Socialist International

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Socialist International
AbbreviationSI
Predecessor Labour and Socialist International
Formation3 June 1951;72 years ago (1951-06-03)
Type International non-governmental organization
Purpose"Strengthen relations between the affiliated parties and to coordinate their political attitudes and activities" [1]
Location
Region served
Worldwide
Membership
119 political parties and 13 affiliated organizations
President
Pedro Sánchez
Secretary General
Benedicta Lasi
Main organ
Congress of the Socialist International
Secessions Progressive Alliance
Budget
£1.4 million (2014) [2]
Website socialistinternational.org

The Socialist International (SI) is a political international or worldwide organisation of political parties which seek to establish democratic socialism. [1] It consists mostly of social-democratic, socialist and labour political parties and organisations.

Contents

Although formed in 1951 as a successor to the Labour and Socialist International, it has antecedents in the late 19th century. The organisation currently includes 132 member parties [3] and organisations from over 100 countries. Its members have governed in many countries, including most of Europe. In 2013, a schism in the SI led to the establishment of the Progressive Alliance. [4]

The current secretary general of the SI is Benedicta Lasi of Ghana and the current president of the SI is the prime minister of Spain, Pedro Sánchez, [5] both of whom were elected at the last SI Congress held in Madrid, Spain, in November 2022.

History

First and Second Internationals (1864–1916)

The International Workingmen's Association, also known as the First International, was the first international body to bring together organisations representing the working class. [6] It was formed in London on 28 September 1864 by socialist, communist and anarchist political groups and trade unions. [7] Tensions between moderates and revolutionaries led to its dissolution in 1876 in Philadelphia. [8]

The Second International was formed in Paris on 14 July 1889 as an association of the socialist parties. [9] Differences over World War I led to the Second International being dissolved in 1916.

Labour and Socialist International (1919–1940)

The International Socialist Commission (ISC), also known as the Berne International, was formed in February 1919 at a meeting in Bern by parties that wanted to resurrect the Second International. [10] In March 1919, Communist parties formed the Communist International ("Comintern"), the Third International, at a meeting in Moscow. [11]

Some parties did not want to be a part of the resurrected Second International (ISC) or Comintern. They formed the International Working Union of Socialist Parties (IWUSP, also known as Vienna International, Vienna Union, or Two-and-a-Half International) on 27 February 1921 at a conference in Vienna. [12] The ISC and the IWUSP joined to form the Labour and Socialist International (LSI) in May 1923 at a meeting in Hamburg. [13] The rise of Nazism and the start of World War II led to the dissolution of the LSI in 1940.

Socialist International (1951–present)

The Socialist International was formed in Frankfurt in July 1951 as a successor to the LSI. [14]

During the post-World War II period, the SI aided social democratic parties in re-establishing themselves when dictatorship gave way to democracy in Portugal (1974) and Spain (1975). Until its 1976 Geneva Congress, the SI had few members outside Europe and no formal involvement with Latin America. [15] In the 1980s, most SI parties gave their backing to the Nicaraguan Sandinistas (FSLN), whose democratically elected left-wing government was subject to a campaign to overthrow it backed by the United States, which culminated in the Iran–Contra affair after the Reagan administration covertly continued US support for the Contras after such support was banned by Congress.

Willy Brandt with outgoing secretary general Bernt Carlsson (left) and new secretary general Pentti Vaananen (right) at the Socialist International Congress in 1983 WillyBrandtBerntCarlssonPenttiVaananen.jpg
Willy Brandt with outgoing secretary general Bernt Carlsson (left) and new secretary general Pentti Väänänen (right) at the Socialist International Congress in 1983

In the late 1970s and in the 1980s the SI had extensive contacts and discussion with the two leading powers of the Cold War period, the United States and the Soviet Union, on issues concerning East–West relations and arms control. The SI supported détente and disarmament agreements, such as SALT II, START and INF. They had several meetings and discussion in Washington, D.C., with President Jimmy Carter and Vice President George Bush and in Moscow with Secretaries General Leonid Brezhnev and Mikhail Gorbachev. The SI's delegations to these discussions were led by the Finnish Prime Minister Kalevi Sorsa. [16]

Since then, the SI has admitted as members an increasing number of parties and organisations from Africa, Asia, Europe, and Latin America (see below for current list).

Following the Tunisian Revolution, the Constitutional Democratic Rally was expelled from the SI in January 2011; [17] later that month the Egyptian National Democratic Party was also expelled; [18] and as a result of the 2010–2011 Ivorian crisis, the Ivorian Popular Front was expelled in March 2011, [19] in accordance with section 7.1 of the statutes of the Socialist International. These decisions were approved at the subsequent SI Congress in Cape Town in 2012 in line with section 5.1.3 of the statutes. [20] These were long term ruling parties of one-party states that were overthrown in the protests of the Arab Spring.

Progressive Alliance split (2013)

On 22 May 2013 the Social Democratic Party of Germany along with some other current and former member parties of the SI founded a rival international network of social-democratic parties known as the Progressive Alliance, citing the perceived undemocratic and outmoded nature of the SI, [21] [22] [23] [24] as well as the Socialist International's admittance and continuing inclusion of undemocratic political movements into the organization. For example, the SPD objected to the continued presence of the Sandinista National Liberation Front and the delayed ouster of the RCD and NDP. [25] [26]

After the 2012 Congress, the SI underwent major changes as many of the large European parties allowed their membership to lapse for example the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and the Swedish Social Democratic Labour Party or downgraded their membership to observer status for example, the British Labour Party and the Norwegian Labour Party (DNA). These parties now concentrate their international links on the Progressive Alliance, with the SI's focus now increasingly being on the global south.

Relationship with Latin America

For a long time, the Socialist International remained distant from Latin America, considering the region as a zone of influence of the United States. For example, it did not denounce the coup d'état against Socialist President Jacobo Árbenz in Guatemala in 1954 or the invasion of the Dominican Republic by the United States in 1965. It was not until the 1973 Chilean coup d'état that "a world we did not know" was discovered, explained Antoine Blanca, a diplomat for the French PS. According to him, solidarity with the Chilean left was "the first challenge worthy of the name, against Washington, of an International which, until then, had done everything to appear subject to American strategy and NATO". Subsequently, notably under the leadership of François Mitterrand, the SI supported the Sandinistas in Nicaragua and other movements in El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras in their struggle against US-supported dictatorships. [27]

In the 1990s, it was joined by non-socialist parties that took note of the economic power of the European countries governed or to be governed by their partners across the Atlantic and calculated the benefits they could derive from it.[ citation needed ] During this period, "the socialist international works in a clientist way; some parties come here to rub shoulders with Europeans as if they were in the upper class," says Porfirio Muñoz Ledo, one of the representatives of the Party of the Democratic Revolution (Mexico) at the SI. It is home to "the very centrist Argentinean Radical Civic Union (UCR); the Mexican Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), which was not very democratically in power for seventy years; the Colombian Liberal Party—under whose governments the left-wing formation Patriotic Union (1986–1990) was exterminated—introduced the neoliberal model (1990–1994) and to which, until 2002, Álvaro Uribe will belong". In the following decade, many left-wing parties that came to power (in Brazil, Venezuela, Bolivia, Ecuador and El Salvador) preferred to keep their distance from the SI. [27]

The logo is the fist and rose, based on the 1977 design by José María Cruz Novillo for the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party, itself a variant of the logo of the French Socialist Party. Variants of the emblem are or were used by several SI member parties. [28]

Presidents, honorary presidents and secretaries general

Presidents

#NamePortraitCountryPresidency

start date

Presidency

end date

Time in office
1 Morgan Phillips (1902–1963)Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom Labour Party 195119576 years
2 Alsing Andersen (1893–1962) Alsing Andersen.jpg Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark Social Democratic Party of Denmark 195719625 years
3 Erich Ollenhauer (1901–1963) Bundesarchiv Bild 183-21272-0001, Erich Ollenhauer.jpg Flag of Germany.svg  West Germany Social Democratic Party of Germany 1963
4 Bruno Pittermann (1905–1983) Bruno Pittermann.jpg Flag of Austria.svg  Austria Social Democratic Party of Austria 1964197612 years
5 Willy Brandt (1913–1992) Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F057884-0009, Willy Brandt.jpg Flag of Germany.svg  West Germany Social Democratic Party of Germany 1976199216 years
6 Pierre Mauroy (1928–2013) Pierre Mauroy 1990.jpg Flag of France.svg  France Socialist Party of France 17 September 199210 November 19997 years, 54 days
7 António Guterres (born 1949) Antonio Guterres crop.jpg Flag of Portugal.svg  Portugal Socialist Party of Portugal 10 November 199915 June 20055 years, 217 days
8 George Papandreou
(born 1952)
George Papandreou (junior).jpg Flag of Greece.svg  Greece PASOK / KIDISO 30 January 200625 November 202216 years, 300 days
9 Pedro Sánchez
(born 1972)
Pedro Sanchez in 2022.jpg Flag of Spain.svg  Spain Spanish Socialist Workers' Party 25 November 2022Incumbent1 year, 100 days

Honorary presidents

Current and honorary presidents include: [29]

Secretaries general

Summits

Members

Full members

There are 92 full members: [30] [31]

CountryNameAbbrGovernmentNotesLower HouseUpper House
Flag of Albania.svg  Albania Socialist Party of Albania [32] [33] [34] PS in government Admitted as consultative member in 1999. [35] [34] Promoted to full member in 2003. [36]
74 / 140(53%)
Flag of Algeria.svg  Algeria Socialist Forces Front [37] [38] [39] FFS in opposition Admitted as consultative member in 1992. [40] Promoted to full member in 1996. [41] [39]
0 / 407(0%)
4 / 144(3%)
Flag of Andorra.svg  Andorra Social Democratic Party [42] [43] PS in opposition Promoted to full member in 2003. [36] [43]
3 / 28(11%)
Flag of Angola.svg  Angola Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola [44] MPLA in government Admitted as observer member in 1996. [41] Promoted to full member in 2003. [36] [44]
124 / 220(56%)
Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina Radical Civic Union [45] UCR in opposition Admitted as consultative member in 1996. [41] Promoted to full member in 1999. [35] [45]
34 / 257(13%)
13 / 72(18%)
Flag of Armenia.svg  Armenia Armenian Revolutionary Federation [46] [47] ARF in opposition Admitted (as Armenian Socialist Party) as observer member in 1996. [41] [47] Promoted (as ASP) to consultative member in 1999. [35] Promoted (as ASP) to full member in 2003. [36]
10 / 107(9%)
Flag of Belarus.svg  Belarus Belarusian Social Democratic Party BSDP extra-parliamentary Admitted as observer member in 1999. [35] Promoted to consultative member in 2003. [36] Promoted to full member in November 2015. [48] Officially deregistered in Belarus since 2005.
0 / 110(0%)
0 / 64(0%)
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium Socialist Party [49] PS junior party in coalition
20 / 150(13%)
7 / 60(12%)
Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg  Bolivia National Unity Front UN extra-parliamentary Promoted to full member in March 2017.
0 / 130(0%)
0 / 36(0%)
Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg  Bosnia and Herzegovina Social Democratic Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina [50] [43] SDP BiH in government Admitted as observer member in 1996. [41] Promoted to full member in 1999. [35] [43]
6 / 42(14%)
0 / 15(0%)
Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil Democratic Labour Party [51] PDT in government Admitted as consultative member in 1986. [52] [51] Promoted to full member in 1989. [51] [53]
18 / 513(4%)
2 / 81(2%)
Flag of Bulgaria.svg  Bulgaria Party of Bulgarian Social Democrats [54] PBSD extra-parliamentary
0 / 240(0%)
Bulgarian Socialist Party [55] BSP in opposition Admitted as full member in 2003. [36] [55]
23 / 240(10%)
Flag of Burkina Faso.svg  Burkina Faso People's Movement for Progress MPP extra-parliamentary Admitted as full member in 2016. [56]
0 / 127(0%)
Flag of Cameroon.svg  Cameroon Social Democratic Front [57] SDF in opposition Admitted as consultative member in 1996. [41] Promoted to full member in 1999. [35] [57]
5 / 180(3%)
1 / 100(1%)
Flag of Cape Verde.svg  Cape Verde African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde [58] PAICV in opposition Admitted as consultative member in 1992. [40] Promoted to full member in 1996. [41] [58]
30 / 72(42%)
Flag of the Central African Republic.svg  Central African Republic Movement for the Liberation of the Central African People MLPC in opposition Admitted as observer member in 2008. [59] Upgraded to full member in 2018.
9 / 100(9%)
Flag of Chad.svg  Chad National Union for Democracy and Renewal UNDR extra-parliamentary Admitted as observer member in June/July 2014. [60] Upgraded to full member in 2017.
0 / 155(0%)
Flag of Chile.svg  Chile Party for Democracy [61] PPD junior party in coalition Admitted as consultative member in 1992. [40] Promoted to full member in 1996. [41] [61]
7 / 155(5%)
6 / 50(12%)
Radical Party of Chile [62] PRSD junior party in coalition
4 / 155(3%)
0 / 50(0%)
Socialist Party of Chile [63] PS junior party in coalition Admitted as consultative member in 1992. [40] Promoted to full member in 1996. [41] [63]
13 / 155(8%)
7 / 50(14%)
Flag of Colombia.svg  Colombia Colombian Liberal Party [64] PLC junior party in coalition Admitted as consultative member in 1992. [40] Promoted to full member in 1999. [35] [64]
32 / 188(17%)
14 / 108(13%)
Flag of Costa Rica.svg  Costa Rica National Liberation Party [65] PLN in opposition Full member since 1987. [65]
19 / 57(33%)
Flag of Croatia.svg  Croatia Social Democratic Party of Croatia [66] [67] SDP in opposition Admitted as full member in 1999. [35] [67]
13 / 151(9%)
Flag of Cyprus.svg  Cyprus EDEK Socialist Party [68] [69] EDEK in opposition Full member since 1987. [69] Promoted to full member in 1992. [40]
3 / 56(5%)
Flag of Cyprus.svg Flag of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.svg Cyprus (North) Republican Turkish Party CTP in opposition Admitted as consultative member in 2008 (pending consultation). [59] Promoted to full member in June/July 2014. [60]
18 / 50(36%)
Communal Democracy Party TDP extra-parliamentary Admitted as consultative member in November 2015. [48] Promoted to full member in March 2017.
0 / 50(0%)
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czech Republic Social Democracy [70] [71] SOCDEM in opposition
0 / 200(0%)
1 / 81(1%)
Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg  Democratic Republic of the Congo Union for Democracy and Social Progress UDPS in government Admitted as observer member in 2003. [36]
32 / 500(6%)
0 / 108(0%)
Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg  Dominican Republic Dominican Revolutionary Party [72] PRD in opposition Full member since 1987. [72]
4 / 190(2%)
0 / 32(0%)
Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg  Equatorial Guinea Convergence for Social Democracy [73] CPDS extra-parliamentary Admitted as consultative member in 1996. [41] Promoted to full member in 1999. [35] [73]
0 / 100(0%)
Flag of Finland.svg  Finland Social Democratic Party of Finland SDP in opposition
43 / 200(22%)
Flag of France.svg  France Socialist Party [74] PS in opposition
32 / 577(6%)
66 / 348(19%)
Flag of Ghana.svg  Ghana National Democratic Congress NDC in opposition Admitted as consultative member in 2003. [36] Promoted to full member in 2008. [59]
137 / 275(50%)
Flag of Greece.svg  Greece PASOK – Movement for Change PASOK-KINAL in opposition Full member since 1990. [75]
32 / 300(11%)
Flag of Guatemala.svg  Guatemala National Unity of Hope UNE in opposition Admitted as full member in 2008. [59]
28 / 160(18%)
Flag of Guinea.svg  Guinea Rally of the Guinean People [76] [77] RPG in opposition Admitted (as Guinean People's Assembly) as consultative member in 1999. [35] Promoted (as GPA) to full member in 2003. [36] [77]
1 / 81(1%)
Flag of Haiti.svg  Haiti Fusion of Haitian Social Democrats [78] PFSDH extra-parliamentary Full member since 1989. [78]
0 / 119(0%)
0 / 30(0%)
Social Democratic Assembly for the Progress of Haiti (RSD)RSD extra-parliamentary Admitted as full members in 2018 [79]
0 / 119(0%)
0 / 30(0%)
Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary Hungarian Socialist Party [80] [81] MSzP in opposition Admitted as observer member in 1992. [40] [81] Promoted to full member in 1996. [41]
10 / 199(5%)
Flag of India.svg  India Indian National Congress INC in opposition Originally joined in 1993. [82] Readmitted as full member December 2014. [83]
47 / 543(9%)
30 / 245(12%)
Flag of Iraq.svg  Iraq Patriotic Union of Kurdistan PUK junior party in coalition Admitted as observer member in 2003. [36] Promoted to full member in 2008. [59]
17 / 329(5%)
Flag of Israel.svg  Israel Meretz [84] [69] מרצ extra-parliamentary
0 / 120(0%)
Flag of Italy.svg  Italy Italian Socialist Party PSI extra-parliamentary
0 / 400(0%)
0 / 200(0%)
Flag of Jamaica.svg  Jamaica People's National Party [85] PNP in opposition Full member since 1952. [85] Temporarily demoted to observer member in 2012 due to non-payment of membership fees. [30]
14 / 63(22%)
8 / 21(38%)
Flag of Japan.svg  Japan Social Democratic Party [86] SDP in opposition Full member since 1951 as the Japan Socialist Party. [86]
1 / 465(0.2%)
2 / 248(0.8%)
Flag of Kazakhstan.svg  Kazakhstan Nationwide Social Democratic Party JSDP in opposition Admitted as consultative member in 2012. [87] Promoted to full member in November 2015. [48]
4 / 98(4%)
Flag of Kyrgyzstan (2023).svg  Kyrgyzstan Social Democrats (Kyrgyzstan) SDK in opposition Legal successor to the Social Democratic Party of Kyrgyzstan.
1 / 90(1%)
Flag of Lebanon.svg  Lebanon Progressive Socialist Party [88] PSP in opposition Full member since 1980. [88]
8 / 128(6%)
Flag of Lithuania.svg  Lithuania Social Democratic Party of Lithuania [89] LSDP in opposition Full member since the 1990s. [89]
13 / 141(9%)
Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Luxembourg Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party [90] [91] LSAP/POSL in opposition Full member since 1951. [91]
11 / 60(18%)
Flag of Mali.svg  Mali Alliance for Democracy in Mali [92] ADEMA-PASJ in opposition Admitted as consultative member in 1996. [41] Promoted to full member in 1999. [35] [92] Promoted to full member in 2008. [59] Status unclear following the 2020 Malian coup d'état.
24 / 147(16%)
Rally for Mali RPM in opposition Admitted as consultative member in 2003. [36] Status unclear following the 2020 Malian coup d'état.
51 / 147(35%)
Flag of Mauritania.svg  Mauritania Rally of Democratic Forces RFD extra-parliamentary Admitted as observer member in 2003. [36] Promoted to full member in 2008. [59]
0 / 176(0%)
Flag of Mauritius.svg  Mauritius Labour Party [93] PT in opposition Full member since 1969. [93]
13 / 69(19%)
Mauritian Militant Movement [94] MMM in opposition Admitted as consultative member in 1996. [41] Promoted to full member in 2003. [36] [94] Part of the Alliance of the Heart.
9 / 69(13%)
Flag of Mexico.svg  Mexico Institutional Revolutionary Party [95] PRI in opposition Admitted as consultative member in 1996. [41] Promoted to full member in 2003. [36] [95]
68 / 500(14%)
13 / 128(10%)
Flag of Moldova.svg  Moldova European Social Democratic Party [96] PSDE extra-parliamentary Admitted as consultative member in 2008. [59] Promoted to full member in 2012. [87]
Part of Alliance for European Integration.
0 / 101(0%)
Flag of Mongolia.svg  Mongolia Mongolian People's Party [97] [98] MPP in government Admitted (as Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party) as observer member in 1999. [35] [98]
Promoted (as Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party) to full member in 2003. [36] [98]
62 / 76(82%)
Flag of Montenegro.svg  Montenegro Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro [99] DPS in opposition Admitted as consultative member in 2003. [36] Promoted to full member in 2008. [59]
17 / 81(21%)
Social Democratic Party of Montenegro [99] [100] [101] SDP extra-parliamentary Admitted as observer member in 1996. [41] Promoted to consultative member in 1999. [35] Promoted to full member in 2003. [36] [101]
0 / 81(0%)
Flag of Morocco.svg  Morocco Socialist Union of Popular Forces [102] [103] [104] USFP in opposition Promoted to full member in 1992. [40]
37 / 395(9%)
8 / 120(7%)
Flag of Mozambique.svg  Mozambique Frelimo Party [105] FRELIMO in government Admitted as consultative member in 1996. [41] Promoted to full member in 1999. [35]
184 / 250(74%)
Flag of Namibia.svg  Namibia South West Africa People's Organisation SWAPO in government Promoted to full member in 2008. [59]
63 / 96(66%)
28 / 42(67%)
Flag of Nepal.svg  Nepal Nepali Congress [106] [107] NC junior party in coalition Admitted as consultative member in 1989. [53] Promoted to full member in 1999. [35] [107]
88 / 275(32%)
10 / 59(17%)
Flag of Niger.svg  Niger Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism [108] PNDS in opposition Admitted as consultative member in 1996. [41] Promoted to full member in 2003. [36] [108] Status unclear following the 2023 Nigerien coup d'état.
79 / 171(46%)
Flag of Pakistan.svg  Pakistan Pakistan Peoples Party [108] PPP in opposition Admitted as consultative member in 1989. [53] Promoted to full member in 2003. [36] [109]
0 / 336(0%)
20 / 100(20%)
Flag of Palestine.svg  Palestine Fatah [110] [111] in government Admitted as observer member in 1996. [41] Promoted to consultative member in 1999. [35]
Promoted to full member in 2012. [87]
45 / 132(34%)
Flag of Panama.svg  Panama Democratic Revolutionary Party [112] PRD in government Admitted as consultative member in 1986. [52] [112] Admitted as consultative member in 1996. [41] Promoted to full member in 2003. [36]
35 / 71(49%)
Flag of Paraguay.svg  Paraguay Progressive Democratic Party PDP extra-parliamentary Admitted as consultative member in 2008. [59] Promoted to full member in November 2015. [48]
0 / 80(0%)
0 / 45(0%)
Flag of Peru.svg  Peru Peruvian Aprista Party [113] PAP extra-parliamentary Promoted to full member in 1999. [35]
0 / 130(0%)
Flag of the Philippines.svg  Philippines Philippine Democratic Socialist Party PDSP extra-parliamentary Admitted as consultative member in 1992. [40] Demoted to observer member in 2012 due to non-payment of membership fees. [30] Delisted in December 2014. Reinstated in 2019.
0 / 316(0%)
0 / 24(0%)
Flag of Portugal.svg  Portugal Socialist Party [114] PS in government
120 / 230(52%)
Flag of Puerto Rico.svg  Puerto Rico Puerto Rican Independence Party [115] PIP in opposition Consultative member in 1987, full member in 1994. [115] Promoted to full member in 1992. [40]
1 / 51(2%)
1 / 27(4%)
Flag of Romania.svg  Romania Social Democratic Party [116] [117] PSD in government Admitted as consultative member in 1996. [41] Promoted to full member in 1999. [35] PSDR admitted as consultative member in 1992, full member in 2001. [117] Admitted as full member in 2003. [36] Both parties merged into PSD in 2001.
107 / 330(32%)
49 / 136(36%)
Flag of San Marino.svg  San Marino Party of Socialists and Democrats [108] PSD junior partner in coalition Consultative member in 1961, full member in 1980. [108]
4 / 60(7%)
Flag of Senegal.svg  Senegal Socialist Party of Senegal [118] [119] PS junior partner in coalition Full member since the 1970s. [119] Boycotted last election.
0 / 150(0%)
Flag of Slovakia.svg  Slovakia Direction – Slovak Social Democracy [120] SMER-SD in government Full member. [120]
42 / 150(28%)
Flag of South Africa.svg  South Africa African National Congress [121] ANC in government Admitted as full member in 1999. [35] [121]
230 / 400(58%)
54 / 90(60%)
Flag of Spain.svg  Spain Spanish Socialist Workers' Party [122] PSOE in government Full member since 1951. [122]
121 / 350(35%)
88 / 266(33%)
Flag of Tunisia.svg  Tunisia Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties FDTLAdmitted as consultative member in 2003. [36] Demoted to observer member in 2012 due to non-payment of membership fees. [30] Promoted to full member in 2012. [87] Boycotted the 2022–23 Tunisian parliamentary election. [123]
0 / 217(0%)
Flag of Turkey.svg  Turkey Republican People's Party [124] [125] [126] CHP in opposition Took Social Democratic Populist Party's place in 1995. [126]
129 / 600(22%)
Flag of Uruguay.svg  Uruguay New Space [127] [128] PNE in opposition Admitted as consultative member in 1999. [35] Promoted to full member in 2003. [36] [128] Party does not individually stand in elections but participates as part of the Broad Front.
Flag of Venezuela.svg  Venezuela A New Era UNT extra-parliamentary Admitted as consultative member in 2013. [129] Promoted to full member in November 2015. [48]
0 / 277(0%)
Democratic Action [130] [131] AD in opposition Observer member in 1966, consultative member in 1981, full member mid 1980s. [131]
11 / 277(4%)
Popular Will VP extra-parliamentary Admitted as full member in December 2014. [83]
0 / 277(0%)
Flag of Yemen.svg  Yemen Yemeni Socialist Party YSP in opposition Admitted as observer member in 2003. [36] Promoted to consultative member in 2008. [59]
Promoted to full member in 2012. [87]
8 / 301(3%)

Consultative parties

There are 19 consultative parties: [30] [31]

CountryNameAbbrGovernmentNotesLower HouseUpper House
Flag of Botswana.svg  Botswana Botswana Democratic Party BDP in government Admitted as consultative member in June/July 2014. [60]
38 / 65(58%)
Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg  Democratic Republic of the Congo Unified Lumumbist Party PALU in opposition Admitted as observer member in December 2014. [83] Upgraded to consultative in 2019.
17 / 500(3%)
2 / 108(2%)
Flag of Djibouti.svg  Djibouti Movement for Democratic Renewal and Development MRDAdmitted as consultative members in 2019.
Flag of Eswatini.svg  Eswatini People's United Democratic Movement PUDEMOAdmitted as consultative member in 2013. [129] Political parties are banned in Eswatini.
Flag of Gabon.svg  Gabon Gabonese Progress Party PGPAdmitted as consultative member in 1996. [41]
0 / 143(0%)
Flag of The Gambia.svg  Gambia United Democratic Party UDP in opposition Admitted as consultative member in 2012. [87]
15 / 58(26%)
Flag of Georgia.svg  Georgia Social Democrats for the Development of Georgia SDD extra-parliamentary Admitted as consultative member in 2013. [129]
0 / 150(0%)
Flag of Ghana.svg  Ghana Convention People's Party CPP extra-parliamentary Admitted as consultative member in 2018
0 / 275(0%)
Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg  Guinea-Bissau African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde PAIGC in opposition Admitted as consultative member in 2008. [59]
47 / 102(46%)
Flag of Iran.svg  Iran Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan PDKIAdmitted as observer member in 1996. [41] Promoted to consultative member in 2008. [59] Officially banned in Iran.
Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan KPIKAdmitted as observer member in 2014 [132] Promoted to consultative member in 2018 [133] Officially banned in Iran.
Flag of Palestine.svg  Palestine Palestinian National Initiative [111] PNI in opposition Admitted as observer member in 2008. [59] Promoted to consultative member in 2012. [87]
2 / 132(2%)
Palestinian Popular Struggle Front PPSF junior partner in coalition Admitted as consultative member in 2018.
0 / 132(0%)
Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg  Sahrawi Republic Polisario Front POLISARIO in government Admitted as observer member in 2008. [59] Promoted to consultative member in 2017. [134] [135]
51 / 51(100%)
Flag of Sao Tome and Principe.svg  São Tomé and Príncipe Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe/Social Democratic Party MLSTP/PSD in opposition Admitted as consultative member in 2013. [129]
18 / 55(33%)
Flag of Syria.svg  Syria Democratic Union Party PYD extra-parliamentary opposition Admitted as consultative member in November 2015. [48]
0 / 250(0%)
Flag of Togo.svg  Togo Democratic Convention of African Peoples CDPA extra-parliamentary opposition Admitted as consultative member in 1999. [35]
0 / 91(0%)
Flag of Ukraine.svg  Ukraine Social Democratic Party of Ukraine [136] SDPU extra-parliamentary opposition Admitted as consultative member in 2003. [36]
0 / 450(0%)

Observer parties

There are eight observer parties: [30] [31]

CountryNameAbbrGovernmentNotes
Flag of Eswatini.svg  Eswatini Swazi Democratic Party SWADEPAAdmitted as observer member in June/July 2014. [60]
Flag of Iran.svg  Iran Komala Party of Kurdistan KPKAdmitted as observer member in December 2014. [83]
Flag of Ireland.svg  Ireland Labour Party [137] [138] in opposition
Flag of Kenya.svg  Kenya Labour Party of KenyaAdmitted as observer member in 2012. [87]
Flag of Kosovo.svg  Kosovo Vetëvendosje VV in government Admitted as observer member in 2018.
Flag of Lesotho.svg  Lesotho Lesotho Congress for Democracy LCD junior party in coalition Admitted as observer member in June/July 2014. [60]
Flag of Serbia.svg  Serbia Social Democratic Party of Serbia SDPS junior party in coalition Admitted as observer member in 2018.
Flag of Somaliland.svg  Somaliland Justice and Welfare Party JWP in opposition Admitted as observer member in 2013 [139]
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom Labour Party [140] in opposition Member since 1951. [140] Welsh Labour is in government in Wales and London Labour holds the London Mayoralty. The party asked to be downgraded to observer status in February 2013 "in view of ethical concerns, and to develop international co-operation through new networks." [141] The request was accepted later that year.
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom (Northern Ireland) Social Democratic and Labour Party [142] [143] SDLP in opposition Admitted as a full member in 1974. [143]

Former members

CountryNameAbbrNotes
Flag of Albania.svg  Albania Social Democratic Party of Albania [144] PSDAdmitted as consultative member in 1992. [40] Promoted to full member in 1996. [41] [144] Demoted to observer member in 2012 due to non-payment of membership fees. [30] Delisted in December 2014.
Flag of Algeria.svg  Algeria National Liberation Front FLNExpelled following the 2019 Algerian protests.
Flag of Andorra.svg  Andorra New Democracy NDAdmitted as consultative member in 1999. [35]
Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg  Antigua and Barbuda Antigua and Barbuda Labour Party ALPAdmitted as consultative member in 2008. [59]
Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina Popular Socialist Party PSPAdmitted as full member in 1992. [40] Merged with the Democratic Socialist Party to form the Socialist Party.
Socialist Party [145] [146] PSFull member since 1951. [146]
Flag of Azerbaijan.svg  Azerbaijan Azerbaijani Social Democratic Party ASDPAdmitted as observer member in 1996. [41] Promoted to consultative member in 2003. [36] Readmitted as consultative member in June/July 2014. [60] Admitted as full member in 2016. [56] Party dissolved in 2023. [147]
Flag of Aruba.svg  Aruba People's Electoral Movement [44] MEPPromoted to full member in 1992. [40] Full member since 1994. [44] Delisted in December 2014.
Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Australia Australian Labor Party [148] ALPAdmitted as full member in 1966. [148] Delisted in December 2014.
Flag of Austria.svg  Austria Social Democratic Party of Austria SPÖAdmitted as a full member in 1951. [149] Delisted in 2022.
Flag of Barbados.svg  Barbados Barbados Labour Party [150] BLPAdmitted as full member in 1987. [150] Demoted to observer member in 2012 due to non-payment of membership fees. [30] Delisted in December 2014.
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium Belgian Socialist Party PSB/BSPFounder member. Split in 1978.
Forward Delisted in 2017.
Flag of Benin.svg  Benin Democratic Union of Progressive ForcesUDFPAdmitted as observer member in 1992. [40]
Social Democratic Party [151] PSDAdmitted as consultative member in 1999. [35] [151] Promoted to full member in 2003. [36] [151]
Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg  Bosnia and Herzegovina Alliance of Independent Social Democrats SNSDAdmitted as consultative member in 2003. [36] Promoted to full member in 2008 [59] Expelled in August 2012. [87]
Flag of Botswana.svg  Botswana Botswana National Front BNFAdmitted as observer member in 1996. [41]
Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg  Bolivia Revolutionary Left Movement [152] MIRAdmitted as consultative member in 1986. [52] Consultative member in 1987. [152] Promoted to full member in 1992. [40] [152]
Flag of Bulgaria.svg  Bulgaria Bulgarian Euro-Left BEL [153] Admitted as observer member in 1999. [35]
Flag of Burkina Faso.svg  Burkina Faso Party for Democracy and Progress / Socialist Party [61] PDP/PSAdmitted as full member circa 1995. [61] Demoted to observer member in 2012 due to non-payment of membership fees. [30] Delisted in December 2014.
Flag of Burundi.svg  Burundi Front for Democracy in Burundi FRODEBUAdmitted as consultative member in 2003. [36] Demoted to observer member in 2012 due to non-payment of membership fees. [30]
Delisted in December 2014.
Canadian Red Ensign (1957-1965).svg  Canada Co-operative Commonwealth Federation CCFBecame the New Democratic Party in 1961.
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada New Democratic Party [154] NDP/NPDDelisted in 2018. [155] [ failed verification ]
Flag of the Central African Republic.svg  Central African Republic Movement for Democracy and Social ProgressMDPSAdmitted as observer member in 1992. [40]
Flag of Iran.svg  Iran Kurdistan Democratic Party KDPAdmitted as a full member in November 2015. [48] Party dissolved in 2022. [156]
Flag of Kyrgyzstan (2023).svg  Kyrgyzstan Social Democratic Party of Kyrgyzstan SDPKPromoted to full member in June 2018. Party dissolved in 2020. [157]
Flag of Cote d'Ivoire.svg  Ivory Coast Ivorian Popular Front [158] FPIAdmitted as consultative member in 1992. [40] Promoted to full member in 1996. [41] [158] Expelled in March 2011. [19]
Flag of Colombia.svg  Colombia Alternative Democratic Pole PDAFormer observer member. Delisted in December 2014.
M-19 Democratic Alliance AD/M-19Admitted as observer member in 1992. [40]
Flag of Curacao.svg  Curaçao Partido MAN MANPromoted to full member in 1989. [53] Delisted in 2017.
Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark Social Democrats SDFounding member. Withdrew in 2017.
Flag of Dominica.svg  Dominica Dominica Labour Party DLPAdmitted as consultative member in 1996. [41] Demoted to observer member in 2012 due to non-payment of membership fees. [30] Delisted in December 2014.
Flag of Ecuador.svg  Ecuador Democratic Left [159] PIDMember since 1987. [159] Delisted in 2017.
Flag of Egypt.svg  Egypt Egyptian Social Democratic Party ESDP (or HMDI in Arabic)Admitted as consultative member in 2012. [87] Promoted to full member in November 2015. [48] Delisted in 2019 due to non-payment of membership fees.
National Democratic Party [65] NDPAdmitted as full member in 1989. [53] Full member since 1992. [65] Expelled in January 2011. [160] [161] [162]
Flag of El Salvador.svg  El Salvador Democratic PartyPDAdmitted as observer member in 1996. [41]
Flag of Estonia.svg  Estonia Social Democratic Party [163] [164] SDEMember since 1990. [164] Withdrew in 2017.
Flag of Fiji.svg  Fiji Fiji Labour Party FLPAdmitted as consultative member in 1992. [40] Expelled in 2008, due to the party's participation in a government issued from a military coup. [59]
Flag of France.svg  France French Section of the Workers' International SFIOFounding member. Member in 1951–1969.
Flag of Georgia.svg  Georgia Union of Citizens of Georgia CUGAdmitted as observer member in 1996. [41] Party disbanded in 2003.
Flag of Germany.svg  Germany Social Democratic Party of Germany SPDFounding member. Withdrew in 2017.
Flag of Greenland.svg  Greenland Siumut Admitted as consultative member in 1986. [52] Demoted to observer member in 2012 due to non-payment of membership fees. [30] Delisted in December 2014.
Flag of Guatemala.svg  Guatemala Social Democratic Convergence [165] CSDAdmitted as consultative member in 2003. [36] [165]
Flag of Haiti.svg  Haiti Party of the National Congress of Democratic MovementsKONAKOMAdmitted as consultative member in 1992. [40] Promoted to full member in 1996. [41]
Struggling People's Organization OPLAdmitted (as Lavalas Political Organisation) as observer member in 1996. [41]
Revolutionary Progressive Nationalist PartyPANPRAAdmitted as consultative member in 1989. [53] Promoted to full member in 1992. [40]
Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary Social Democratic Party of Hungary MSZDPMember since 1990. Admitted as observer member in 1992. Promoted to consultative member in 1999.

Promoted to full member in 2003. Delisted in 2020 due to inactivity

Flag of Iceland.svg  Iceland Social Democratic Party AMember since 1987. [166] Formed Social Democratic Alliance in 2000.
Social Democratic Alliance SWithdrew in 2017.
Flag of Iran.svg  Iran League of Iranian Socialists Joined in 1960. [167] It was dissolved in 1980s.
Flag of Israel.svg  Israel Israeli Labor Party [84] [69] AvodaUntil May 2020, it temporarily suspended membership in July 2018 over SI's adoption of BDS policies. [168]
Flag of Italy.svg  Italy Democratic Party of the Left PDSAdmitted as full member in 1992. [40] Merged with others to form Democrats of the Left in 1998.
Democrats of the Left [169] DSFull member since 1992 as Democratic Party of the Left. [169] Merged with other movements to form the Democratic Party in 2007. Listed as SI member until XXIV Congress in 2012.
Italian Socialist Party PSIParty dissolved in 1994 and succeeded by the Italian Socialists (who formed the Italian Democratic Socialists in 1998 and resumed as the Italian Socialist Party in 2007).
Italian Democratic Socialist Party PSDIFounding member. Party merged into the Italian Democratic Socialists in 1998 (renamed into Italian Socialist Party in 2007).
Flag of Japan.svg  Japan Democratic Socialist Party DSP/Minsha-tōAdmitted as SI member in 1961. [170] Merged with non-socialist movements to form the New Frontier Party in 1994.
Japan Socialist Party JSP/Shakai-tōAdmitted as SI member in 1951. [86] Refounded as the Social Democratic Party in 1996.
Flag of Jordan.svg  Jordan Jordanian Democratic Party of the LeftJDPLAdmitted as observer member in 2003. [36]
Flag of Kyrgyzstan (2023).svg  Kyrgyzstan Ata Meken Socialist Party [171] Admitted as observer member in 2008. [59]
Flag of Latvia.svg  Latvia Latvian Social Democratic Workers' Party [172] LSDSPFull member since 1994. [172] Demoted to observer member in 2012 due to non-payment of membership fees. [30]
Delisted in December 2014.
Social Democratic Party "Harmony" SDPSAdmitted as consultative member in June/July 2014. [60] Withdrew in 2017.
Flag of North Macedonia.svg  North Macedonia Social Democratic Union of Macedonia [173] [174] [175] SDSMAdmitted as observer member in 1996. [41] Promoted to full member in 2003. [36] [175] Demoted to observer member in 2012 due to non-payment of membership fees. [30] Delisted in December 2014.
Flag of Madagascar.svg  Madagascar Party for National UnityVITMAdmitted as consultative member in 1989. [53]
Flag of Malaysia.svg  Malaysia Democratic Action Party [176] [131] DAPFull member since 1987. [131] Delisted in 2017. [176]
Flag of Malta.svg  Malta Labour Party [177] PLFull member since 1955. [177] Demoted to observer member in 2012 due to non-payment of membership fees. [30] Delisted in December 2014.
Flag of Mexico.svg  Mexico Party of the Democratic Revolution [178] PRDAdmitted as full member in 1996. [41] [178]
Flag of Moldova.svg  Moldova Social Democratic Party of Moldova PSDMAdmitted as observer member in 1996. [41]
Flag of Mongolia.svg  Mongolia Mongolian Social Democratic Party [98] MSDPAdmitted as consultative member in 1992. [40] [98] Promoted to full member in 1996. [41] Merged with others in 2000 to form the Democratic Party.
Flag of Namibia.svg  Namibia Congress of Democrats CoDAdmitted as consultative member in 2003. [36] Demoted to observer member in 2012 due to non-payment of membership fees. [30] Delisted in December 2014.
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands Labour Party [179] PvdADecided to minimise involvement in SI in December 2012. [180] Delisted in December 2014.
Flag of New Zealand.svg  New Zealand New Zealand Labour Party [128] NZLPMember since 1952. [128] Demoted to observer member in 2012 due to non-payment of membership fees. [30] Delisted in December 2014.
Flag of Nicaragua.svg Nicaragua Sandinista National Liberation Front FSLNExpelled in January 2019 because of violation of human rights during the Nicaraguan protests
Flag of Nigeria.svg  Nigeria All Progressives Congress [111] APCAdmitted as consultative member in December 2014. [83]
Flag of North Vietnam (1955-1975).svg  North Vietnam Vietnamese Socialist Party [181] Consultative member between 1955 and 1969. [181]
Flag of Norway.svg  Norway Labour Party [182] [183] DNAMember since 1951. [183] Withdrew in 2016.
Flag of Paraguay.svg  Paraguay Party for a Country of Solidarity [184] PPSAdmitted as consultative member in 2003. [36] Promoted to full member in 2008. [59]
Revolutionary Febrerista Party [185] [186] PRFAdmitted as full member in the 1970s. [186]
Flag of the Philippines.svg  Philippines Akbayan Admitted as consultative member in 2003. [36]
Flag of Poland.svg  Poland Democratic Left Alliance [187] [188] SLDFull member since 1996. [188] Withdrew in 2017.
Labour Union [189] UPAdmitted as full member in 1996. [41] [189] Demoted to observer member in 2012 due to non-payment of membership fees. [30]
Delisted in December 2014.
Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland SdRPAdmitted as full member in 1996. [41] Absorbed into the Democratic Left Alliance in 1999.
Flag of Romania.svg  Romania Democratic Party PDAdmitted as consultative member in 1996. [41] Promoted to full member in 1999. [35] Merged with the Liberal Democratic Party to form the Democratic Liberal Party.
Flag of Russia.svg  Russia A Just Russia — Patriots — For Truth [190] [191] SRZPAdmitted as observer member in 2008. [59] Promoted to consultative member in 2010. Promoted to full member in 2012. [87] [192] Expelled in March 2022 for its support for the Russian invasion of Ukraine. [193]
Flag of Russia.svg  Russia Social Democratic Party of Russia SDPRAdmitted as consultative member in 2003. [36]
Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis.svg  Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Kitts and Nevis Labour Party SKNLPAdmitted as consultative member in 1992. [40] Demoted to observer member in 2012 due to non-payment of membership fees. [30] Delisted in December 2014.
Flag of Saint Lucia.svg  Saint Lucia Progressive Labour Party Expelled in 1992. [40]
Saint Lucia Labour Party SLPAdmitted as consultative member in 1992. [40] Demoted to observer member in 2012 due to non-payment of membership fees. [30] Delisted in December 2014.
Flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.svg  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Saint Vincent Labour Party SVGLPAdmitted as consultative member in 1989. [53] Merged with the Movement for National Unity in 1994 to form the Unity Labour Party.
Unity Labour Party ULPDemoted to observer member in 2012 due to non-payment of membership fees. [30] Delisted in December 2014.
Flag of Serbia.svg  Serbia Democratic Party [194] DSAdmitted as consultative member in 2003. [36] Promoted to full member in 2008. [59]
Social Democratic Party [194] SDPAdmitted as consultative member in 2003. [36] Promoted to full member in 2008. [59]
Demoted to observer member in 2012 due to non-payment of membership fees. [30] Ceased to exist in 2009 [194]
Flag of Singapore.svg  Singapore People's Action Party PAPResigned in 1976 in response to the Dutch Labour Party's charges of violations of human rights and detention of political prisoners without trial, [195] and DLP and the British Labour Party's charges of media censorship. [196] [197]
Flag of Slovakia.svg  Slovakia Party of the Democratic Left SDĽAdmitted as full member in 1996. [41] Merged with Direction – Social Democracy in 2005.
Social Democratic Party of Slovakia SDSSAdmitted as full member in 1992. [40] Merged with Direction – Social Democracy in 2005.
Flag of Slovenia.svg  Slovenia Slovenian Democratic Party SDSAdmitted (as the Social Democratic Party of Slovenia) as observer member in 1992. [40]
Social Democrats [198] SDAdmitted (as United List of Social Democrats) as full member in 1996. [41] [198] Demoted to observer member in 2012 due to non-payment of membership fees. [30] Delisted in December 2014.
Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden Swedish Social Democratic Party SAPWithdrew in March 2017. [199]
Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Switzerland Social Democratic Party of Switzerland [200] SP/PSWithdrew in 2017.
Flag of Tanzania.svg  Tanzania Chama Cha Mapinduzi CCMAdmitted as full member in 2013.
Flag of East Timor.svg  Timor-Leste Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor FRETILINAdmitted as consultative member in 2003. [36]
Flag of Tunisia.svg  Tunisia Democratic Constitutional Rally [51] RCDAdmitted as full member in 1989. [53] Full member since 1993. [51] Expelled in January 2011. [17]
Popular Unity Movement MUPAdmitted as consultative member in 1989. [53]
Flag of Turkey.svg  Turkey Democratic Left Party DSPAdmitted as consultative member in 1986. [52] Expelled in 1992. [40]
Democratic People's Party DEHAPAdmitted as observer member in 2003. [36] Merged with the Democratic Society Movement to form the Democratic Society Party which in turn was succeeded by the Peace and Democracy Party.
Social Democracy Party [126] SODEPFull member since 1990. [126] Merged with the Republican People's Party in 1995. [126]
Social Democratic Populist Party SHPAdmitted as consultative member in 1986. [52] Promoted to full member in 1989. [53] Merged with the Republican People's Party in 1995.
Flag of Ukraine.svg  Ukraine Socialist Party of Ukraine SPUAdmitted as consultative member in 2003. [36] Expelled in July 2011. [201]
Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States Democratic Socialists of America DSAHad been a member of SI since founding in 1982, withdrew in August 2017. [202]
Social Democrats, USA [198] SDUSAMember since 1972. [198] Withdrew in 2005.
Flag of Uruguay.svg  Uruguay Party for the Government of the People PGPAdmitted as consultative member in 1992. [40] Merged with the Colorado Party in 1994.
Socialist Party of Uruguay [203] PSUAAdmitted as full member in 1999. [35] [203] Withdrew in 2017. [204]
Flag of Venezuela.svg  Venezuela For Social Democracy PODEMOSAdmitted as consultative member in 2008. [59]
Movement for Socialism MASAdmitted as consultative member in 2003. [36]
Flag of Zambia.svg  Zambia Patriotic Front PFAdmitted as consultative member in 2013. [129]
Flag of Zimbabwe.svg  Zimbabwe Movement for Democratic Change MDCAdmitted as full member in 2008. [59] Delisted in 2017.

Fraternal organisations

Associated organisations

See also

Left-wing Internationals

Chronologically by ideology:

United left wing
Anarchist
Socialist & labour
Communist
Trotskyist
Democratic socialism
Reunification efforts

Notes

  1. 1 2 "Statutes of the Socialist International". Socialist International.
  2. "Finances of the International". Socialist International.
  3. "About Us". Socialist International.
  4. Nathan Gilbert Quimpo (2020). "The Post-war Rise and Decline of the Left". In Toby Carroll; Shahar Hameiri; Lee Jones (eds.). The Political Economy of Southeast Asia: Politics and Uneven Development Under Hyperglobalisation. Springer Nature. p. 150. ISBN   978-3-03-028255-4.
  5. "Presidium". Socialist International.
  6. Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 176.
  7. Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. xxiv.
  8. Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. xxv.
  9. Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 302.
  10. Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 52.
  11. Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 77.
  12. Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 177.
  13. Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 197.
  14. Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 320.
  15. The Dictionary of Contemporary Politics of South America, Routledge, 1989
  16. Väänänen, Pentti (2012). Purppuraruusu ja samettinyrkki (in Finnish) (1st ed.). Kellastupa. pp. 192–194. ISBN   9789525787115.
  17. 1 2 "SI decision on Tunisia". Socialist International. 17 January 2011.
  18. "Socialist International finally kicks out Mubarak". Foreign Policy. 3 February 2011. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
  19. 1 2 "SI Presidium addresses situation in Côte d'Ivoire". Socialist International. 19 March 2011.
  20. "Statutes". Socialist International. Retrieved 3 May 2019.
  21. Bruderzwist unter Sozialisten - Politik - Süddeutsche.de. Sueddeutsche.de. Retrieved on 15 July 2013.
  22. Progressive Alliance: Sozialdemokraten gründen weltweites Netzwerk - SPIEGEL ONLINE. Spiegel.de (22 May 2013). Retrieved on 15 July 2013.
  23. Sozialdemokratie: „Progressive Alliance“ gegründet - Politik. FAZ. Retrieved on 15 July 2013.
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  36. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 "XXII Congress of the Socialist International, São Paulo - Decisions of the Congress Regarding Membership". Socialist International.
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  39. 1 2 Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 319.
  40. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 "XIX Congress of the Socialist International, Berlin - Decisions on Membership of the Socialist International". Socialist International.
  41. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 "XX Congress of the Socialist International, New York - Congress Decisions Regarding Membership". Socialist International.
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  43. 1 2 3 4 Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 311.
  44. 1 2 3 4 Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 270.
  45. 1 2 Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 286.
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  53. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "XVIII Congress of the Socialist International, Stockholm - Decisions on Membership of the Socialist International". Socialist International.
  54. Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 67.
  55. 1 2 Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 68.
  56. 1 2 "SI Member Parties in Government". www.socialistinternational.org. Socialist International. 18 March 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
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  58. 1 2 Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 25.
  59. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 "XXIII Congress of the Socialist International, Athens - Decisions of the Congress Regarding Membership". Socialist International.
  60. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "SI Council Meeting in Mexico City". Socialist International.
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  62. Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 314.
  63. 1 2 Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 325.
  64. 1 2 Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 211.
  65. 1 2 3 4 Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 245.
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  86. 1 2 3 Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 186.
  87. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "XXIV Congress of the Socialist International, Cape Town - Decisions on Membership". Socialist International.
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  89. 1 2 Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 214.
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  92. 1 2 Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 29.
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  94. 1 2 Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 229.
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  105. Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 132.
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References

Further reading