri and Polizia di Stato during inspections

Law enforcement in Italy is centralized on a national level, carried out by multiple national forces, helped by few limited local agencies. The Italian law enforcement system is considered complex, with multiple police forces and other agencies taking part in different duties. [1] Policing in the Italian system refers to the duties of "full-powered officers" coming from the four national main forces: Polizia di Stato (State Police), Carabinieri, Polizia Penitenziaria and Guardia di Finanza (Financial Guard). While the duties of these four corps' include investigating and arresting, other local forces carry out limited duties.

Contents

The two main police forces in the country are the Carabinieri, the national gendarmerie, as well as the Polizia di Stato, the civil national police. The third one is the Guardia di Finanza, a militarized police force responsible for dealing with financial crime, smuggling, illegal drug trade, and others. The main forces are managed and organized on a provincial level under the authority of the Questore (the local head of police) in accordance with the Prefetto, the provincial representative of the Government. [2] Border and Maritime patrolling are undertaken by the Guardia di Finanza and Guardia Costiera (coast guard). The Polizia Penitenziaria (Prison Police) is the national prison police agency, controlling penitentiaries and inmate transfers. The Corpo Forestale dello Stato (State Forestry Corps) formerly existed as a separate national park ranger agency, [1] [3] but was merged into the Carabinieri in 2016. [4] Although policing in Italy is primarily provided on a national basis, [3] there also exists Polizia Provinciale (provincial police) and Polizia Municipale (municipal police). [1]

Law enforcement in Italy is an exclusive function of the State and is organized under the Ministry of the Interior, with provincial division and jurisdiction. [5] The highest office in charge of law enforcement is the ministerial office of "Dipartimento della Pubblica Sicurezza". [2] [6] The Carabinieri are also Military Police for the Italian Armed Forces, in charge of investigation or intervention inside Public Administrations and personal rights violations. There is also a section of the President of Republic safety corps called Corazzieri. Carabinieri stations are usually distributed all over the country, with a station approximately in every municipality, with additional stations in strategical positions along the motorways. [7]

In 2005, the total number of active police officers in all of the agencies was 324,339 in Italy, the highest number in the European Union both overall and per capita, twice the number of agents in the similarly sized United Kingdom. [8]

Structure

National police forces

Polizia di Stato

Polizia di Stato on duty in Piazza di Spagna, Rome, in 2007 Polizia.di.stato.arp.jpg
Polizia di Stato on duty in Piazza di Spagna, Rome, in 2007

The Polizia di Stato (State Police) is the civil national police of Italy. Along with patrolling, investigative and law enforcement duties, it patrols the Autostrade (Italy's Express Highway network), and oversees the security of railways, bridges, and waterways. [9] [10] [11]

It is a civilian police force, while the Carabinieri and the Guardia di Finanza are military. [9] While its internal organization and mindset are somewhat military, its personnel is composed of civilians. Its headquarters are in Rome, and there are Regional and Provincial divisions throughout the Italian territory.

A program Polizia di Quartiere ("Neighbourhood Police") has been implemented which increases police presence and deters crime. Pairs of poliziotti (policemen) or carabinieri patrol areas of major cities on foot or by bike. [12]

Guardia di Finanza

Guardia di Finanza (2010) Alfa Romeo 156 Crosswagon Finanza.jpg
Guardia di Finanza (2010)

The Guardia di Finanza, (Financial Guard) is a military corps under the authority of the Ministry of Economy and Finance, with a role as a police force. [9]

The Corps is in charge of financial, economic, judiciary and public safety such as tax evasion, financial crimes, smuggling, money laundering, international illegal drug trafficking, illegal immigration, customs and borders checks, copyright violations, anti-Mafia operations, credit card fraud, cybercrime, counterfeiting, terrorist financing, maintaining public order, and safety, political and military defense of the Italian borders. [9] [10] [11]

The Guardia di Finanza has a strength of around 68,000 soldiers working as agents, non-commissioned officers and officers. Its militaries are in service in the Europol, Eurojust and the European Anti-Fraud Office. Its Latin motto since 1933 is Nec recisa recedit (English: Not Even Broken Retreats). The Guardia di Finanza also maintains boats, ships and aircraft to fulfill its mission of patrolling Italy's territorial waters. [13] [14]

During demonstrations and very big events, the Guardia di Finanza is often called on duty as riot police. [15]

Arma dei Carabinieri

Carabinieri in full uniform Milano Italy Carabinieri-01.jpg
Carabinieri in full uniform

The Carabinieri is the common name for the Arma dei Carabinieri, a gendarmerie-like military corps with police duties. [9] They also serve as the military police for the Italian armed forces and can be called upon for national defence action." [10] [11]

The Carabinieri have become a separate armed force (alongside the Army, Navy and Air Force), thus ending their long-standing tradition as the First Corps (Arma) of the Italian Army (Esercito). [9] They are referred to as the Arma or La Benemerita (The Meritorious Corps).

Carabinieri units have been dispatched all over the world in peacekeeping missions, including Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan and Iraq. Until 2001, [16] only men were allowed to become part of the Arma (or any military force, for that matter), but military reforms allowed women to serve in the Italian military, including Carabinieri.

Having both military police duties and civil police duties, the Arma is usually called on duty as riot police during big events and demonstrations. According to Europol, this force has "4,672 stations and lieutenancies". [11]

Polizia Penitenziaria

Polizia Penitenziaria (2008) Alfa 159.jpg
Polizia Penitenziaria (2008)

The Polizia Penitenziaria (Prison Guards, literally Penitentiary Police, also translated as Prison Police Corps) [11] operates the Italian prison system and handles the transportation of inmates. [9] The training academies for the Polizia Penitenziaria are located in Aversa, Monastir, Cairo Montenotte, Castiglione delle Stiviere, Parma, Portici, Rome, San Pietro Clarenza, Verbania and Sulmona.

Its agents are sometimes called to help the other police forces during major events. This force (part of the Ministry of Justice) has a "nationwide remit for prison security, inmate safety and transportation". [10] [11]

Corpo Forestale dello Stato (dissolved)

Former Corpo Forestale dello Stato (2013) Agusta-Bell AB-412EP, Italy - Forestale JP7683969.jpg
Former Corpo Forestale dello Stato (2013)

The Corpo Forestale dello Stato (National Forestry Department, now dissolved) was responsible for law enforcement in Italian national parks and forests. [9] Their duties included enforcing poaching laws, safeguarding protected animal species and preventing forest fires. [9]

Founded in 1822, the Corpo Forestale dello Stato was a civilian police force specialized in environmental protection. A recent law reform expanded its duties to food controls. [17] In Italy, it had the responsibility to manage the activities related to the CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species). The Autonomous Region of Sardinia has its own corp of forestry police. [18]

Corpo Forestale dello Stato was dissolved on December 31, 2016, and all personnel become militarized and absorbed into the Carabinieri's Comando unità per la tutela forestale, ambientale e agroalimentare. [19]

Interforces

The Direzione Investigativa Antimafia (or DIA) (Anti-Mafia Investigation Directorate) is a joint organization of Polizia di Stato, Carabinieri, Polizia Penitenziaria and Guardia di Finanza against organized crime. Founded in 1991, under the authority of the Ministry of the Interior as the Direzione Nazionale Antimafia (National Anti-Mafia Directorate), its operations include preemptive investigations, judicial investigations, and international relations, and it investigates characteristics, objectives, and methods of the Mafia as well as their domestic and international contacts. The DIA was to prevent mafiosi from infiltrating the government. [20]

Interpol's National Central Bureau for Italy is part of the International Police Cooperation Service (SCIP), a branch of the Public Security Department (PSD). "SCIP is a multi-agency DPS unit: the Polizia di Stato, Carabinieri and Guardia di Finanza head it, on a rotation basis. Officers representing all police forces staff it", the agency states. [10]

The Direzione Centrale per i Servizi Antidroga (Central Directorate for Anti-Drug Services) is a joint organization of Polizia di Stato, Carabinieri and Guardia di Finanza against drug trafficking. Founded in 1976 as Direzione Anti Droga (Anti-Drug Directorate), it is under the authority of the Criminal police department of the Ministry of the Interior. [21]

Local police forces

Local communities in Italy also have responsibility for local police issues.

They generally fall into either:

Provincial Police

Polizia Provinciale car (2013) Alfa Crosswagon polizia provinciale.jpg
Polizia Provinciale car (2013)

The Polizia Provinciale (Provincial Police) is local police only used in some of the 107 Provinces of Italy.

Their main tasks are to enforce regional and national hunting and fishing laws, but have also expanded in wildlife management and environmental protection. [22] They also provide a traffic police service and participation in the security services arranged by the authorities. [22]

Some municipal police forces in Italy trace historical origins to the vigili urbani and comes stabili of ancient Rome. [23] Urban policing emerged in the 13th to 14th centuries in the Italian comunes (such as Bologna); although police forces have been assumed to be a modern innovation, these medieval forces had some similarities to modern police forces. [24] Today, Italian municipal forces are referred to by various names, such as polizia comunale (comune police), polizia urbana (urban police), and polizia locale (local police). [25]

Municipal and Local Police

Polizia Municipale officers Polizia municipale.jpg
Polizia Municipale officers

In addition, each comune has its own Polizia Municipale (Municipal Police) whose main duty is traffic control and responsibilities relating to licenses and urban regulations. [26]

The municipal police also serve as auxiliaries to security police forces and have responsibilities for local crime prevention and community policing. [26] The jurisdiction of municipal police are limited to their specific municipality. [26]

Regional Forces in Sardinia and other Autonomous Regions

Some Autonomous Regions have special forces of local police that answer to the Regional Government and whose jurisdiction is the whole regional territory or the municipality. Their normative reference is the same of every other local police, Municipal or Provincial, but differs for activities or extension of the authority. [27]

For example, Sardinia did not have Corpo Forestale officers at any point as regional law on nature, parks, fire, and forestry is carried out by its own regional Corpo forestale e di vigilanza ambientale, since 1985. Moreover, due to its agricultural and pastoral society, every Sardinian town has both Polizia Municipale, and Corpo Barracellare, a volunteer civilian corps that, when needed by the municipality, deals with animal theft, farm robbery or other farm damages.

Animal Protection

Volunteers of the Guardie Zoofile Guardie ecozoofile.jpg
Volunteers of the Guardie Zoofile

In some areas, there is an animal protection force, or Guardie Zoofile, that rescue animals in distress and protect animals and wildlife. Agents are volunteer private citizens, who have received some training and have limited powers, with regards to the safety of animals. [28]

The law (number 189) of 20 July 2004, relating to the acts of animal abuse, assigns the functions and qualifications of the judicial police to the guards of the protectionist and zoophile associations. The agents (recognized by decree issued by the Prefecture) do not have jurisdiction in hunting matters. [29] [30]

Agents will check that people are in compliance with all animal-related municipal, regional and national laws, and may report them to the Carabinieri, Polizia di Stato, Polizia Locale or Forestry Carabinieri as appropriate. [31]

Uniforms and equipment

The Agents generally wear green uniforms, although different to the Guardia di Finanza and Polizia Locale. As with different local police forces in Italy, they may wear various combinations of:

  • Beret or mountain or baseball cap (green or black) [31]
  • Shirt or polo shirt (green or black) [31]
  • Cargo trousers (green or black)
  • Bomber jacket (green or black)
  • Boots (black)
  • Duty belt, with radio, handcuffs, gloves, etc. [32]
  1. Some agents do carry firearms (pistols), but some do not, with differing opinion on the subject. [33] [34] [35] [36]
  2. There is a more formal uniform (as suit similar to Guardia di Finanza and Polizia uniforms) that some agents wear.
  3. Motor vehicles used by the Guardie Zoofile generally are marked with such wording and have blue lights and sirens. [37] [38]

Historical

Group of Zaptie in Italian Somaliland (1939) ZaptiefromItalianSomalia.jpg
Group of Zaptié in Italian Somaliland (1939)

The Organizzazione di Vigilanza Repressione dell'Antifascismo (or OVRA) (Organization for Vigilance in Repression of Anti-Fascism) was a secret police organization in Italy during fascism.

The Polizia dell'Africa Italiana or PAI (Police of Italian Africa) (1936–1944).

The National Republican Guard (Italy) and Republican Police Corps was a paramilitary police force of the Italian Social Republic created by decree on December 8, 1943, replacing the Carabinieri and the MVSN .

Zaptié were locally raised gendarmerie units in the Italian colonies of Italian Tripolitania, Italian Cyrenaica, Italian Eritrea and Italian Somaliland between 1889 and 1942.

Zaptié were used during the period of Trust Territory of Somaliland from 1950 to 1960. Members were sent to Italy to train, and after 1960, were merged into the Somali Police Force.

Private Security

Two private security cars (Fiat Puntos) in Milan 2015 with a Guardia di Finanza van " 15 - EXPO MILANO 2015 - Vigilanza Fiat Grande Punto security emergency financial guard.jpg
Two private security cars (Fiat Puntos) in Milan 2015 with a Guardia di Finanza van

As with most of Western Europe, private security organizations play a part in security of money, valuables, property and people.

In Italy, a guard, or security officer, is known as a Guardia di Sicurezza. They may be part of a private security organization, known as a Servizi di Vigilanza Privata and patrol certain areas or guard buildings.

Services include:

There are certain requirements, similar to police, in order for citizens to become security agents. They must:

Uniforms and equipment

Some guards are armed (generally with pistols), similar to police, but some are not. [41] These are generally semi-automatic pistols, or revolvers. The license to carry this must be obtained from the Prefecture by the private security organization, or the hiring organization. This is subject to weapon-handling competency checks and health checks. [42]

Uniforms vary greatly from company to company and are often similar, but distinct, to the state and local police forces. Often marked vehicles are used for security work. [43]

Transportation

A Lamborghini Gallardo of the Polizia di Stato, used for emergency intervention and transport of organs, parked in Piazza Unita d'Italia in Trieste Police Lamborghini.jpg
A Lamborghini Gallardo of the Polizia di Stato, used for emergency intervention and transport of organs, parked in Piazza Unità d'Italia in Trieste
Carabinieri Lotus Evora 2012 Italian GP - Carabinieri.jpg
Carabinieri Lotus Evora

Until recently, all Italian police forces were equipped with Italian-made police cars, with Alfa Romeos most commonly. [44] A patrol car belonging to Polizia is nicknamed Pantera (Panther), one used by the Carabinieri is nicknamed Gazzella (Gazelle). [45]

Every force has helicopters, trucks and campers (used as mobile offices, usually in undercover missions). In Venice, which is built across several islands linked by bridges and surrounded by water, public security and fire brigades work with boats. [46] In 2004, Lamborghini donated two Lamborghini Gallardo police cars to the Polizia di Stato on their 152nd anniversary. [47]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Italian Armed Forces</span> Combined military forces of Italy

The Italian Armed Forces encompass the Italian Army, the Italian Navy and the Italian Air Force. A fourth branch of the armed forces, known as the Carabinieri, take on the role as the nation's military police and are also involved in missions and operations abroad as a combat force. Despite not being a branch of the armed forces, the Guardia di Finanza is organized along military lines. These five forces comprise a total of 340,885 men and women with the official status of active military personnel, of which 167,057 are in the Army, Navy and Air Force. The President of the Italian Republic heads the armed forces as the President of the High Council of Defence established by article 87 of the Constitution of Italy. According to article 78, the Parliament has the authority to declare a state of war and vest the powers to lead the war in the Government.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carabinieri</span> Italian police force

The Carabinieri are the national gendarmerie of Italy who primarily carry out domestic and foreign policing duties. It is one of Italy's main law enforcement agencies, alongside the Polizia di Stato and the Guardia di Finanza. As with the Guardia di Finanza but in contrast to the Polizia di Stato, the Carabinieri are a military force. As the fourth branch of the Italian Armed Forces, they come under the authority of the Ministry of Defence; for activities related to inland public order and security, they functionally depend on the Ministry of the Interior. In practice, there is a significant overlap between the jurisdiction of the Polizia di Stato and Carabinieri, although both of them are contactable through 112, the European Union's Single Emergency number. Unlike the Polizia di Stato, the Carabinieri have responsibility for policing the military, and a number of members regularly participate in military missions abroad.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polizia di Stato</span> National police force in Italy

The Polizia di Stato is one of the national police forces of Italy. Alongside the Carabinieri, it is the main police force for providing police duties, primarily to cities and large towns, and with its child agencies it is also responsible for highway patrol (autostrade), railways (ferrovie), airports (aeroporti), customs, as well as certain waterways, and assisting the local police forces.

A military prison is a prison operated by a military. Military prisons are used variously to house prisoners of war, unlawful combatants, those whose freedom is deemed a national security risk by the military or national authorities, and members of the military found guilty of a serious crime. There are two types: penal and confinement-oriented, where captured enemy combatants are confined for military reasons until hostilities cease. Most militaries have some sort of military police unit operating at the divisional level or below to perform many of the same functions as civilian police, from traffic-control to the arrest of violent offenders and the supervision of detainees and prisoners of war.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Provincial police</span> Italian province-level police

In Italy, polizia provinciale is the provincial-level police forces.

The Beretta M12 is a 9×19mm Parabellum caliber submachine gun designed by Beretta. Production started in 1959, the first users were the Italian Carabinieri, Italian State Police and the Guardia di Finanza, though in limited numbers; it was only widely issued beginning in 1978, replacing the old Beretta MAB. In 1962 the Italian Army bought a limited number of Franchi LF-57 submachine guns, judged better than the M12 but never issued to the troops, and only in 1992 the M12S2 variant was introduced, in very limited numbers. The Italian Air Force bought instead many M12S and M12S2 for the airport security units. However, the weapon had a higher initial success in the Arab countries and South America.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cuirassiers Regiment (Italy)</span> Military unit

The Cuirassiers Regiment is a Carabinieri cavalry regiment acting as guard of honour of the President of the Italian Republic. Their motto is Virtus in periculis firmior.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">State Forestry Corps</span> Former Italian police agency

The State Forestry Corps was a national police agency in Italy. It was established on 15 October 1822 by Charles Felix of Sardinia as Amministrazione forestale per la custodia e la vigilanza dei boschi. The five Italian autonomous regions have their own corps of forestry police under regional or provincial control, which have not been disbanded. CFS was dissolved on December 31, 2016, and all personnel became militarized and absorbed by the Carabinieri Command of the Forest, Environmental and Agri-food units.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polizia Penitenziaria</span> Italian law enforcement agency

The Polizia Penitenziaria, formally the Corpo di Polizia Penitenziaria, is a law enforcement agency in Italy which is subordinate to the Italian Ministry of Justice and operates the Italian prison system as corrections officers. Vatican City, an independent state, does not have a prison system, so the Vatican sends convicted criminals to the Italian prison system.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Corps of Gendarmerie of Vatican City</span> Police and security force of Vatican City

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Municipal police (Italy)</span> Italian municipal police

In Italy, polizia municipale, vigili urbani and polizia locale are police of the various comuni (municipalities).

<i>Festa della Repubblica</i> Italian national holiday on 2 June

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Italian military sports bodies</span> Sports sections of the Italian Armed Forces and Polizia

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The Republican Police Corps was a police force of the Italian Social Republic during the Italian Civil War.

The Direzione Investigativa Antimafia (DIA), also known as the Anti-Mafia Investigation Division, is an Italian multi-force investigation body under the Department of Public Security of the Ministry of the Interior. Its main task is the fight against the mafia-related organized crime in Italy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Guardia di Finanza</span> Italian law enforcement agency

The Guardia di Finanza is an Italian law enforcement agency under the authority of the Minister of Economy and Finance. It is a militarized police force, forming a part of the Ministry of Economy and Finance, not the Ministry of Defence. Guardia di Finanza is essentially responsible for dealing with financial crime and smuggling; it has also evolved into Italy's primary agency for suppressing the illegal drug trade. It maintains over 600 boats and ships and more than 100 aircraft to serve in its mission of patrolling Italy's territorial waters. It also has the role of border police and customs duties at Italian airports.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Greca (insignia)</span>

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The Command of the Forest, Environmental and Agri-food units of the Carabinieri is a specialized unit of the Italian Carabinieri force. Established on October 25, 2016, it has absorbed the personnel and functions of the State Forestry Corps from 1 January 2017.

The Police ranks of Italian police officers denote the position of a given officer in the police hierarchy in Italian police forces.

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  44. ↑ "Alfa 159 entra nel parco auto di Polizia e Carabinieri" (in Italian). Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  45. ↑ ""Storie Alfa Romeo": Gazzelle e Pantere, le Alfa in divisa" (in Italian). 20 May 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  46. ↑ "All'Arsenale di Venezia presentazione delle nuove motovedette del servizio navale dei Carabinieri" (in Italian). 9 September 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  47. ↑ "Lamborghini Gallardo Polizia" (in Italian). 18 December 2013. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  48. ↑ "Carabinieri". Targheitaliane.it. Retrieved 2021-10-06.
  49. ↑ "Customs Authority". Targheitaliane.it. Retrieved 2021-10-06.
  50. ↑ "Police". Targheitaliane.it. Retrieved 2021-10-06.
  51. ↑ "Prison Service". Targheitaliane.it. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
  52. ↑ "State Forestry Corps". Targheitaliane.it. Retrieved 2021-10-06.

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