Free-minded Liberal Party

Free-minded Liberal Party Frisinnede Venstre
Founded	1909
Dissolved	1945
Split from	Liberal Party
Merged into	Conservative Party
Newspaper	Tidens Tegn , Morgenavisen , Dagsposten
Ideology	Conservative liberalism [1] Economic liberalism [1] [2] National liberalism [2] [3]
Political position	Centre-right [1] [4]
Politics of Norway Political parties Elections

The Free-minded Liberal Party (Norwegian : Frisinnede Venstre) was a political party in Norway founded in 1909 by the conservative-liberal faction of the Liberal Party. The party cooperated closely with the Conservative Party and participated in several short-lived governments, including two headed by Free-minded Prime Ministers. In the 1930s the party changed its name to the Free-minded People's Party (Norwegian : Frisinnede Folkeparti) and initiated cooperation with nationalist groups. The party contested its last election in 1936, and was not reorganised in 1945.

History

The Free-minded Liberal Party was founded in March 1909 under influence of Norway's first independent Prime Minister, Christian Michelsen of the Liberal Party, after around a third of the Liberal parliamentary representatives had been excluded from a reconstitution of the Liberal Party in 1908. ^[5] The party was founded in protest against the increasingly radical course of the "consolidated" Liberal Party, which the party's right wing considered to conflict with the party's traditionally liberal ideology. ^{[6] [7]} Other co-founders of the party included Abraham Berge, Wollert Konow (SB), Sofus Arctander, Harald Bothner, Magnus Halvorsen, Ernst Sars, Ola Thommessen and Fridtjof Nansen. ^{[6] [7]}

The party initiated a close cooperation with the Conservative Party, and won 23 seats in the 1909 parliamentary election, after which the party formed a government together with the Conservatives with Wollert Konow as Prime Minister. ^[7] The government did however not live up to the expectations of either Michelsen or the Conservatives, and the Conservatives withdrew from the government in 1911. ^[5] Konow's government came to an abrupt end in early 1912 after he declared his sympathies for the rural language form Landsmål in a speech to the Agrarian Youth Association, during the height of the Norwegian language conflict. The speech caused an uproar among militant Riksmål -supporters, especially among the Conservatives, but also in his own party, eventually leading to Konow's replacement as Prime Minister (by Conservative Jens Bratlie). ^{[7] [8]}

Notably individualist in orientation, the party emphasised intellectual freedom. ^[9] The first woman meeting as a parliamentary representative in Norwegian history was the Free-minded's Anna Rogstad in 1911, two years before full suffrage for women was granted in Norway. ^[10] The conflicts around Konow's failed government caused a major defeat for the Conservative-Free-minded alliance in the 1912 election, and reduced the Free-minded to insignificance with only four seats. The party organisation was increasingly merged into the Conservative organisation after 1912, until election gains and coalition victories in 1921 and 1924 sparked desires for a more independent party. The conflict resulted in numerous name-changes of the various Conservative local and regional chapters in attempts to signal a broader conservative-liberal profile. ^[11]

The two parties participated in several governments together in the 1920s, until they started drifting increasingly apart towards the end of the decade. In 1931, the Free-minded changed their name to the Free-minded People's Party, and was subsequently reduced to a single representative from Trondheim in the 1933 election. It contested its last election in 1936 in electoral cooperations with the Fatherland League and Nasjonal Samling (NS), failing to secure a single seat. ^[11] By then most of the local and regional chapters had returned to or joined the Conservatives. ^[11] The party was not reorganised in 1945. ^[12]

The first non-Labour Prime Minister after the war, John Lyng, was a member of the party before he joined the Conservatives in 1938. ^[13] Historian and journalist Hans Fredrik Dahl has described the Progress Party as a spiritual successor to the party. ^[14]

Leaders

Party chairman [15] Abraham Berge 1909–1910 Magnus Halvorsen 1910–1912 William Nygaard 1912–1915 Erik Enge 1915–1918 Bernt Holtsmark 1918–1922 Oluf Müller 1922–1924 Karl Wefring 1924–1925 Peder Adolf Holm  [ no ] 1925–1930 Anton Wilhelm Brøgger (acting, 1930–1931) Einar Greve  [ no ] 1931–1933 Rolf Thommessen 1933–1936 Rudolf Falck Ræder 1936–1937 Trygve Swensen  [ no ] 1937–1939

Parliamentary leaders Magnus Halvorsen 1910–1912 Bernhard Hanssen 1913–1915 Bernt Holtsmark 1916–1921 Wollert Konow (H) 1922–1924 Abraham Berge 1925 Hakon Magne Wrangell 1926 Karl Wefring 1927 Rolf Thommessen 1928–1930 Einar Greve  [ no ] 1931–1933 Rudolf Falck Ræder 1934–1936

General Secretaries Harald Hauge 1909–1911 Anders Hauge 1911–1918 Rolf Thommessen 1918–1924 Bernhard Kjelstrup 1924–1936

Election results

Storting

Date	Votes			Seats		Position	Size
	No.	%	± pp	No.	±
1909	175,388	41.49 %1	New	23 / 123	New	Coalition (from 1910, H–FV)	3rd
1912	162,074	33.15 %1	8.34	4 / 123	19	Coalition (1912–1913, H–FV)	5th
						Opposition (from 1913)
1915	179,028	28.98 %1	4.17	1 / 123	3	Opposition	5th
1918	201,325	30.39 %1	1.41	10 / 126	9	Opposition (1918–1920)	4th
						Coalition (from 1920, H–FV)
1921	301,372	33.31 %1	2.92	15 / 150	5	Opposition (1921–1923)	5th
						Coalition (from 1923, H–FV)
1924	316,846	32.53 %1	0.78	11 / 150	4	Opposition (1924–1926)	5th
						Coalition (from 1926, H–FV)
1927	254,530	25.47 %2	7.06	2 / 150	9	Coalition (1927–1928, H–FV)	6th
						Opposition (from 1928)
1930	358,734	30.02%2	4.55	5 / 150	3	Opposition	5th
1933	272,690	21.84 %2 [lower-alpha 1]	7.5	1 / 150	4	Opposition	5th
1936	329,560	1.3 %3 [lower-alpha 1]	0.8	0 / 150	1	Extra-parliamentary	?

Local

Year	Vote %	Type
1910	6.6	City Municipal
1913	5.8	City Municipal
1916	3.2	City Municipal
1919	2.0	City Municipal
1922	6.5	City Municipal
1928	1.9	City Municipal
1931	4.9	City Municipal
1934	3.07	City Municipal
1937	1.8	City Municipal

1. Full electoral cooperation with the Conservatives. The votes are united.
2. Support for individual lists. There were also joint lists with the Conservative Party
3. Support for individual lists with the Fatherland League. There were also joint lists with the Conservative Party.

References

1. Ran as Free-minded People's Party

1. Salvatore Garau (2015). Fascism and Ideology: Italy, Britain, and Norway. Routledge. pp. 215/216/233. ISBN   978-1-317-90946-0.
2. Francis Brendan Jacobs; John Fitzmaurice (1989). Western European Political Parties: A Comprehensive Guide. Addison-Wesley Longman Limited. p. 606. ISBN   978-0-582-00113-8. After 1905 Venstre changed its policy away from more traditional economic liberalism, and again lost a considerable number of members. While some joined Høyre, others subsequently established another Liberal Party. Frisinnede Venstre (National Liberals), which contested elections from 1909 to 1936 (after 1931 under the name Frisinnede Folkeparti or Liberal People's Party).
3. David Arter (1999). Scandinavian Politics Today . Manchester University Press. p.  87. ISBN   978-0-7190-5133-3.
4. Peder Roberts (2011). The European Antarctic: Science and Strategy in Scandinavia and the British Empire , p.189
5. "Chr. Michelsen". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). 27 January 2023.
6. "Frisinnede Venstre, Det". Tidens leksikon (in Norwegian). Tiden. 1975. p. 480. ISBN   82-10-00922-2.
7. Kaartvedt, Alf (1984). Høyres historie 2: Drømmen om borgerlig samling: 1884-1918 (in Norwegian). Cappelen. pp. 299–325. ISBN   82-02-04990-3.
8. Leiv Mjeldheim. "Wollert Konow". Norsk biografisk leksikon. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
9. Mary R. S. Creese; Thomas M. Creese (2004). Ladies in the Laboratory 2. Scarecrow Press. p. 12. ISBN   978-0-8108-4979-2.
10. "Anna Rogstad – første kvinne på Stortinget i 1911". Stortinget.no (in Norwegian). 15 February 2011.
11. Danielsen, Rolf (1984). Høyres historie 3: Borgerlig oppdemmingspolitikk: 1918-1940 (in Norwegian). Cappelen. pp. 180–190. ISBN   82-02-04991-1.
12. "Frisinnede Venstre". Store norske leksikon. 22 January 2023.
13. "John Lyng: Prime Minister 1963". Government.no. 13 March 2012.
14. Hans Fredrik Dahl, "Til høyre for Høyre", Dagbladet, 13-10-2014
15. Carstens, Svein (1987). Det Frisinnede Venstre 1909–1927 (in Norwegian). Trondheim: University of Trondheim.